The feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an mHealth mindfulness therapy for caregivers of adults with cognitive impairment

References

• AARP and National Alliance for Caregiving. (2020). Caregiving in the United States 2020. AARP. https://doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00103.001
   Google Scholar
• Alzheimer’s Association. (2016). 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 12(4), 459–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alzheimer’s Association. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease facts and figure. https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures-2019-r.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bakas, T., Champion, V., Perkins, S. M., Farran, C. J., & Williams, L. S. (2006). Psychometric testing of the revised 15-item bakas caregiving outcomes scale. Nursing Research, 55(5), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200609000-00007
   Google Scholar
• Berglund, E., Lytsy, P., & Westerling, R. (2015). Health and wellbeing in informal caregivers and non-caregivers: A comparative cross-sectional study of the Swedish a general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0309-2
   Google Scholar
• Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostock, S., Crosswell, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Mindfulness on-the-go: Effects of a mindfulness meditation app on work stress and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(1), 127.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, E. L., Ruggiano, N., Li, J., Clarke, P. J., Kay, E. S., & Hristidis, V. (2019). Smartphone-based health technologies for dementia care: Opportunities, challenges, and current practices. Journal of Applied Gerontology: The Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society, 38(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817723088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butryn, B. L., Marchionni, C., & Sholevar, F. (2017). The shortage of psychiatrists and other mental health providers: Causes, current state, and potential solutions. International Journal of Academic Medicine, 3(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_49_17
   Google Scholar
• Capistrant, B. D. (2016). Caregiving for older adults and the caregivers’ health: An epidemiologic review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 3(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-016-0064-x
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2009). How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 627–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittaro, L., & Vianello, A. (2014). Computer-supported mindfulness: Evaluation of a mobile thought distancing application on naive meditators. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 72(3), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyburn, L. D., Stones, M. J., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Tuokko, H. (2000). Predicting caregiver burden and depression in Alzheimer’sdisease. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(1), S2–S13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.1.S2
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corporation, U. B., Street, B., Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., Cuijpers, P., Meyers, F. J., Linder, J., Beckett, L., Christensen, S., Blais, J., Gandara, D. R., Palmer, J. L., Ph, D., Zhang, T. A. O., Bruera, E., Costantini, A., Kalus, C., Werth, J. L., … Lo, C. (2014). Place of death: Hospital-based advanced home care versus conventional care. A prospective study in palliative cancer care. Palliative Medicine, 18(6), 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm924oa
   Google Scholar
• Crabb, R. M., Cavanagh, K., Proudfoot, J., Learmonth, D., Rafie, S., & Weingardt, K. R. (2012). Is computerized cognitive-behavioural therapy a treatment option for depression in late-life? A systematic review. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(4), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02038.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja, S. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Rogers, W. A., & Sharit, J. (2018). Improving social support for older adults through technology: Findings from the PRISM randomized controlled trial. The Gerontologist, 58(3), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja, S. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., A Rogers, W., Sharit, J., Fisk, A. D., Lee, C. C., Nair, S. N., A., Rogers, W., Sharit, J., Fisk, A. D., Lee, C. C., & Nair, S. N. (2015). The personalized reminder information and social management system (PRISM) trial: Rationale, methods and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 40, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2014.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeken, F., Häusler, A., Nordheim, J., Rapp, M., Knoll, N., & Rieckmann, N. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale in a sample of German dementia patients and their caregivers. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217001387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein-Lubow, G., McBee, L., Darling, E., Armey, M., & Miller, I. W. (2011). A pilot investigation of mindfulness-based stress reduction for caregivers of frail elderly. Mindfulness, 2(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0047-4
   Google Scholar
• Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017). Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, V. A., & Spillman, B. C. (2014). Disability and care needs among older Americans. The Milbank Quarterly, 92(3), 509–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, M., Kortum, P., & Oswald, F. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the USE (Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use) Questionnaire for reliability and validity. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 62(1), 1414–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621322
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin, L. N., Belle, S. H., Burgio, L. D., Czaja, S. J., Mahoney, D., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Burns, R., Hauck, W. W., Zhang, S., Schulz, R., & Ory, M. G. (2003). Effect of multicomponent interventions on caregiver burden and depression: The REACH multisite initiative at 6-month follow-up. Psychology and Aging, 18(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, K., & Hudson, P. (2009). Psychometric properties of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in family caregivers of palliative care patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 37(5), 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, J., Walker, N., McDonagh, L., Rait, G., Walters, K., Iliffe, S., Ross, J., & Davies, N. (2018). Internet-based interventions aimed at supporting family caregivers of people with dementia: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6), e216. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells, A., Ivtzan, I., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2016). Putting the ‘app’ in happiness: A randomised controlled trial of a smartphone-based mindfulness intervention to enhance wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9589-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. L., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Soucy, J. N. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of guided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with generalized anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovaleva, M., Spangler, S., Clevenger, C., & Hepburn, K. (2018). Chronic stress, social isolation, and perceived loneliness in dementia caregivers. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56(10), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20180329-04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlov, E., Bantum, E., Pagano, I., Walser, R., Ramsey, K., Taylor, K., Jaworski, B., & Owen, J. (2020). The reach, use and impact of a free mHealth Mindfulness app in the general population. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(11), e23377. https://doi.org/10/2196/23377
   Google Scholar
• Kozlov, E., Eghan, C., Moran, S., Herr, K., & Reid, M. C. (2017). Palliative care providers’ practices surrounding psychological distress screening and treatment: A national survey. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine^®, 35(7), 938–944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909117743960
   Google Scholar
• Kubo, A., Kurtovich, E., McGinnis, M. A., Aghaee, S., Altschuler, A., Quesenberry, C., Kolevska, T., & Avins, A. L. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of mHealth mindfulness intervention for cancer patients and informal cancer caregivers: A feasibility study within an integrated health care delivery system. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 18, 1534735419850634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419850634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. H. (2012). Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nursing Research (Korean Society of Nursing Science), 6(4), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2012.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani, M., Kavanagh, D. J., Hides, L., & Stoyanov, S. R. (2015). Review and evaluation of mindfulness-based iPhone apps. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 3(3), e82. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykletun, A., Stordal, E., & Dahl, A. A. (2001). Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: Factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 540–544. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.6.540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences Engingeering and Medicine. (2012). Families caring for an aging America : Health and medicine division. The National Academies Press. http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2016/families-caring-for-an-aging-america.aspx
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Caregiving and the Alzheimer’s Association. (2017). Dementia caregiving in the U.S. http://www.caregiving.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/DementiaCaregivingFINAL_WEB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2016). Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD011565. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011565.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., Florczak, S. M., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M.-M., Reber, P. J., Kiragu, J., Rooks, J., Safron, A., Morhardt, D., Gigler, K. L., Molony, J. M., & Maslar, M. (2015). Benefits of mindfulness training for patients with progressive cognitive decline and their caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias® (pp. 257–267). https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317514545377
   Google Scholar
• Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003). Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18(2), 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, M., Yuen, E. K., Goetter, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Acierno, R., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2014). mHealth: A mechanism to deliver more accessible, more effective mental health care. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(5), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riffin, C., Van Ness, P. H., Wolff, J. L., & Fried, T. (2017). Family and other unpaid caregivers and older adults with and without dementia and disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(8), 1821–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savla, J., Roberto, K. A., Blieszner, R., McCann, B. R., Hoyt, E., & Knight, A. L. (2021). Dementia caregiving during the “stay-at-home” phase of COVID-19 pandemic. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(4), e241–e245. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillman, B., Wolff, J., Freedman, V., & Kasper, J. (2014). Informal caregiving for older Americans: An analysis of the 2011 National Survey of Caregiving. Report to the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/informal-caregiving-older-americans-analysis-2011-national-study-caregiving
   Google Scholar
• Tara, D., Katherine, P., Judy, P., Janine, C., Rose, B. M., Helen, C., Donker, T., Petrie, K., Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.-R., & Christensen, H. (2013). Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(11), e247https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Jeyagurunathan, A., Zhang, Y. J., Sambasivam, R., Chua, B. Y., Ng, L. L., Prince, M., & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Care participation and burden among informal caregivers of older adults with care needs and associations with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(2), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021500160X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Emmerik, A. A., Berings, F., & Lancee, J. (2018). Efficacy of a mindfulness-based mobile application: a randomized waiting-list controlled trial. Mindfulness, 9(1), 187–198.
   Google Scholar
• van den Kieboom, R., Snaphaan, L., Mark, R., & Bongers, I. (2020). The trajectory of caregiver burden and risk factors in dementia progression: A systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 77(3), 1107–1115. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilchinsky, N., Dekel, R., Revenson, T. A., Liberman, G., & Mosseri, M. (2015). Caregivers’ burden and depressive symptoms: The moderational role of attachment orientations. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 34(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar