‘The world they’ve been born into’: Black male teachers on Blackness, masculinities and leadership

References

• Achebe, N. 2011. The Female King of Colonial Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alridge, D. P. 2006. “The Limits of Master Narratives in History Textbooks: An Analysis of Representations of Martin Luther King, Jr.” Teachers College Record 108 (4): 662. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00664.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alridge, D. P. 2007. “Of Victorianism, Civilizationism, and Progressivism: The Educational Ideas of Anna Julia Cooper and WEB Du Bois, 1892–1940.” History of Education Quarterly 47 (4): 416–446. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00108.x.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. 2017. “Failed Citizenship and Transformative Civic Education.” Educational Researcher 46 (7): 366–377. doi:10.3102/0013189X17726741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, S. T. 1997. “Gender and the Politics of Support and Protection in Precolonial West Africa.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 810 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48122.x.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, B. M. 1993. “Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement: The Triple Constraints of Gender, Race, and Class.” Gender & Society 7 (2): 162–182. doi:10.1177/089124393007002002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, D. 1991. “Racial Realism.” Connecticut Law Review 24: 363.
   Google Scholar
• Bristol, T. J. 2017. “To Be Alone or in a Group: An Exploration into How the School-based Experiences Differ for Black Male Teachers across One Urban School District.” Urban Education 53 (3): 0042085917697200.
   Google Scholar
• Bristol, T. J., and M. Mentor. 2018. “Policing and Teaching: The Positioning of Black Male Teachers as Agents in the Universal Carceral Apparatus.” The Urban Review 50 (2): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2012a. “‘You Ain’t My Daddy!’: Black Male Teachers and the Politics of Surrogate Fatherhood.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 16 (4): 357–372. doi:10.1080/13603116.2011.555091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2012b. “Agency and Abjection in the Closet: The Voices (and Silences) of Black Queer Male Teachers.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 25 (6): 741–765. doi:10.1080/09518398.2011.590157.
   Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2015. “Queer of Color Agency in Educational Contexts: Analytic Frameworks from a Queer of Color Critique.” Educational Studies 51 (1): 28–44. doi:10.1080/00131946.2014.979929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2018. Black Men Teaching in Urban Schools: Reassessing Black Masculinity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. 2009. “‘Brothers Gonna Work It Out’: Understanding the Pedagogic Performance of African American Male Teachers Working with African American Male Students.” The Urban Review 41 (5): 416–435. doi:10.1007/s11256-008-0116-8.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. 2012. “On Human Kinds and Role Models: A Critical Discussion about the African American Male Teacher.” Educational Studies 48 (3): 296–315. doi:10.1080/00131946.2012.660666.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., and K. D. Brown. 2010. “Strange Fruit Indeed: Interrogating Contemporary Textbook Representations of Racial Violence toward African Americans.” Teachers College Record 112 (1): 31–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., M. E. Dilworth, and K. D. Brown. 2018. “Understanding the Black Teacher through Metaphor.” The Urban Review 50 (2): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, N., and C. C. Jett. 2018. “‘Playing School’: Creating Possibilities to Inspire Future Black Male Teachers through Culturally Relevant Play.” Journal for Multicultural Education Just-accepted 12 (2): 99–110.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, N., and T. M. Williams. 2017. “We Need More than Just Male Bodies in Classrooms: Recruiting and Retaining Culturally Relevant Black Male Teachers in Early Childhood Education.” Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education 38 (3): 209–222. doi:10.1080/10901027.2017.1346529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carby, H. V. 2009. Race Men. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, R. L. 2015. “Desensationalizing Black Males: Navigating and Deconstructing Extreme Imageries of Black Males and Masculinities.” In The Assault on Communities of Color: Exploring the Realities of Race-Based Violence, edited by K. J. Fasching-Varner and N. D. Hartlep, 153–157. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, C. J. 1997. “Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3 (4): 437–465. doi:10.1215/10642684-3-4-437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2017. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. 1995. WEB Du Bois: A Reader. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas, M. J. 2016. “Against the Dark: Antiblackness in Education Policy and Discourse.” Theory into Practice 55 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1080/00405841.2016.1116852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easton-Brooks, D., C. Lewis, and Y. Zhang. 2010. “Ethnic-matching: The Influence of African American Teachers on the Reading Scores of African American Students.” National Journal of Urban Education & Practice 3 (1): 230–243.
   Google Scholar
• Eddy, C. M., and D. Easton-Brooks. 2011. “Ethnic Matching, School Placement, and Mathematics Achievement of African American Students from Kindergarten through Fifth Grade.” Urban Education 46 (6): 1280–1299. doi:10.1177/0042085911413149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egalite, A. J., and B. Kisida. 2018. “The Effects of Teacher Match on Students’ Academic Perceptions and Attitudes.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 40 (1): 59–81. doi:10.3102/0162373717714056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emberton, C. 2012. “‘Only Murder Makes Men’: Reconsidering the Black Military Experience.” The Journal of the Civil War Era 2 (3): 369–393. doi:10.1353/cwe.2012.0078.
   Google Scholar
• Estes, S. 2005. I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaines, K. K. 2012. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gaspar, D. B., and D. C. Hine, eds. 2010. Beyond Bondage: Free Women of Color in the Americas. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenson, S., S. B. Holt, and N. W. Papageorge. 2016. “Who Believes in Me? the Effect of Student–Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations.” Economics of Education Review 52: 209–224. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goings, R. B. 2015. “The Lion Tells His Side of the (counter) Story: A Black Male Educator’s Autoethnographic Account.” Journal of African American Males in Education 6 (1): 91–105.
   Google Scholar
• Goodson, I. 2001. “The Story of Life History: Origins of the Life History Method in Sociology.” Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 1 (2): 129–142.
   Google Scholar
• Goodson, I. F., and P. J. Sikes. 2001. Life History Research in Educational Settings: Learning from Lives. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. A., and D. L. Gordon. 1992. Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, C. A., K. D. Brown, and A. L. Brown. 2015. Black Intellectual Thought in Education: The Missing Traditions of Anna Julia Cooper, Carter G. Woodson, and Alain LeRoy Locke. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J. 1995. “Black Women and Black Theology.” In Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought, edited by B. Guy-Sheftall, 319–336. New York: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J. D. 2005. “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past.” The Journal of American History 91 (4): 1233–1263. doi:10.2307/3660172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, N. 1971. “Will the Real Black Man Please Stand Up?” The Black Scholar 2 (10): 32–35. doi:10.1080/00064246.1971.11431054.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. P. 2011. “Heteropatriarchy Kills: Challenging Gender Violence in a Prison Nation.” Wash. UJL & Pol'y 37: 13.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, S. 2008. Lose Your Mother: A Journey along the Atlantic Slave Route. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, S. V., and F. B. Wilderson. 2003. “The Position of the Unthought.” Qui Parle 13 (2): 183–201. doi:10.1215/quiparle.13.2.183.
   Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, P. 1989. “The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14 (4): 745–773. doi:10.1086/494543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, P. 2004. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hine, D. C. 2000. “Paradigms, Politic, and Patriarchy in the Making of a Black History: Reflections on from Slavery to Freedom.” The Journal of Negro History 85 (1–2): 18–21. doi:10.1086/JNHv85n1-2p18.
   Google Scholar
• Hine, D. C., and E. Jenkins. 1999. A Question of Manhood: A Reader in US Black Men’s History and Masculinity. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, S. P. 2000. “‘The Revolution,’ In Theory.” American Literary History 12 (1): 327–336.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, T. C. 2004. “’Does Race Really Matter?’ Secondary Students’ Constructions of Racial Dialogue in the Social Studies.” Theory & Research in Social Education 32 (4): 484–502. doi:10.1080/00933104.2004.10473266.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. L., and C. L. Dangerfield. 2004. “Defining Black Masculinity as Cultural Property.” In African American Communication & Identities: Essential Readings, edited by R. Jackson, 120–131. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, T. O., G. S. Boutte, and B. S. Wilson. 2013. “Double-talking: The Complexities Surrounding Black Male Teachers as Both Problems and Solutions.” In Black Male Teachers, edited by C. W. Lewis and I. A. Toldson, 117–131. United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• James, J. 2007. “Profeminism and Gender Elites: WEB Du Bois, Anna Julia Cooper, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.” In Next to the Color Line: Gender, Sexuality, and WEB Du Bois, edited by S. Gillman and A. Weinbaum, 69–95. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffries, B. S. 2014. A Nation Can Rise No Higher than Its Women: African American Muslim Women in the Movement for Black Self-Determination, 1950–1975. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. P. 2003. Appropriating Blackness: Performance and the Politics of Authenticity. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karst, K. L. 1990. “The Pursuit of Manhood and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces.” UCLA Law Review 38: 499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. J., and C. Simmons. 2018. “Narratives of Black History in Textbooks: Canada and the United States.” In The Wiley International Handbook of History Teaching and Learning, edited by S. A. Metzger and L. M. Harris, 93. Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G., and W. F. Tate IV. 2016. “Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education.” In Critical Race Theory in Education: All God’s Children Got a Song, edited by A. D. Dixson, C. K. Rousseau, C. R. Anderson, and J. K. Donnor, 21–41. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Love, B. L. 2017. “‘She Has a Real Connection with Them’: Reimagining and Expanding Our Definitions of Black Masculinity and Mentoring in Education through Female Masculinity.” Journal of Lesbian Studies 21 (4): 443–452. doi:10.1080/10894160.2016.1162548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, M. 2006. “Education for the Community: Exploring the Culturally Relevant Practices of Black Male Teachers.” Teachers College Record 108 (12): 2497. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00792.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, M., and M. E. Jennings. 2009. “Power, Politics, and Critical Race Pedagogy: A Critical Race Analysis of Black Male Teachers’ Pedagogy.” Race Ethnicity and Education 12 (2): 173–196. doi:10.1080/13613320902995467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCready, L., and M. Mosely. 2014. “Making Space for Black Queer Teachers: Pedagogic Possibilities.” In Teacher Education and Black Communities: Implications for Access, Equity and Achievement, edited by C. W. Lewis, Y. Sealey Ruiz, and I. Toldson, 43–58. Charlotte, NC: IAP.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, H. R. 2016. “A Black Male Teacher’s Culturally Responsive Practices.” The Journal of Negro Education 85 (4): 417–432. doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.85.4.0417.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. 1999. “’The Black Man’s Burden’: African Americans, Imperialism, and Notions of Racial Manhood 1890–1910.” International Review of Social History 44 (S7): 77–99. doi:10.1017/S0020859000115202.
   Google Scholar
• Moody-Turner, S. 2015. “‘Dear Doctor Du Bois’: Anna Julia Cooper, WEB Du Bois, and the Gender Politics of Black Publishing.” MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 40 (3): 47–68. doi:10.1093/melus/mlv029.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, R. 2015. Our Living Manhood: Literature, Black Power, and Masculine Ideology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neal, M. A. 2015. New Black Man. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Olajubu, O. 2012. Women in the Yoruba Religious Sphere. Albany: Suny Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oyěwùmí, O. 1997. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pabon, A. J.-M. 2016. “Waiting for Black Superman: A Look at A Problematic Assumption.” Urban Education 51 (8): 915–939. doi:10.1177/0042085914553673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabon, A. J.-M. 2017. “In Hindsight and Now Again: Black Male Teachers’ Recollections on the Suffering of Black Male Youth in US Public Schools.” Race Ethnicity and Education 20 (6): 766–780. doi:10.1080/13613324.2016.1195359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, O. 1982. Slavery and Social Death. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ransby, B. 2000. “Afrocentrism, Cultural Nationalism, and the Problem with Essentialist Definitions of Race, Gender, and Sexuality.” In Dispatches from the Ebony Tower: Intellectuals Confront the African American Experience, edited by M. Marable, 216–223. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ransby, B., and T. Matthews. 1993. “Black Popular Culture and the Transcendence of Patriarchal Illusions.” Race & Class 35 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1177/030639689303500106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezai-Rashti, G. M., and W. J. Martino. 2010. “Black Male Teachers as Role Models: Resisting The Homogenizing Impulse of Gender and Racial Affiliation.” American Educational Research Journal 47 (1): 37–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robnett, B. 2000. How Long? How Long?: African-American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, K. M., N. S. Nasir, J. R. Givens, M. M. de Royston, S. Vakil, T. C. Madkins, and D. Philoxene. 2016. “‘I Do This for All of the Reasons America Doesn’t Want Me To’: The Organic Pedagogies of Black Male Instructors.” Equity & Excellence in Education 49 (1): 85–99. doi:10.1080/10665684.2015.1122678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, I. 2013. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. New York: Teachers college press.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, J. 2010. “People-Of-Color-BlindnessNotes on the Afterlife of Slavery.” Social Text 28 (2 (103)): 31–56. doi:10.1215/01642472-2009-066.
   Google Scholar
• Solórzano, D. G., and T. J. Yosso. 2002. “Critical Race Methodology: Counter-storytelling as an Analytical Framework for Education Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 8 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1177/107780040200800103.
   Google Scholar
• Stuckey, S. 2013. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, N. V. 1965. “The Eye of the Hurricane.” Integrated Education 3 (4–5): 13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. E., and C. A. Warren. 2017. “Making It Relevant: How a Black Male Teacher Sustained Professional Relationships through Culturally Responsive Discourse.” Race Ethnicity and Education 20 (1): 87–100. doi:10.1080/13613324.2015.1121217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcott, R. 2009. “Reconstructing Manhood; Or, the Drag of Black Masculinity.” Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 13 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1215/07990537-2008-007.
   Google Scholar
• Wilderson, F. B., III. 2010. Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. L. 2007. “Vanguards of the New Negro: African American Veterans and post-World War I Racial Militancy.” The Journal of African American History 92 (3): 347–370. doi:10.1086/JAAHv92n3p347.
   Google Scholar
• Woodson, A. N. 2016. “We’re Just Ordinary People: Messianic Master Narratives and Black Youths’ Civic Agency.” Theory & Research in Social Education 44 (2): 184–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodson, A. N., and A. Pabon. 2016. “‘I’m None of the Above’: Exploring Themes of Heteropatriarchy in the Life Histories of Black Male Educators.” Equity & Excellence in Education 49 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1080/10665684.2015.1121456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar