The Media as a Window on the Past? The Impact of Television and Newspaper Consumption on Knowledge of the Democratic Transition in Portugal

References

• Barabas, J., Jerit, J., Pollock, W. & Rainey, C. (2014) ‘The question(s) of political knowledge’, American Political Science Review, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 840–855.10.1017/S0003055414000392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, L. M. (1993) ‘Messages received: the political impact of media exposure’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 267–285.10.2307/2939040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, L. L. M. & Bennett, S. E. (1989) ‘Enduring gender differences in political interest: the impact of socialisation and political dispositions’, American Politics Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 105–122.10.1177/1532673X8901700106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, D. & Pritchard, D. (1989) ‘Political knowledge and communication resources’, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 66, pp. 697–701.10.1177/107769908906600324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S. H. & Frank, S. (1996) ‘How Americans get political information: print vs. broadcast news’, The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 546, no. 1, pp. 48–58.10.1177/0002716296546001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S. H. & Kanihan, S. F. (1997) ‘Learning about politics from the mass media’, Political Communication, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 421–430.10.1080/105846097199218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S. H. & Schleuder, J. (1986) ‘Measurement and effects of attention to media news’, Human Communication Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 76–107.10.1111/hcre.1986.13.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S. H., Zhao, X. & Leshner, G. (1994). ‘Political knowledge and the campaign media of 1992’, Communication Research, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 305–324.10.1177/009365094021003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vreese, C. H. & Boomgaarden, H. (2006) ‘News, political knowledge and participation: the differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation’, Acta Politica, vol. 41, pp. 317–341.10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearing, J. W. & Rogers, E. M. (1996) Agenda Setting, Sage, Thousand Oaks (CA).
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X. & Keeter, S. (1996) What Americans Know About Politics and Why it Matters, Yale University Press, Yale.
   Google Scholar
• Drew, D. & Weaver, D. (2006) ‘Voter learning in 2004 election: did the media matter?’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 25–42.10.1177/107769900608300103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N. (2005) ‘Media matter: how newspapers and television news cover campaigns and influence voters’, Political Communication, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 463–481.10.1080/10584600500311394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Orlando (FL).
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P. & Scheufele, D. A. (2000) ‘Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation’, Political Communication, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 215–237.10.1080/105846000414250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galston, W. A. (2001) ‘Political knowledge political engagement, and civic education’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 4, pp. 217–234.10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber, D. (1990) ‘Seeing is remembering: how visuals contribute to learning from television news’, Journal of Communication, vol. 40, pp. 134–156.10.1111/jcom.1990.40.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerit, J. & Barabas, J. (2012) ‘Partisan perceptual bias and the information environment’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 672–684.10.1017/S0022381612000187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinnijenhuis, J. (1991) ‘Newspaper complexity and the knowledge gap’, European Journal of Communication, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 499–522.10.1177/0267323191006004006
   Google Scholar
• Krause, G. A. & Granato, J. (1998) ‘Fooling some of the public some of the time? A test for weak rationality with heterogeneous information levels’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 62, pp. 135–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman, H. E. & Hartley, E. L. (1970) ‘Passive learning from television’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 184–190.10.1086/267788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, N. (1999) ‘Revisiting the knowledge gap hypothesis: education, motivation, and media use’, Communication Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 385–413.10.1177/009365099026004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, G. (2004) ‘Reconciling “cognitive priming” vs. obtrusive contingency hypothesis: an analytical model of media agenda-setting effects’, Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.–I.- & Eveland, W. P. Jr. (2005) ‘Education, need for cognition, and campaign interest as moderators of news effects on political knowledge: an analysis of the knowledge gap’, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 910–929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, M. C., Pinto, A. C., & Magalhães, P. (2016) ‘Portuguese democratisation 40 years on: its meaning and enduring legacies’, South European Society and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 163–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, M. C. (2016) ‘Bringing the past back in: how attitudes towards the democratic transition influence the Portuguese voter’, South European Society and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 181–196.
   Google Scholar
• MacKuen, M. (1984) ‘Exposure to information, belief integration, and individual responsiveness to agenda change’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 372–391.10.2307/1963370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuel, P. C. (1996) The Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Portugal: Political, Economic, and Military Issues 1976–1991, Praeger, Westport (CT).
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, K. (1995) The making of Portuguese democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511582752
   Google Scholar
• McAvoy, G. E. (2015) Collective political rationality: partisan thinking and why it’s not all bad, Routledge, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Newton, K. (2006) ‘May the weak force be with you: the power of the mass media in modern politics’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 209–234.10.1111/ejpr.2006.45.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, S. P. (2008) ‘Direct democracy and the public agenda: ballot initiatives and public beliefs about important problems’ in Direct Democracy’s Impact on American Political Institutions, eds S. Bowler & A. Glazer, Palgrave, New York, pp. 55–68.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. & Sanders, D. (2003) ‘Message or medium? campaign learning during the 2001 British general election’, Political Communication, vol. 20, pp. 233–262.10.1080/10584600390218878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfrey, T. R. & Poole, K. T. (1987) ‘The relationship between information, ideology and voting behaviour’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 511–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, A. C. (2011) ‘Twentieth century Portugal: an introduction’, in Contemporary Portugal, ed A. C. Pinto, 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, NewYork, pp. 1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Popescu M., Toka, G., Gosselin, T. & Santana-Pereira, J. (2012) ‘European media systems survey 2010: results and documentation’, in Research report, Department of Government, University of Essex, Colchester. URL: www.mediasystemsineurope.org.
   Google Scholar
• Raimundo, F. (2012) Post-Transitional Justice? Spain, Poland, and Portugal compared, Unpublished PhD Dissertation for the European University Institute, Florence.
   Google Scholar
• Sanches, E. R. & Gorbunova, E. (2016) ‘Portuguese citizens’ support for democracy: 40 years after the Carnation Revolution’, South European Society and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana-Pereira, J. (2015) ‘Variety of media systems in third-wave democracies’ in Media and Politics in New Democracies, ed. J. Zielonka, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 231-247. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747536.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A. & Olien, C. N. (1970) ‘Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 159–170.10.1086/267786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, H. (2013) ‘Does exposure to online media matter?’ The knowledge gap and the mediating role of news use’, International Journal of Communication, vol. 7, pp. 831–852.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanath, K. & Finnegan, J. R. Jr. (1996) ‘The knowledge gap hypothesis: twenty-five years later’, in Communication Yearbook 19, ed. B. R. Burleson, Sage, Thousand Oaks (CA), pp. 187–227.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. & Drew, D. (2001) ‘Voter learning and interest in the 2000 presidential election: did the media matter?’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 787–798.10.1177/107769900107800411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X. & Chaffee, S. H. (1995) ‘Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 41–65.10.1086/269457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker, H. G. (1978) ‘The variable nature of news media influence’, in Communication Yearbook 2, ed B. Ruben, Transaction Books, New Brunswick (NJ), pp. 154–172.
   Google Scholar