The Italian Democratic Party at the Crossroad: Party Activism and the Middle-Level Élite

References

• Baccetti, C. (2007) I postdemocristiani, Il Mulino, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Baccetti, C., Bordandini, P. & Mulé, R. (2022) ’The belief system of the Italian democratic party before, during and after Renzi’, Contemporary Italian Politics, pp. 1–19. 10.1080/23248823.2022.2100592.
   Google Scholar
• Blondel, J. & Thiebault, J. -L. (2010) Political Leadership, Parties and Citizens: The Personalisation of Leadership, Routledge, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Bordandini, P. & Di Virgilio, A. (2009–2013) I partiti italiani a congresso. Ricerche sui delegati, Book Series, Clueb, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Bordandini, P., Di Virgilio, A. & Mulé, R. (eds) (2011) ’I leader degli anni a venire. Atteggiamenti e opinioni dei delegati di partito in Italia’, Polis, vol. 25, no. 2, Special Issue, pp. 159–170. 10.1424/35428
   Google Scholar
• Bordandini, P., Di Virgilio, A. & Raniolo, F. (2008) ’The birth of a party: the case of the Italian partito democratico’, South European Society & Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 303–324. 10.1080/13608740802349472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruter, M. & Harrison, S. (2009) ‘Tomorrow’s Leaders? Understanding the Involvement of Young Party Members in Six European Democracies‘, Comparative political studies, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1259–1291. 10.1177/0010414009332463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calise, M. (2000) Il partito personale, Laterza, Bari.
   Google Scholar
• Cartocci, R. (2007) Mappe del Tesoro. Atlante del capitale sociale in Italia, Il Mulino, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Carty, R. K. (2006) ’I partiti come sistemi di franchising. L’imperativo organizzativo stratarchico’, in Partiti e sistemi di partito, ed L. Bardi, Il Mulino, Bologna, pp. 81–101.
   Google Scholar
• Close, C. & Kelbel, C. (2019) ’Whose primaries? Grassroots’ views on candidate selection procedures’, Acta Politica, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 268–294. 10.1057/s41269-018-0086-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini, E. & King, J. (1984) ’The motives of political party activists: a factor-analytic exploration’, Political Behavior, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 79–93. 10.1007/BF00988230.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, W. & Blais, A. (2012) Politics at the Centre. the Selection and Removal of Party Leaders in the Anglo Parliamentary Democracies, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. (2008) Citizen Politics, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. & Wattenberg, M. P. (2002) Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Fasano, L. M., Martocchia Diodati, N. & Natale, P. (2018) ’L’Assemblea Nazionale del Partito Democratico’, in Il Partito Democratico dei nativi, eds R. De Luca & L. M. Fasano, Edizioni Epoké, Novi Ligure, pp. 177–196.
   Google Scholar
• Floridia, A. (2019) Un partito sbagliato. Democrazia e organizzazione nel Partito Democratico, Castelvecchi, Roma.
   Google Scholar
• Gauja, A. & Van Haute, E. (2015) ’Conclusion: members and activists of political parties in comparative perspective’, in Party Members and Activists, eds E. Van Haute & A. Gauja, Routledge, London, pp. 186–201.
   Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. (2014) ’Power and the (il)legitimacy of political parties: an unavoidable paradox of contemporary democracy?’, Party Politics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 160–169. 10.1177/1354068813519970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. (2020a) ’Party change and citizens’ retrotopia’, Contemporary Italian Politics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 498–515. 10.1080/23248823.2020.1863649.
   Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. (2020b) ’The four knights of intra-party democracy: a rescue for party delegitimation’, Party Politics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9–20. 10.1177/1354068818754599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. & Bordandini, P. (2018) I muscoli del partito, Il Mulino, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, R. S. & Mair, P. (1995) ’Changing models of party organisations and party democracy: the emergence of the cartel party’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–28. 10.1177/1354068895001001001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, S. (2020) ’Can intraparty democracy save party activism? Evidence from Korea’, Party Politics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 32–42. 10.1177/1354068818754601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krouwel, A. (2012) Party Transformations in European Democracies, Suny Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lisi, M. & Cancela, J. (2017) ’Types of party members and their implications: results from a survey of Portuguese party members’, Party Politics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 390–400. 10.1177/1354068817722445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, P. (1997) Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, P. & Van Biezen, I. (2011) ’Party membership in twenty European democracies, 1980–2000’, Party Politics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 5–21. 10.1177/1354068801007001001.
   Google Scholar
• Morlino, L. & Tarchi, M. (2006) Partiti e caso italiano, Il Mulino, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Natale, P. & Fasano, L. M. (2017) L’ultimo partito. 10 anni di Partito Democratico, Giappichelli Editore, Torino.
   Google Scholar
• Niedermayer, O. (1986) ’Methodological and practical problems of comparative party élites research: the EPPMLE project’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 14, no. 1–2, pp. 253–258. 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00833.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Panebianco, A. (1988) Political Parties: Organisation and Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Parigi, P. & Sartori, L. (2014) ’The political party as a network of cleavages: disclosing the inner structure of Italian political parties in the Seventies’, Social Networks, vol. 36, pp. 54–65. 10.1016/j.socnet.2012.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquino, G. & Venturino, F. eds (2014) Il Partito Democratico secondo Matteo, Bononia University Press, Bologna.
   Google Scholar
• Passarelli, G. & Tuorto, D. (2018) ’The meanings of party membership. A comparison of three parties’, Contemporary Italian Politics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 170–192. 10.1080/23248823.2018.1474566.
   Google Scholar
• Pizzimenti, E. & Calossi, E. (2020) ’Leaders and members in the Italian parties (1994-2018): a dimensional approach’, Contemporary Italian Politics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 425–442. 10.1080/23248823.2020.1838869.
   Google Scholar
• Poguntke, T. (2002) ’Party organisational linkage: parties without firm social roots?’, in Political Parties in the New Europe, eds K. R. Luther & F. Muller-Rommel, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 43–62.
   Google Scholar
• Poguntke, T. & Webb, P. (eds) (2005) The Presidentialization of Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (1993) Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Sandri, G. & Venturino, F. (2020) ’Party organisation and intra-party democracy in Italy’, Contemporary Italian Politics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–18. 10.1080/23248823.2020.1838867.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, L., Tuorto, D. & Ghigi, R. (2017) ’The social roots of the gender gap in political participation: the role of situational and cultural constraints in Italy’, Social Politics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 221–247. 10.1093/sp/jxx008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarrow, S. (1994) ’The ‘paradox of enrollment’: assessing the costs and benefits of party membership’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 41–60. 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01200.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarrow, S. (2015) Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilisation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Scarrow, S. & Webb, P. (2013) ‘Assessing party organisational change: participation, representation and power’, paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, 29 August – 1 September.
   Google Scholar
• Seddone, A., Venturino, F. & Sandri, G. (2021) ’Living apart but together. Members, sympathizers and the Italian democratic party’, Revista Internacional de SociologÍa, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 1–14. 10.3989/ris.2021.79.4.M21.06.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S. & Nie, N. H. (1972) Participation in America: Social Equality and Political Democracy, Harper & Row, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L. & Brady, H. E. (1995) Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, P., Poletti, M. & Bale, T. (2017) ’So who really does the donkey work in ‘multi-speed membership parties’? Comparing the election campaign activity of party members and party supporters’, Electoral studies, vol. 46, pp. 64–74. 10.1016/j.electstud.2017.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley, P. F. (2011) ’Is the party over? The decline of party activism and membership across the democratic world’, Party Politics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 21–44. 10.1177/1354068810365505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley, P. F. & Seyd, P. (2002) High-Intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
   Google Scholar