Racialized classroom practices in a diverse Amsterdam primary school: the silencing, disparagement, and discipline of students of color

References

• Agirdag, Orhan, Piet van Avermaet, and Mieke van Houtte. 2013. “School Segregation and Math Achievement: A Mixed-Method Study on the Role of Self-Fulfilling Prophesies.” Teachers College Record 115 (33): 1–50.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, Karl L., Doris R. Entwisle, and Rebecca Herman. 1999. “In the Eye of the Beholder: Parents’ and Teachers’ Ratings of Children’s Behavioral Style.” In Contemporary Perspectives on Family Research, Vol. 1: Revisioning Children as Active Agents of Family Life, edited by C. L. Shehan, 225–245. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• van den Bergh, Linda, Eddie Denessen, and Lisette Hornstra, Marinus Voeten, and Rob W. Holland. 2010. “The Implicit Prejudiced Attitudes of Teachers: Relations to Teacher Expectations and the Ethnic Achievement Gap.” American Educational Research Journal 47 (2): 497–527.10.3102/0002831209353594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. Russell. 2006. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Practices. 4th ed. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Anna-Kay. 2012. “Trapped by Narcissism: A Disillusioned Dutch Society.” Macalester International 30 (7): 22–46.
   Google Scholar
• Brug, Peary. 2006. “The Diversity Challenge: The Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the Dutch Educational System.” In Higher Education in a Global Society: Achieving Diversity, Equity and Excellence, edited by Walter R. Allen, Marguerite Bonous-Hammarth, and Robert T. Teranishi, 149–158. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI.10.1016/S1479-358X(05)05007-2
   Google Scholar
• Cain, Artwell. 2010. “Ambiguous Citizenship as Impediment to Social Mobility in the Netherlands: The Case of Afro-Caribbean Dutch.” Journal of Contemporary Thought 32: 141–156.
   Google Scholar
• Calarco, Jessica Mc Crory. 2011. ““I Need Help!”: Social Class and Children’s Help-Seeking in Elementary School.” American Sociological Review 76 (6): 862–882.10.1177/0003122411427177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casteel, Clifton A. 1998. “Teacher–Student Interactions and Race in Integrated Classrooms.” Journal of Educational Research 92 (2): 115–120.10.1080/00220679809597583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Simon, Leslie Martin, and Regina Werum. 2007. “Adult Social Capital and Track Placement of Ethnic Groups in Germany.” American Journal of Education 114 (1): 41–74.10.1086/520691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill. 2005. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crul, Maurice. 2007. “The Integration of Immigrant Youth.” In Learning in the Global Era: International Perspectives on Globalization and Education, edited by Marcelo Suárez-Orozco, 213–231. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crul, Maurice, and Jeroen Doomernik. 2003. “The Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in the Netherlands: Divergent Trends between and Polarization within the Two Groups.” International Migration Review 37 (4): 1039–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crul, Maurice, and Jennifer Holdaway. 2009. “Children of Immigrants in Schools in New York and Amsterdam: The Factors Shaping Attainment.” Teachers College Record 111 (6): 1476–1507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crul, Maurice, and Jess Schneider. 2009. “Children of Turkish Immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands: The Impact of Differences in Vocational and Academic Tracking Systems.” Teachers College Record 111 (6): 1508–1527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, Thomas S. 2004. “Teachers, Race, and Student Achievement in a Randomized Experiment.” Review of Economics and Statistics 86 (1): 195–210.10.1162/003465304323023750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewalt, Kathleen M., Billie R. Dewalt, and Coral B. Wayland. 2000. “Participant Observation.” In Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, edited by H. Russell Bernard, 259-299. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diangelo, Robin J. 2006. “The Production of Whiteness in Education: Asian International Students in a College Classroom.” Teachers College Record 108 (10): 1983–2000.10.1111/tcre.2006.108.issue-10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, Teun A. 1993. Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781483326184
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, Adrienne D., and Celia K. Rousseau. 2005. “And We Are Still Not Saved: Critical Race Theory in Education Ten Years Later.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 8 (1): 7–27.10.1080/1361332052000340971
   Google Scholar
• Downes, David. 2007. “Visions of Penal Control in the Netherlands.” Crime and Justice 36 (1): 93–125.10.1086/592804
   Google Scholar
• Downey, Douglas B., and Shana Pribesh. 2004. “When Race Matters: Teachers' Evaluations of Students' Classroom Behavior.” Sociology of Education 77 (4): 267–282.10.1177/003804070407700401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen, Geert. 2000. “The Limits of Educational Policy and Practice? The Case of Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands.” Comparative Education 36 (1): 55–72.10.1080/03050060027764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226206851.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Engbersen, Godfried, and Joanne van der Leun. 2001. “The Social Construction of Illegality and Criminality.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 9 (1): 51–70.10.1023/A:1011259422222
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 2013. “Entitlement Racism: License to Humiliate.” In Recycling Racism(S) in Europe Today, edited by ENAR, 62–77. Brussels: ENAR.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena, and Isabel Hoving, eds. 2014. Dutch Racism. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena, and Kwame Nimako. 2006. “Designs and (Co)Incidents: Cultures of Scholarship and Public Policy on Immigrants/Minorities in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 47 (3-4): 281–312.10.1177/0020715206065784
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena, and Sandra Trienekens. 2008. ““Who Wants to Feel White?” Race, Dutch Culture, and Contested Identities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (1): 52–72.10.1080/01419870701538885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ewijk, Reyn. 2011. “Same Work, Lower Grade? Student Ethnicity and Teachers’ Subjective Assessments.” Economics of Education Review 30 (5): 1045–1058.10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas, George. 2003. “Racial Disparities and Discrimination in Education: What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and What Do We Need to Know?” Teachers College Record 105 (6): 1119–1146.10.1111/tcre.2003.105.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, Ronald F. 1998. “Teachers’ Perceptions and Expectations in the Black-White Test Score Gap.” In The Black White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Philips, 273–317. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fordham, Signithia. 1996. Blacked out: Dilemmas of Race, Identity, and Success at Capital High. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gogolin, Ingrid. 2010. “Linguistic and Cultural Diversity in Europe: A Challenge for Educational Research and Practice.” 1 (1): 123–138.
   Google Scholar
• Gordijn, Ernestine H., Willem Koomen, and Diederik A. Stapel. 2001. “Level of Prejudice in Relation to Knowledge of Cultural Stereotypes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37 (2): 150–157.10.1006/jesp.2000.1443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf, Willibrord, and Kaj van Zenderen. 2009. “Segmented Assimilation in the Netherlands? Young Migrants and Early School Leaving.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (8): 1470–1488.10.1080/01419870902763860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramberg, Peter. 1998. “School Segregation: The Case of Amsterdam.” Urban Studies 35 (3): 547–564.10.1080/0042098984907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, Anne, Russell J. Skiba, and Pedro A. Noguera. 2010. “The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap: Two Sides of the Same Coin?” Educational Researcher 39 (1): 59–68.10.3102/0013189X09357621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, Anthony F., Catherine Rothon, and Elina Kilpi. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe: Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment.” Annual Review of Sociology 34: 211–235.10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hondius, Dienke. 2009. “Race and the Dutch: On the Uneasiness Surrounding Racial Issues in the Netherlands.” In Paradoxes of Cultural Recognition: Perspectives from Northern Europe, edited by Sharam Alghasi, Thomas Hyland Eriksen, and Halleh Ghorashi, 39–57. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Hustinx, Paul W. J. 2002. “School Careers of Pupils of Ethnic Minority Background After the Transition to Secondary Education: Is the Ethnic Factor Always Negative?” Educational Research and Evaluation 8 (2): 169–195.10.1076/edre.8.2.169.3860
   Google Scholar
• Ipsa-Landa, Simone. 2013. “Gender, Race, and Justifications for Group Exclusion: Urban Black Students Bussed to Affluent Suburban Schools.” Sociology of Education 86 (3): 218–233.10.1177/0038040712472912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Dirk. 2002. “Access to Citizenship of the Population of Foreign Origin in the Netherlands.” Migracijske I Etničke Teme 18 (2–3): 243–257.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, Matthijs, and Gerbert Kraaykamp. 2003. “Drop out and Downward Mobility in the Educational Career: An Event-History Analysis of Ethnic Schools Differences in the Netherlands.” Educational Research and Evaluation 9 (3): 265–287.10.1076/edre.9.3.265.15572
   Google Scholar
• Kao, Grace, and Jennifer S. Thompson. 2003. “Racial and Ethnic Stratification and Educational Achievement and Attainment.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 417–442.10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincheloe, Joe L., and Shirley R. Steinberg. 2000. “Addressing the Crisis of Whiteness: Reconfiguring White Identity in a Pedagogy of Whiteness.” In White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, 3–29. New York: St. Martins.
   Google Scholar
• Komen, Mieke. 2006. “Difficulties of Cultural Diversity: An Exploratory Study into Forensic Psychiatric Reporting on Serious Juvenile Offenders in the Netherlands.” Crime, Law and Social Change 45 (1): 55–69.10.1007/s10611-006-9023-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komen, M., and E. van Schooten 2006. “Allochtone jongeren gemiddeld langer vast.” [Immigrant Youth Stay Average Longer.] In Straatkwaad en jeugdcriminaliteit. Naar een algemene of etnisch specifieke aanpak?, edited by M. Komen, 24-48. Amsterdam: Spinhuis.
   Google Scholar
• Kunjufu, Jawanza. 2005. Keeping Black Boys out of Special Education. Chicago, IL: African American Images.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, Annette. 2011. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lechner, Frank J. 2008. The Netherlands: Globalization and National Identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• LeCompte, Margaret D., and Judith Preissle. 1993. Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leeman, Yvonne. 2007. “Dutch Urban Schools and Teachers’ Professionalism.” In International Handbook of Urban Education, edited by William T. Pink and George W. Noblit, 523–537. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-5199-9
   Google Scholar
• Leeman, Yvonne, and Sawitri Saharso. 1991. “Coping with Discrimination: How Moroccan, Moluccan and Creole-Surinamese Youth Deal with Discrimination in Holland.” European Journal of Intercultural Studies 1 (3): 5–17.10.1080/0952391900010301
   Google Scholar
• van der Leun, Joanne P., Maartje A. H. ven der Woude. 2011. “Ethnic Profiling in the Netherlands? A Reflection on Expanding Preventative Powers, Ethnic Profiling, and a Changing Social and Political Context.” Policing and Society 21 (4): 444–455.10.1080/10439463.2011.610194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, Amanda F. 2003. Race in the Schoolyard: Negotiating the Color Line in Classrooms and Communities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Light, Audrey, and Wayne Strayer. 2002. “From Bakke to Hopwood: Does Race Affect College Attendance and Completion.” Review of Economics and Statistics 84 (1): 34–44.10.1162/003465302317331900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlefield, Marci Bounds. 2008. “The Media as a System of Racialization: Exploring Images of African American Women and the New Racism.” American Behavioral Scientist 51 (5): 675–685.10.1177/0002764207307747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofland, John, and Lyn H. Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Luyten, Hans, Roel Bosker, Hetty Dekkers, and Angelique Derks. 2003. “Dropout in the Lower Tracks of Dutch Secondary Education: Predictor Variables and Variation among Schools.” School Effectiveness and School Improvement 14 (4): 373–411.10.1076/sesi.14.4.373.17158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, Frances A., and Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault. 1997. “Learning in the Dark: How Whiteness Shapes Learning.” Harvard Educational Review 67 (2): 321–350.10.17763/haer.67.2.j7866368086k9491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, Geoffrey, Susan Gross, and Carol Seefeldt. 1991. “Black and White Students’ Perceptions of Teacher Treatment.” Journal of Educational Research 84 (6): 363–367.10.1080/00220671.1991.9941817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, Amy, and Patricia R. Doran. 2010. Teaching Diverse Learners: Principles for Best Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
   Google Scholar
• McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Meier, Kenneth J., Joseph Stewart, Jr., and Robert E. England. 1990. Race, Class, and Education: The Politics of Second Generation Discrimination. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mickelson, Roslyn Arlin. 2003. “When Are Racial Disparities in Education the Result of Racial Discrimination? A Social Science Perspective.” Teachers College Record 105 (6): 1052–1086.10.1111/tcre.2003.105.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, H. Richard IV. 2013. “Why Are Students of Color (Still) Punished More Severely and Frequently than White Students?” Urban Education 48 (4): 483–489.10.1177/0042085913493040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minor, Elizabeth Covay. 2014. “Racial Differences in Teacher Perception of Student Ability.” Teachers College Record 116 (10): 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi, Bonnie. 2013. “Discrimination, Objectification, and Dehumanization: Toward a Pantheoretical Framework.” Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 60: 153–181.10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noguera, Pedro. 2003. City Schools and the American Dream: Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oakes, Gary L. St. C. 2003. “Teacher-Student Racial Congruence, Teacher Perceptions, and Test Performance.” Social Science Quarterly 84 (3): 508–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ours, Jan C., and Justus Veenman. 2003. “The Educational Attainment of Second-Generation Immigrants in the Netherlands.” Journal of Population Economics 16 (4): 739–753.10.1007/s00148-003-0147-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pager, Devah. 2003. “The Mark of a Criminal Record.” American Journal of Sociology 108 (5): 937–975.10.1086/374403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pels, Trees. 2001. “Student Disengagement and Pedagogical Climate.” Paper Presented at the Sixth International Metropolis Conference, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, Pamela. 2002. Shades of White: White Kids and Racial Identities in High School. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.10.1215/9780822383659
   Google Scholar
• Rath, Jan. 2001. “Research on Immigrant Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands.” In The Politics of Social Science Research: Race, Ethnicity and Social Change, edited by Peter Ratcliffe, 137–159. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230504950
   Google Scholar
• Rauschenberg, Samuel. 2014. “How Consistent Are Course Grades? An Examination of Differential Grading.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 22 (92): 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Rijken, Susanne, Ineke Maas, and Harry B. G. Gantzeboom. 2007. “The Netherlands: Access to Higher Education – Institutional Arrangements and Inequality of Opportunity.” In Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study, edited by Yossi Shavit, Richard Arum, and Adam Gamoran, 266–293. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Royster, Dierdre A. 2003. Race and the Invisible Hand: How White Networks Exclude Black Men from Blue-Collar Jobs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shouse, Roger, Barbara Schneider, and Stephen Plank. 1992. “Teacher Assessments of Student Effort: Effects of Student Characteristics and School Type.” Educational Policy 6 (3): 266–288.10.1177/0895904892006003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleeter, Christine E. 1993. “How White Teachers Construct Race.” In Race, Identity and Representation in Education, edited by Cameron McCarthy and Warren Crichlow, 151–171. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman, Paul M., and Louk Hagendoorn. 2009. When Ways of Life Collide: Multiculturalism and Its Discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400829583
   Google Scholar
• Spotti, Massimiliano. 2007. Developing Identities: Identity Construction in Multicultural Primary Classrooms in the Netherlands and Flanders. Amsterdam: Aksant.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Netherlands. 2010. Annual Report on Integration. The Hague: Statistics Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Stearns, Elizabeth, and Elizabeth Glennie. 2006. “When and Why Dropouts Leave School.” Youth and Society 38 (1): 29–57.10.1177/0044118X05282764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijs, Jochem, Westhof Saskia, and Helma Koomen. “Ethnic Incongruence and the Student–Teacher Relationship: The Perspective of Ethnic Majority Teachers.” Journal of School Psychology 50 (2): 257–273.10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin, Beth F. 1999. Picturing Imperial Power: Colonial Subjects in Eighteenth-Century British Painting. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tolsma, Jochem, Marcel Coenders, and Marcel Lubbers. 2007. “Trends in Ethnic Educational Inequalities in the Netherlands: A Cohort Design.” European Sociological Review 23 (3): 325–339.10.1093/esr/jcm007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyna, Barry. 1993. Racism and Education. New York: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, Karolyn. 2011. Integration Interrupted: Tracking, Black Students, and Acting White after Brown. New York: Oxford.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736447.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Velasco González, Karina, Maykel Verkuyten, Jeroen Weesie, and Edwin Poppe. 2008. “Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing Integrated Threat Theory.” British Journal of Social Psychology 47 (4): 667–685.10.1348/014466608X284443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, Maykel, and Jochem Thijs. 2002. “Multiculturalism among Minority and Majority Adolescents in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 26 (1): 91–108.10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00039-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warikoo, Natasha. 2004. “Race and the Teacher-Student Relationship: Interpersonal Connections between West Indian Students and Their Teachers in a New York City High School.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 7 (2): 135–147.10.1080/1361332042000234268
   Google Scholar
• Weenink, Don. 2009. “Explaining Ethnic Inequality in the Juvenile Justice System.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (2): 220–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, Melissa F. 2014. “Whitening a Diverse Dutch Classroom: White Cultural Discourses in an Amsterdam Primary School.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (2): 359–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Werfhorst, Herman G., and Frank Van Tubergen. 2007. “Ethnicity, Schooling and Merit in the Netherlands.” Ethnicities 7 (3): 416–444.10.1177/1468796807080236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, Ruth, and Teun A. van Dijk, eds. 2000. Racism at the Top: Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European States. Klagenfurt, Austria: Drava Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, Peter. 1986. Inside Schools: Ethnography in Educational Research. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wubbels, Theo, and Jack Levy. 1991. “A Comparison of Interpersonal Behavior of Dutch and American Teachers.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 15 (1): 1–18.10.1016/0147-1767(91)90070-W
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar