Educational mobility and older adults’ working memory updating ability: association and role of resilience

References

• Aartsen, M. J., Cheval, B., Sieber, S., Van der Linden, B., Gabriel, R., Courvoisier, D. S., Guessous, I., Burton-Jeangros, C., Blane, D., Ihle, A., Kliegel, M., & Cullati, S. (2019). Advantaged socioeconomic conditions in childhood are associated with higher cognitive functioning but stronger cognitive decline in older age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(12), 5478–5486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807679116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhlaghipour, G., & Assari, S. (2020). Parental education, household income, race, and children’s working memory: Complexity of the effects. Brain Sciences, 10(12), 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2020, February 1). Building your resilience. http://www.apa.org/topics/resilience
   Google Scholar
• Angelini, V., Howdon, D. D. H., & Mierau, J. O. (2019). Childhood socioeconomic status and late-adulthood mental health: Results from the survey on health, ageing and retirement in Europe. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(1), 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assari, S. (2018). Parental education attainment and educational upward mobility; Role of race and gender. Behavioral Sciences, 8(11), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8110107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assari, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2019). Parental educational attainment differentially boosts school performance of American adolescents: Minorities’ diminished returns. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 13(1), 7–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balaj, M., York, H. W., Sripada, K., Besnier, E., Vonen, H. D., Aravkin, A., Friedman, J., Griswold, M., Jensen, M. R., Mohammad, T., Mullany, E. C., Solhaug, S., Sorensen, R., Stonkute, D., Tallaksen, A., Whisnant, J., Zheng, P., Gakidou, E., & Eikemo, T. A. (2021). Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 398(10300), 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00534-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemath, N., Cockcroft, K., & Theron, L. (2020). Working memory and psychological resilience in South African emerging adults. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(4), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246320920868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botto, M., Basso, D., Ferrari, M., & Palladino, P. (2014). When working memory updating requires updating: Analysis of serial position in a running memory task. Acta Psychologica, 148, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2010). Validating running memory span: Measurement of working memory capacity and links with fluid intelligence. Behavior Research Methods, 42(2), 563–570. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.2.563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broer, M., Bai, Y., & Fonseca, F. (2019). A review of the literature on socioeconomic status and educational achievement. In Socioeconomic inequality and educational outcomes. IEA research for education (A series of in-depth analyses based on data of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) (Vol. 5). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11991-1_2
   Google Scholar
• Browman, A. S., Destin, M., Carswell, K. L., & Svoboda, R. C. (2017). Perceptions of socioeconomic mobility influence academic persistence among low socioeconomic status students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunting, M., Cowan, N., & Saults, J. S. (2006). How does running memory span work? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 59(10), 1691–1700. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210600848402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2022). What are the health consequences of upward mobility? Annual Review of Psychology, 73(1), 599–628. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-122814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J.-J., Jiang, T.-N., & Liu, M.-F. (2021). Family socioeconomic status and learning engagement in Chinese adolescents: The multiple mediating roles of resilience and future orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 714346. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.714346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018). Intervention studies to foster resilience – A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 78–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destin, M. (2019). Socioeconomic mobility, identity, and health: Experiences that influence immunology and implications for intervention. The American Psychologist, 74(2), 207–217. 10.1037/amp0000297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dórea, J. G. (2021). Exposure to environmental neurotoxic substances and neurodevelopment in children from Latin America and the Caribbean. Environmental Research, 192, 110199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., & Chee, A. E. H. (2010). The components of working memory updating: An experimental decomposition and individual differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 170–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, U. K. H., Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2014). Working memory updating involves item-specific removal. Journal of Memory and Language, 74, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elosúa, M. R., & Ruiz, R. M. (2008). Absence of hardly pursued updating in a running memory task. Psychological Research, 72(4), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-007-0124-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, L. D., Kouros, C. D., Samanez-Larkin, S., & Garber, J. (2016). Concurrent and short-term prospective relations among neurocognitive functioning, coping, and depressive symptoms in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.982282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, J. D., Ware, E. B., Kabeto, M. U., Fisher, J., & Langa, K. M. (2021). The effect of childhood socioeconomic position and social mobility on cognitive function and change among older adults: A comparison between the United States and England. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 76B(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa138
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton, D. J., Zhang, L. M., & Kleitman, S. (2021). An integrative process model of resilience in an academic context: Resilience resources, coping strategies, and positive adaptation. PloS One, 16(2), e0246000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C., & Stegmann, Z. (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, E. A., Moorman, S., & Rieger, A. (2021). Life course pathways from childhood socioeconomic status to later-life cognition: Evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(6), 1206–1217. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman, D. A., Betancourt, L. M., Gallop, R., Romer, D., Brodsky, N. L., Hurt, H., & Farah, M. J. (2014). Mapping the trajectory of socioeconomic disparity in working memory: Parental and neighborhood factors. Child Development, 85(4), 1433–1445. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S., Han, M., Sun, L., Zhang, H., & Li, H.-J. (2019). Family socioeconomic status and emotional adaptation among rural-to-urban migrant adolescents in China: The moderating roles of adolescent’s resilience and parental positive emotion. International Journal of Psychology : Journal International de Psychologie, 54(5), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, G. A., Turrell, G., Lynch, J. W., Everson, S. A., Helkala, E., & Salonen, J. T. (2001). Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(2), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.2.256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J., & Power, C. (2003). Life course epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(10), 778–783. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.10.778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuldas, S., & Foody, M. (2022). Neither resilience-trait nor resilience-state: Transactional resiliency/e. Youth & Society, 54(8), 1352–1376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X211029309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Last, B. S., Lawson, G. M., Breiner, K., Steinberg, L., & Farah, J. (2018). Childhood socioeconomic status and executive function in childhood and beyond. PloS One, 13(8), e0202964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leipold, B., & Greve, W. (2009). Resilience. A conceptual bridge between coping and development. European Psychologist, 14(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, A. R., MacDonald, S., Berg, S. A., & Reka, R. (2021). Assessing the impact of changes in household socioeconomic status on the health of children and adolescents: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 6(2), 91–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-021-00151-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. (2020). The impact of education on intergenerational mobility: Based on the 2015 CGSS database. Modern Economy, 11(02), 570–580. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2020.112042
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (2019). Socioeconomic status and parenting style from childhood: Long-term effects on cognitive function in middle and later adulthood. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(6), e13–e24. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020). Education and cognitive functioning across the life span. Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 21(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2005). The impact of childhood and adult SES on physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in later life. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(2), S93–S101. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.2.S93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu, J. & J. A. Burr. (2016). Socioeconomic status across the life course and cognitive function among older adults: An examination of the latency, pathways, and accumulation hypotheses. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(1), 40–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315585504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milaniak, I., & Jaffee, S. R. (2019). Childhood socioeconomic status and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 78, 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, E. T., Mishra, G. D., Kuh, D., Guralnik, J., Black, S., & Hardy, R. (2011). Life course models of socioeconomic position and cardiovascular risk factors: 1946 birth cohort. Annals of Epidemiology, 21(8), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladino, P., & Jarrold, C. (2008). Do updating tasks involve updating? Evidence from comparisons with immediate serial recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 61(3), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701664989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappa, K., Biswas, V., Flegal, K. E., Evans, J. J., & Baylan, S. (2020). Working memory updating training promotes plasticity & behavioural gains: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 209–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, S. P., Auais, M., Belanger, E., Alvarado, B., & Zunzunegui, M.-V. (2016). Life-course social and economic circumstances, gender, and resilience in older adults: The longitudinal international mobility in aging study (IMIAS). SSM – Population Health, 2, 708–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizzol, D., Tudor, F., Racalbuto, V., Bertoldo, A., Veronese, N., & Smith, L. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis found that malnutrition was associated with poor cognitive development. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 110(10), 2704–2710. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, M. L., Hagen, M. P., Lurie, L. A., Miles, Z. E., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Cognitive stimulation as mechanism linking socioeconomic status with executive function: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development, 91(4), 762–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, A. S., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberg, J. M., Galarce, E. M., Ladouceur, C. D., McMakin, D. L., Olino, T. M., Forbes, E. E., Silk, J. S., Ryan, N. D., & Dahl, R. E. (2015). Adolescent development of inhibition as a function of SES and gender: Converging evidence from behavior and fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 36(8), 3194–3203. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suor, J. H., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Skibo, M. A. (2017). Breaking cycles of risk: The mitigating role of maternal working memory in associations among socioeconomic status, early caregiving, and children’s working memory. Development and Psychopathology, 29(4), 1133–1147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941600119X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turrell, G., Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Everson, S. A., Helkala, E.-L., Kauhanen, J., & Salonen, J. T. (2002). Socioeconomic position across the lifecourse and cognitive function in late middle age. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(1), S43–S51. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.1.S43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Bastian, C. C., Belleville, S., Udale, R. C., Reinhartz, A., Essounni, M., & Strobach, T. (2022). Mechanisms underlying training-induced cognitive change. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00001-3
   Google Scholar
• Weissberger, G. A., Núñez, R. A., Tureson, K., Gold, A., & Thames, A. D. (2021). Socioeconomic mobility and psychological and cognitive functioning in a diverse sample of adults with and without HIV. Psychosomatic Medicine, 83(3), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms, J. D., & Tramonte, L. (2019). The measurement and use of socioeconomic status in educational research. In L. E. Suter, B. Denman, & E. Smith (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of comparative studies in education. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, L., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Sun, J., Mao, F., Han, J., & Cao, F. (2021). The associations of executive functions with resilience in early adulthood: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 1048–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M. S., Yan, X. D., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Li, J., Zhu, Z. H., Shen, X. Q., & Han, B. X. (2011). General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture. European Journal of Personality, 25(6), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, X., & Zhang, J. (2007). Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 35(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., Gale, S. D., Erickson, L. D., Brown, B. L., Woody, P., & Hedges, D. W. (2015). Cognitive function in older adults according to current socioeconomic status. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 22(5), 534–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2014.997663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Gu, D., & Hayward, M. D. (2008). Early life influences on cognitive impairment among oldest old Chinese. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63B(1), S25–S33. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.1.S25
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Li, L., & Xu, H. (2018). The long arm of childhood in China: Early-life conditions and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 30(8), 1319–1344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264317715975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar