References
- Amaral, E. F., Pollard, M. S., Mendelsohn, J., & Cefalu, M. (2018). Current and future demographics of the veteran population, 2014–2024. Population Review, 57(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2018.0002
- Ashworth, J., Hudson, M., & Malam, S. (2014). A UK Household Survey of the ex-service community. Royal British Legion.
- Barbosa Neves, B., Franz, R., Judges, R., Beermann, C., & Baecker, R. (2019). Can digital technology enhance social connectedness among older adults? A feasibility study. Journal of Applied Gerontology: The Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society, 38(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817741369
- Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda county residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674
- Burnell, K., Needs, A., & Gordon, K. (2017). Exploring the suitability and acceptability of peer support for older veterans. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 18(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/QAOA-09-2016-0036
- Calati, R., Ferrari, C., Brittner, M., Oasi, O., Olié, E., Carvalho, A. F., & Courtet, P. (2019). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 653–667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.022
- Carr, D. C., Ureña, S., & Taylor, M. G. (2018). Adjustment to widowhood and loneliness among older men: The influence of military service. The Gerontologist, 58(6), 1085–1095. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx110
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 26). Loneliness and social isolation linked to serious health conditions. Retrieved October 18, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/features/lonely-older-adults.html#:∼:text=Social%20isolation%20is%20a%20lack,lonely%20without%20being%20socially%20isolated
- Chatters, L., Taylor, H., Nicklett, E., & Taylor, R. (2018). Correlates of objective social isolation from family and friends among older adults. Healthcare, 6(1), 24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6010024
- Chhatre, S., Cook, R., Mallik, E., & Jayadevappa, R. (2017). Trends in substance use admissions among older adults. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2538-z
- Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Rabin, B. S., & Gwaltney, J. M.Jr. (1997). Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(24), 1940–1944. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540480040036
- Conejero, I., Olié, E., Courtet, P., & Calati, R. (2018). Suicide in older adults: Current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 691–699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S130670
- Conwell, Y., & Thompson, C. (2008). Suicidal behavior in elders. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 333–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004
- Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103
- Coyle, C. E., & Dugan, E. (2012). Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(8), 1346–1363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264312460275
- Cudjoe, T. K. M., Roth, D. L., Szanton, S. L., Wolff, J. L., Boyd, C. M., & Thorpe, R. J. (2020). The epidemiology of social isolation: National health and aging trends study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby037
- Donovan, N. J., & Blazer, D. (2020). Social Isolation and loneliness in older adults: Review and commentary of a national academies report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(12), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005
- Drebing, C. E., Reilly, E., Henze, K. T., Kelly, M., Russo, A., Smolinsky, J., Gorman, J., & Penk, W. E. (2018). Using peer support groups to enhance community integration of veterans in transition. Psychological Services, 15(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000178
- Fischer, C. S. (1982). To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city. University of Chicago Press.
- Gould, C. E., Shah, S., Brunskill, S. R., Brown, K., Oliva, N. L., Hosseini, C., Bauer, E., & Huh, J. W. T. (2017). RESOLV: Development of a telephone-based program designed to increase socialization in older veterans. Educational Gerontology, 43(8), 379–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2017.1299522
- Hand, C., McColl, M. A., Birtwhistle, R., Kotecha, J. A., Batchelor, D., & Barber, K. H. (2014). Social isolation in older adults who are frequent users of primary care services. Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien, 60(6), e322–e329.
- Hawton, A., Green, C., Dickens, A. P., Richards, S. H., Taylor, R. S., Edwards, R., Greaves, C. J., & Campbell, J. L. (2011). The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 20(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9717-2
- Henning-Smith, C., Ecklund, A., Moscovice, I., & Kozhimannil, K. (2018). Gender differences in social isolation and social support among rural residents. Policy Brief, August 2018.
- Herbert, M. S., Leung, D. W., Pittman, J. O., Floto, E., & Afari, N. (2018). Race/ethnicity, psychological resilience, and social support among OEF/OIF combat veterans. Psychiatry Research, 265, 265–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.052
- Huang, G., Kim, S., Muz, B., & Gasper, J. (2018). 2017 survey of veteran enrollees’ health and use of health care. VA.gov Veterans Affairs. https://www.va.gov/healthpolicyplanning/soe2017/va_enrollees_report_data_findings_report2.pdf
- James, B. D., Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2011). Late-life social activity and cognitive decline in old age. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(6), 998–1005. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000531
- Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020, April 24). Population distribution by race/ethnicity. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-by-raceethnicity/
- Kasper, J. D., & Freedman, V. A. (2020). National Health and Aging Trends Study user guide: Rounds 1-9 beta release. Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health.
- Kushel, M. (2020). Homelessness, older adults, poverty, health. ASA Generations. https://generations.asaging.org/homelessness-older-adults-poverty-health
- Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Loneliness among older veterans in the United States: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(6), 564–569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.013
- Lara, E., Caballero, F. F., Rico-Uribe, L. A., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2019). Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline?International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(11), 1613–1622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5174
- Laugesen, K., Baggesen, L. M., Schmidt, S., Glymour, M. M., Lasgaard, M., Milstein, A., Sørensen, H. T., Adler, N. E., & Ehrenstein, V. (2018). Social isolation and all-cause mortality: A population-based cohort study in Denmark. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4731.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22963-w
- Li, B. J., Liu, P., Chu, Z., Shang, Y., Huan, M. X., Dang, Y. H., & Gao, C. G. (2017). Social isolation induces schizophrenia-like behavior potentially associated with HINT1, NMDA receptor 1, and dopamine receptor 2. Neuroreport, 28(8), 462–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000775
- Locher, J. L., Ritchie, C. S., Roth, D. L., Baker, P. S., Bodner, E. V., & Allman, R. M. (2005). Social isolation, support, and capital and nutritional risk in an older sample: Ethnic and gender differences. Social Science & Medicine, 60(4), 747–761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.023
- Montaquila, J., Freedman, V. A., Spillman, B., & Kasper, J. D. (2012). Round 1 sample design and selection (NHATS Technical Paper No. 1). Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health.
- Morin, R. (2011). The difficult transition from military to civilian life. Pew Research Center.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/25663
- National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. (2021). Veteran population. Veterans Affairs. https://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp
- National Health and Aging Trends Study. (2011). Round 1 data collection instruments-all sections. Researchers | Westat. Retrieved October 18, 2020, from https://www.nhats.org/sites/default/files/2020-
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Men and depression. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/men-and-depression/
- National Institute on Aging. (2015). Seminar on loneliness and social isolation. https://www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/d7/NAS-isolatation-loneliness-summary.pdf
- Ng, R., Sutradhar, R., Kornas, K., Wodchis, W. P., Sarkar, J., Fransoo, R., & Rosella, L. C. (2020). Development and validation of the Chronic Disease Population Risk Tool (CDPoRT) to predict incidence of adult chronic disease. JAMA Network Open, 3(6), e204669–e204669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4669
- Sachs-Ericsson, N., Joiner, T. E., Cougle, J. R., Stanley, I. H., & Sheffler, J. L. (2016). Combat exposure in early adulthood interacts with recent stressors to predict PTSD in aging male veterans. The Gerontologist, 56(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv036
- Saito, M., Aida, J., Cable, N., Zaninotto, P., Ikeda, T., Tsuji, T., Koyama, S., Noguchi, T., Osaka, K., & Kondo, K. (2021). Cross-national comparison of social isolation and mortality among older adults: A 10-year follow-up study in Japan and England. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 21(2), 209–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14118
- Schmaltz, H. N., Southern, D., Ghali, W. A., Jelinski, S. E., Parsons, G. A., King, K. M., & Maxwell, C. J. (2007). Living alone, patient sex and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(5), 572–578. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0106-7
- Senior Living. (2019, October 28). 2020 assisted living costs & pricing by state | Monthly & annual costs. SeniorLiving.org. https://www.seniorliving.org/assisted-living/costs/
- Shim, R. S., Ye, J., Baltrus, P., Fry-Johnson, Y., Daniels, E., & Rust, G. (2012). Racial/ethnic disparities, social support, and depression: Examining a social determinant of mental health. Ethnicity & Disease, 22(1), 15–20.
- Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association. (2017). 41% of veterans have felt isolated, research reveals. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.ssafa.org.uk/latest/41-veterans-have-felt-isolated-research-reveals
- Spiro, A., 3rd, Settersten, R. A., & Aldwin, C. M. (2016). Long-term outcomes of military service in aging and the life course: A positive re-envisioning. The Gerontologist, 56(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv093
- Stapleton, M. (2018). Loneliness and social isolation in the armed forces community. Royal British Legion.
- Suntai, Z., Won, C. R., & Noh, H. (2020). Access barrier in rural older adults’ use of pain management and palliative care services: A systematic review. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 38(5), 494–502. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909120959634
- Taylor, H. O. (2020). Social isolation’s influence on loneliness among older adults. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48(1), 140–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00737-9
- Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, H. O. (2019). Race and objective social isolation: Older African Americans, black caribbeans, and non-hispanic whites. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(8), 1429–1440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby114
- United States Department of Agriculture. (2019, October 25). Rural-urban continuum codes. USDA ERS. Retrieved October 18, 2020, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2018). Veteran population. VA.gov Veterans Affairs. https://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2021a). Whole health. https://www.va.gov/wholehealth/
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2021b). Gerofit - A program promoting exercise and health for older veterans. https://www.va.gov/GERIATRICS/pages/gerofit_Home.asp
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2021c). Veterans programs for health and wellness. https://www.va.gov/health-care/wellness-programs/
- Vest, B. M., Cercone Heavey, S., Homish, D. L., & Homish, G. G. (2017). Marital satisfaction, family support, and pre-deployment resiliency factors related to mental health outcomes for reserve and national guard soldiers. Military Behavioral Health, 5(4), 313–323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2017.1343694
- Walker, D. I. (2013). Anticipating army exit: Identity constructions of final year UK career soldiers. Armed Forces & Society, 39(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X12437689
- Wilson, G., Hill, M., & Kiernan, M. D. (2018). Loneliness and social isolation of military veterans: Systematic narrative review. Occupational Medicine, 68(9), 600–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqy160