Prevalence of motoric cognitive risk syndrome among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

References

• Aguilar-Navarro, S. G., Mimenza-Alvarado, A. J., Aguilar-Esquivel, J. E., Yeverino-Castro, S. G., Juárez-Cedillo, T., & Mejía-Arango, S. (2019). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Prevalence and risk of cognitive impairment in a population studied in the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2012-2015. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 23(3), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1160-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Snyder, P. J., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 7(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allali, G., Ayers, E. I., & Verghese, J. (2016). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome subtypes and cognitive profiles. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(3), 378–384. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amano, T., Park, S., Morrow-Howell, N., & Carpenter, B. (2022). The association between patterns of social engagement and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 36(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, E., Gulley, E., & Verghese, J. (2020). The effect of personality traits on risk of incident pre-dementia syndromes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(7), 1554–1559. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, E., & Verghese, J. (2016). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and risk of mortality in older adults. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 12(5), 556–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.08.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, E., & Verghese, J. (2019). Gait dysfunction in motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD, 71(S1), S95–S103. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayers, E., Wang, C., & Verghese, J. (2022). Validation of a “subjective motoric cognitive risk syndrome” screening tool for motoric cognitive risk syndrome-A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 29(10), 2925–2933. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, A., Shi, H., Huang, X., Xu, W., & Deng, Y. (2021). Association of C-reactive protein and motoric cognitive risk syndrome in community-dwelling older adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 25(9), 1090–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1678-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, A., Xu, W., & Lin, Z. (2022). Prevalence and correlates of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Frontiers in Aging, 3, 895138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2022.895138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Allali, G., Annweiler, C., & Verghese, J. (2016). Association of motoric cognitive risk syndrome with brain volumes: Results from the GAIT study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(8), 1081–1088. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Barden, J., Liu-Ambrose, T., Chester, V. L., Szturm, T., Grenier, S., Léonard, G., Bherer, L., & Allali, G. (2018). Association of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome with cardiovascular disease and risk factors: Results from an original study and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 64(3), 875–887. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Cooper-Brown, L., Launay, C. P., Gaudreau, P., Morais, J. A., & Allali, G. (2021). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and incident dementia in older adults from the Québec NuAge cohort. Age and Ageing, 50(3), 969–973. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Chabot, J., Rolland, Y., Schott, A. M., & Allali, G. (2019). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and mortality: Results from the EPIDOS cohort. European Journal of Neurology, 26(5), 794–e56. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Gaudreau, P., Morais, J. A., & Allali, G. (2020). Relationship between motoric cognitive risk syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors and diseases, and incident cognitive impairment: Results from the “NuAge” study. Maturitas, 138, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Gaudreau, P., Morais, J. A., & Allali, G. (2021). Pre-dementia stages and incident dementia in the NuAge study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 80(4), 1465–1470. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Rolland, Y., Schott, A. M., & Allali, G. (2020). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and incident dementia: Results from a population-based prospective and observational cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 27(3), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchet, O., Sekhon, H., Schott, A. M., Rolland, Y., Muir-Hunter, S., Markle-Reid, M., Gagne, H., & Allali, G. (2019). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and risk for falls, their recurrence, and postfall fractures: Results from a prospective observational population-based cohort study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(10), 1268–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.04.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumen, H. M., Allali, G., Beauchet, O., Lipton, R. B., & Verghese, J. (2019). A gray matter volume covariance network associated with the motoric cognitive risk syndrome: A multicohort MRI study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 74(6), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumen, H. M., Schwartz, E., Allali, G., Beauchet, O., Callisaya, M., Doi, T., Shimada, H., Srikanth, V., & Verghese, J. (2021). Cortical thickness, volume, and surface area in the motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD, 81(2), 651–665. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortone, I., Griseta, C., Battista, P., Castellana, F., Lampignano, L., Zupo, R., Sborgia, G., Lozupone, M., Moretti, B., Giannelli, G., Sardone, R., & Panza, F. (2021). Physical and cognitive profiles in motoric cognitive risk syndrome in an older population from Southern Italy. European Journal of Neurology, 28(8), 2565–2573. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortone, I., Zupo, R., Castellana, F., Aresta, S., Lampignano, L., Sciarra, S., Griseta, C., Stallone, T. A., Sborgia, G., Lozupone, M., Panza, F., Lagravinese, G., Battista, P., & Sardone, R. (2022). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome, subtypes and 8-year all-cause mortality in aging phenotypes: The salus in Apulia study. Brain Sciences, 12(7), 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callisaya, M. L., Ayers, E., Barzilai, N., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Lipton, R. B., Otahal, P., Srikanth, V. K., & Verghese, J. (2016). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and falls risk: A multi-center study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 53(3), 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland, B. T., Arshad, H., & Madhavan, S. (2019). Concurrent validity of the GAITRite electronic walkway and the 10-m walk test for measurement of walking speed after stroke. Gait & Posture, 68, 458–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. A., Verghese, J., & Zwerling, J. L. (2016). Cognition and gait in older people. Maturitas, 93, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couse, J. F., Yates, M. M., Walker, V. R., & Korach, K. S. (2003). Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in estrogen receptor (ER) null mice reveals hypergonadism and endocrine sex reversal in females lacking ERα but Not ERβ. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 17(6), 1039–1053. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2002-0398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuadrado-Godia, E., Dwivedi, P., Sharma, S., Ois Santiago, A., Roquer Gonzalez, J., Balcells, M., Laird, J., Turk, M., Suri, H. S., Nicolaides, A., Saba, L., Khanna, N. N., & Suri, J. S. (2018). Cerebral small vessel disease: A review focusing on pathophysiology, biomarkers, and machine learning strategies. Journal of Stroke, 20(3), 302–320. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2017.02922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., Huang, E., & Zuo, Q. K. (2021). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1486(1), 90–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Verghese, J., & Suzuki, T. (2017). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Association with incident dementia and disability. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 59(1), 77–84. T. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi, T., Verghese, J., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., & Suzuki, T. (2015). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Prevalence and risk factors in Japanese seniors. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16(12), 1103.e21-1103–e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egorova, N., Dhollander, T., Khlif, M. S., Khan, W., Werden, E., & Brodtmann, A. (2020). Pervasive white matter fiber degeneration in ischemic stroke. Stroke, 51(5), 1507–1513. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman, J. A., Jak, A. J., Panizzon, M. S., Tu, X. M., Chen, T., Reynolds, C. A., Gustavson, D. E., Franz, C. E., Hatton, S. N., Jacobson, K. C., Toomey, R., McKenzie, R., Xian, H., Lyons, M. J., & Kremen, W. S. (2018). Underdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: A consequence of ignoring practice effects. Alzheimer’s & Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 10, 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.04.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farid, L., Jacobs, D., Do Santos, J., Simon, O., Gracies, J. M., & Hutin, E. (2021). FeetMe® Monitor-connected insoles are a valid and reliable alternative for the evaluation of gait speed after stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 28(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2020.1792717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figgins, E., Pieruccini-Faria, F., Speechley, M., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2021). Potentially modifiable risk factors for slow gait in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 66, 101253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health, 7(2), e105–e125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C. J., & Verghese, J. (2020). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome in polypharmacy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, G. T., Gottesman, R. F., Gabriel, K. P., Palta, P., Gross, A. L., Soldan, A., Albert, M. S., Sullivan, K. J., Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Windham, B. G., & Walker, K. A. (2022). The association of motoric cognitive risk with incident dementia and neuroimaging characteristics: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 18(3), 434–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hägg, S., & Jylhävä, J. (2021). Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. eLife, 10, e63425. Elife https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, K., Hasanain, M., Ahmed, J., Iqbal, A., Rathore, S. S., Monis, A., Baig, M. D., & Ul Haq, Z. G. (2022). Association of motoric cognitive risk syndrome with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 23(5), 810–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.11.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iraniparast, M., Shi, Y., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Maxwell, C. J., Kryscio, R. J., St John, P. D., SantaCruz, K. S., & Tyas, S. L. (2022). Cognitive reserve and mild cognitive impairment: Predictors and rates of reversion to intact cognition vs progression to dementia. Neurology, 98(11), e1114–e1123. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayakody, O., Breslin, M., Ayers, E., Verghese, J., Barzilai, N., Milman, S., Weiss, E., & Blumen, H. M. (2022). Relative trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 77(6), 1230–1238. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumai, K., Kasai, M., Nakamura, K., Nakatsuka, M., Ouchi, Y., & Meguro, K. (2016). Neuroepidemiologic and neurobehavioral characteristics of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in an old-old population: The Kurihara project. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 6(2), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kyrönlahti, S. M., Stenholm, S., Raitanen, J., Neupane, S., Koskinen, S., & Tiainen, K. (2021). Educational differences in decline in maximum gait speed in older adults over an 11-year follow-up. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 76(4), 703–709. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, H., Mat Ludin, A. F., Shahar, S., Badrasawi, M., & Clark, B. C. (2019). Factors associated with motoric cognitive risk syndrome among low-income older adults in Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 19(S4), 462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6869-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laws, K. R., Irvine, K., & Gale, T. M. (2016). Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey, A., Lah, J., Goldstein, F., Steenland, K., & Bliwise, D. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: An opportunity to identify patients at high risk for progression to Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Therapeutics, 28(7), 991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Wang, A., Wu, Y., Han, N., & Huang, H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 669119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., Wei, K., Cao, X., Jiang, L., Gu, N., Feng, L., & Li, C. (2021). Development and validation of a nomogram based on motoric cognitive risk syndrome for cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 618833. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.618833
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lord, S., Moyes, S., Teh, R., Port, W., Muru-Lanning, M., Bacon, C. J., Wilkinson, T., & Kerse, N. (2020). Gait, cognition and falls over 5 years, and motoric cognitive risk in New Zealand octogenarians: Te Puāwaitanga o Nga Tapuwae Kia Ora Tonu, LiLACS NZ. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1420-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, J., Wang, S., Liu, S., & Xing, G. (2017). Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy without local anesthesia in patients with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 96(8), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000000666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, F. J., Killane, I., Creagh, A. P., Donoghue, O., Kenny, R. A., & Reilly, R. B. (2018). Baseline association of motoric cognitive risk syndrome with sustained attention, memory, and global cognition. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez, I., Garcia-Cifuentes, E., Velandia, F. R., Iragorri, A., Saavedra, A. M., Borda, M. G., Osuna, M., Ailshire, J., & Cano-Gutierrez, C. A. (2022). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Prevalence and cognitive performance. A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 8, 100162. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.049718
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonough, A. L., Batavia, M., Chen, F. C., Kwon, S., & Ziai, J. (2001). The validity and reliability of the GAITRite system’s measurements: A preliminary evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(3), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.19778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiner, Z., Ayers, E., Bennett, D. A., Wang, C., & Verghese, J. (2021). Risk factors for the progression of motoric cognitive risk syndrome to dementia: Retrospective cohort analysis of two populations. European Journal of Neurology, 28(6), 1859–1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiner, Z., Ayers, E., & Verghese, J. (2020). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: A risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia in different populations. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 24(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.20.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant, R. A., Chan, Y. H., Hui, R. J. Y., Tsoi, C. T., Kwek, S. C., Tan, W. M., Lim, J. Y., Sandrasageran, S., Wong, B. L. L., Chen, M. Z., Ng, S. E., & Morley, J. E. (2021). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome, physio-cognitive decline syndrome, cognitive frailty and reversibility with dual-task exercise. Experimental Gerontology, 150, 111362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant, R. A., Goh, J., Chan, Y. H., Lim, J. Y., & Vellas, B. (2021). Slow gait, subjective cognitive decline and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Prevalence and associated factors in community dwelling older adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 25(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1525-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mergeche, J. L., Verghese, J., Allali, G., Wang, C., Beauchet, O., Kumar, V. G. P., Mathuranath, P. S., Yuan, J., & Blumen, H. M. (2016). White matter hyperintensities in older adults and motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Journal of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry & Neurology, 1(2), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.17756/jnpn.2016-009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Migliore, S., D’Aurizio, G., Scaricamazza, E., Maffi, S., Ceccarelli, C., Ristori, G., Romano, S., Castaldo, A., Fichera, M., Curcio, G., & Squitieri, F. (2022). Cognitive reserve in early manifest huntington disease patients: Leisure time is associated with lower cognitive and functional impairment. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyabara, H., Koura, S., Matsuo, M., Uchinoura, M., Kishikawa, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Komatsu, Y., Nishimura, S., Shibata, S., & Shibata, H. (2022). Correlations between motor ability with gait speed and cognitive functions in rehabilitation users. Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 10(01), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojtr.2022.101001
   Google Scholar
• Montero-Odasso, M., Speechley, M., Muir-Hunter, S. W., Sarquis-Adamson, Y., Sposato, L. A., Hachinski, V., Borrie, M., Wells, J., Black, A., Sejdić, E., Bherer, L., & Chertkow, H. (2018). Motor and cognitive trajectories before dementia: Results from gait and brain study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(9), 1676–1683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura, T. G., & Pinheiro, H. A. (2021). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome in older adults at a health service in the Distrito Federal: A cross-sectional study. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 24(1), e200285. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023.200285
   Google Scholar
• Nester, C., Ayers, E., Rabin, L., & Verghese, J. (2020). Non-memory subjective cognitive concerns predict incident motoric cognitive risk syndrome. European Journal of Neurology, 27(7), 1146–1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, E., Szoeke, C. E. I., Vollset, S. E., Abbasi, N., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Aichour, M. T. E., Akinyemi, R. O., Alahdab, F., Asgedom, S. W., Awasthi, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Baune, B. T., Béjot, Y., Belachew, A. B., Bennett, D. A., Biadgo, B., Bijani, A., Bin Sayeed, M. S., … Murray, C. J. L. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery (London, England), 88, 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza, F., Frisardi, V., Capurso, C., D’Introno, A., Colacicco, A. M., Imbimbo, B. P., Santamato, A., Vendemiale, G., Seripa, D., Pilotto, A., Capurso, A., & Solfrizzi, V. (2010). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: Possible continuum? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(2), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b0fa13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, V. N., Wooten, T., Iloputaife, I., Milberg, W., Esterman, M., & Lipsitz, L. A. (2018). Compromised prefrontal structure and function are associated with slower walking in older adults. NeuroImage. Clinical, 20, 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, F. S., Teixeira-Santos, A. C., & Leist, A. K. (2022). The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 26(9), 1710–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.2003297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotenstein, L. S., Torre, M., Ramos, M. A., Rosales, R. C., Guille, C., Sen, S., & Mata, D. A. (2018). Prevalence of burnout among physicians: A systematic review. JAMA, 320(11), 1131–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A. Z., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brodmann, M., Cahill, T. J., Carapetis, J., Catapano, A. L., Chugh, S. S., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., … Fuster, V. (2020). Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathyan, S., Ayers, E., Gao, T., Milman, S., Barzilai, N., Rockwood, K., & Verghese, J. (2019). Frailty and risk of incident motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 71(S1), S85–S93. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sathyan, S., Barzilai, N., Atzmon, G., Milman, S., Ayers, E., & Verghese, J. (2017). Association of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 polymorphisms with motoric cognitive risk syndrome in an Ashkenazi Jewish population. Neurobiology of Aging, 58, 238.e1-238–e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathyan, S., Wang, T., Ayers, E., & Verghese, J. (2019). Genetic basis of motoric cognitive risk syndrome in health and retirement study. Neurology, 92(13), e1427–e1434. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhon, H., Allali, G., & Beauchet, O. (2019a). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in the Canadian population: Results from the baseline assessment of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 85, 103932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhon, H., Allali, G., & Beauchet, O. (2019b). The association of anxio-depressive disorders and depression with motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Results from the baseline assessment of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. GeroScience, 41(4), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00093-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhon, H., Allali, G., Launay, C. P., Chabot, J., & Beauchet, O. (2017). The spectrum of pre-dementia stages: Cognitive profile of motoric cognitive risk syndrome and relationship with mild cognitive impairment. European Journal of Neurology, 24(8), 1047–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhon, H., Launay, C. P., Chabot, J., Allali, G., & Beauchet, O. (2018). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Could it be defined through increased five-times-sit-to-stand test time, rather than slow walking speed? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 434. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semba, R. D., Tian, Q., Carlson, M. C., Xue, Q. L., & Ferrucci, L. (2020). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Integration of two early harbingers of dementia in older adults. Ageing Research Reviews, 58, 101022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, S., Zeng, X., Xu, L., Chen, L., Liu, Z., Chu, J., Yang, Y., Wu, X., & Chen, X. (2020). Association between motoric cognitive risk syndrome and frailty among older Chinese adults. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01511-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, H., Kim, M., & Won, C. W. (2020a). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome is associated with processing speed and executive function, but not delayed free recall memory: The Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 87, 103990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, H., Kim, M., & Won, C. W. (2020b). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome using three-item recall test and its associations with fall-related outcomes: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skillbäck, T., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Skoog, J., Rydén, L., Wetterberg, H., Guo, X., Sacuiu, S., Mielke, M. M., Zettergren, A., Skoog, I., & Kern, S. (2022). Slowing gait speed precedes cognitive decline by several years. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 18(9), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, G., Selvarajah, D., & Tesfaye, S. (2021). Pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 17(7), 400–420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00496-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, X. Y., & Wang, X. F. (2021). Associations between Catechol-O-methyl transferase and dopamine receptor D2 gene polymorphism and risk of motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Modern Preventive Medicine, 48(22), 4033–4036. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, B. C., Hunter, S., Harris, D., Llewellyn, D. J., Siervo, M., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2012). The neuropathological profile of mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A systematic review. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(11), 1056–1076. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Canada, B., & Terracciano, A. (2020). Personality and motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(4), 803–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Canada, B., & Terracciano, A. (2021). The association between subjective age and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Results from a population-based cohort study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(10), 2023–2028. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., Sun, X., Huang, C., Wei, Z., Shen, X., & Wang, L. (2022). Methodology of measuring Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome-focusing on slow gait speed: Protocol for a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 858950. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., Stephan, Y., & Terracciano, A. (2021). Purpose in life and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Replicable evidence from two national samples. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(2), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H., Gourley, D. D., Dekhtyar, M., & Haley, A. P. (2020). Cognition, brain structure, and brain function in individuals with obesity and related disorders. Current Obesity Reports, 9(4), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00412-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Leeuw, G., Ayers, E., Blankenstein, A. H., van der Horst, H. E., & Verghese, J. (2020). The association between pain and prevalent and incident motoric cognitive risk syndrome in older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 87, 103991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Annweiler, C., Ayers, E., Barzilai, N., Beauchet, O., Bennett, D. A., Bridenbaugh, S. A., Buchman, A. S., Callisaya, M. L., Camicioli, R., Capistrant, B., Chatterji, S., De Cock, A.-M., Ferrucci, L., Giladi, N., Guralnik, J. M., Hausdorff, J. M., Holtzer, R., Kim, K. W., … Wang, C. (2014). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Multicountry prevalence and dementia risk. Neurology, 83(8), 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Ayers, E., Barzilai, N., Bennett, D. A., Buchman, A. S., Holtzer, R., Katz, M. J., Lipton, R. B., & Wang, C. (2014). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Multicenter incidence study. Neurology, 83(24), 2278–2284. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Wang, C., Bennett, D. A., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., & Ayers, E. (2019). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and predictors of transition to dementia: A multicenter study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 15(7), 870–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Wang, C., Lipton, R. B., & Holtzer, R. (2013). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and the risk of dementia. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(4), 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vujosevic, S., Aldington, S. J., Silva, P., Hernández, C., Scanlon, P., Peto, T., & Simó, R. (2020). Screening for diabetic retinopathy: New perspectives and challenges. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30411-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, N., Allali, G., Kesavadas, C., Noone, M. L., Pradeep, V. G., Blumen, H. M., & Verghese, J. (2016). Cerebral small vessel disease and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Results from the Kerala-Einstein study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 50(3), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. C., Li, H. M., & Tao, D. X. (2020). Prospective cohort study of the effects of motor cognitive risk syndrome on fractures after falls. Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing, 36(8), 583–587. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2020.08.005(in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). Multisectoral action for a life course approach to healthy ageing: Draft global strategy and plan of action on ageing and health, 1–37. World Health Organization
   Google Scholar
• Xu, W., Bai, A., Huang, X., Gao, Y., & Liu, L. (2021). Association between sleep and motoric cognitive risk syndrome among community-dwelling older adults: Results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 774167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.774167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W., Bai, A., Liang, Y., & Lin, Z. (2022). Association between depression and motoric cognitive risk syndrome among community-dwelling older adults in China: A 4-year prospective cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 29(5), 1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaqub, A., Darweesh, S., Dommershuijsen, L. J., Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. K., Wolters, F. J., & Ikram, M. A. (2022). Risk factors, neuroimaging correlates and prognosis of the motoric cognitive risk syndrome: A population-based comparison with mild cognitive impairment. European Journal of Neurology, 29(6), 1587–1599. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J. L., Zhao, R. X., Li, X.-D., Jiang, X. Y., Wang, X. F., Zhou, X. M., & L., S. J. (2021). Motoric cognitive risk syndrome increases the risk of hospitalization in the elderly. Basic & Clinical Medicine, 41(8), 1169–1173. https://doi.org/10.16352/j.issn.1001-6325.2021.08.009(in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, J.-L., Zhao, R.-X., Ma, Y.-J., Li, X.-D., Zhou, X.-M., Wang, X.-F., Jiang, X.-Y., & Li, S.-J. (2021). Prevalence/potential risk factors for motoric cognitive risk and its relationship to falls in elderly Chinese people: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Neurology, 28(8), 2680–2687. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, W., Zhang, L., Feng, B., Li, H., Wang, D., Zheng, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, L., & Ye, H. (2021). Association between sleep disturbance with motoric cognitive risk syndrome in Chinese older adults. European Journal of Neurology, 28(5), 1470–1478. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Feng, B. L., Wang, C. Y., Zhang, Y., Lin, P., Zhang, Y. L., He, N. N., Wang, D. J., Jiang, L. F., & Ye, H. H. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with motoric cognitive risk syndrome in community-dwelling older Chinese: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Neurology, 27(7), 1137–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, L., Yang, Y., & Gao, J. (2021). Cognitive assessment tools for mild cognitive impairment screening. Journal of Neurology, 268(5), 1615–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09506-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuliani, G., Polastri, M., Romagnoli, T., Marabini, L., Seripa, D., Cervellati, C., Zurlo, A., Passaro, A., & Brombo, G. (2021). Clinical and demographic parameters predict the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in elderly patients. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(7), 1895–1902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01697-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar