‘The heaviest thing for me is being seen as aggressive’: the adverse impact of racial microaggressions on Black male undergraduates’ mental health

References

• Alexander, Michelle. 2010. New Jim Crow, The: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York, USA: Perseus Books LLC. http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=264421
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. O., D. C. Watkins, L. Chatters, A. T. Geronimus, and V. Johnson-Lawrence. 2019. “Cortisol and Racial Health Disparities Affecting Black Men in Later Life: Evidence from MIDUS II”. American Journal of Men’s Health 13 (4): 1557988319870969. doi:10.1177/1557988319870969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. 2007. ““You Have to Show Strength”: An Exploration of Gender, Race, and Expression.” Gender and Society 21 (1): 28–51. doi:10.1177/0891243206294108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cadaret, M. C., and S. L Speight. 2018. “An Exploratory Study of Attitudes toward Psychological Help Seeking among African American Men.” Journal of Black Psychology 44 (4): 347–370. doi:10.1177/0095798418774655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, P. J., and J. Ford. 2014. “The Voices of Diversity: What Students of Diverse Races/ethnicities and Both Sexes Tell Us about Their College Experiences and Their Perceptions about Their Institutions’ Progress toward Diversity.” Aporia 6(4): 30–69. doi:10.18192/aporia.v6i4.2828
   Google Scholar
• Cokley, K., B. Hall-Clark, and D. Hicks. 2011. “Ethnic Minority-majority Status and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination.” Journal of Mental Health Counseling 33 (3): 243–263. doi:10.17744/mehc.33.3u1n011t020783086.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia, and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, Raewyn. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. 1991. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review. 43 (6): 1241–1299.
   Google Scholar
• Dancy II, T.E. 2011. Colleges in the making of manhood and masculinity: gendered perspectives on African American males. Gender and Education 23(4), 17–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. 2001. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. 2 ed. New York: NY University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K., and Y. S. Lincoln. 2014. Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 1–19. London:SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781473915596.n34.
   Google Scholar
• DiAngelo, R. 2011. “White Fragility.” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3 (3): 54–70.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, A., J. Fagan, T. Tyler, and B. G. Link. 2014. “Aggressive Policing and the Mental Health of Young Urban Men.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (12): 2321–2327. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geronimus, A. T. 2013. “Jedi Public Health: Leveraging Contingencies of Social Identity to Grasp and Eliminate Racial Health Inequality”. In Mapping Race: Critical Approaches to Health Disparities Research, edited by L. E. Gomez and N. Lopez, 163–178. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, L. E. 2013. Introduction: Taking the social construction of race seriously in health disparities research. Mapping“race„: Critical approaches to health disparities research. ed. L.E. Gomez and N. Lopez, 1–22. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. P. 2003. “Race and Essentialism in Feminism Legal Theory.” In Critical Race Feminism: A Reader, edited by K. A. Wing, 34–41. 2nd ed. New York, NY: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, D., A.B. Cole, V. M. O’Keefe, R. P. Tucker, C. R. Story, and L. R. Wingate. 2017. “Experiencing Racial Microaggressions Influences Suicide Ideation through Perceived Burdensomeness in African Americans.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 64 (1): 104–111. 10/.1037/cou0000177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubain, B S., E. L. Allen, J. C. Harris, and C. Linder. 2016. “Counter-stories as Representations of the racialized Experiences of Students of Color in Higher Education and Student Affairs Graduate Preparation Programs.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 29 (7): 946–963. doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.1174894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, Sherryl. 2007. Feminist Fieldwork Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publ.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, S., and S. E. Bester. 2014. “A Critical Engagement with the DSM-5 and Psychiatric Diagnosis.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 24 (4): 393. doi:10.1080/14330237.2014.980629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. A., and H. A. Neville. 2015. “Construction and Initial Validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black Women.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 62 (2): 289–302. doi:10.1037/cou0000062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, K. D., R. J. Taylor, D. C. Watkins, and L. M. Chatters. 2011. “Correlates of Psychological Distress and Major Depressive Disorder among African American Men.” Research on Social Work Practice 21 (3): 278–288. doi:10.1177/1049731510386122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson, S. K., A. Kern, D. Eisenberg, and A. M. Breland-Noble. 2018. “Mental Health Disparities among College Students of Color.” Journal of Adolescent Health 63 (3): 348–356. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C. H., S. Pinder-Amaker, H. Hahm, and J. A. Chen. 2020. “Priorities for Addressing the Impact of the COIVD-19 Pandemic on College Student Mental Health.” Journal of American College Health. doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1803882.
   Google Scholar
• Lowery, W., and K. Stankiewicz. 2016. “‘My Demons Won Today’: Ohio Activist’s Suicide Spotlights Depression among Black Lives Matters Leaders.” The Washington Post, February 15. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/15/my-demons-won-today-ohio-activists-suicide-spotlights-depression-among-black-lives-matter-leaders/
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, T., M.A. Lumley, J. M. Flack, R. Wegner, J. Pierce, and S. Goetz. 2016. “A Preliminary Experimental Examination of Worldview Verification, Perceived Racism, and Stress Reactivity in African Americans.” Health Psychology 35 (4): 366–375. doi:10.1037/hea0000284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majors, R., and J. M. Billson. 1992. Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America. United States. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004530026.
   Google Scholar
• Marriott, D. 2000. On Black Men. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masuda, A., P. L. Anderson, and J. Edmon. 2012. “. Help-seeking Attitudes, Mental Health Stigma, and Self-concealment among African American College Students.” Journal of Black Studies 43 (7): 773–786. doi:10.1177/0021934712445806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, E., and D. Stovall. 2016. “Reimagining Critical Race Theory in Education: Mental Health, Healing, and the Pathway to Liberatory Praxis.” Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 44–59. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004andres_dat=xri:bsc:andrft_dat=xri:bsc:rec:iibp:00481965
   Google Scholar
• McGee, E. O., and D. B. Martin. 2011. ““You Would Not Believe What I Have to Go through to Prove My Intellectual Value!” Stereotype Management among Academically Successful Black Mathematics and Engineering Students.” American Educational Research Journal 48 (6): 1347–1389. doi:10.3102/0002831211423972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens, D. M. 2015. Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. 4th ed. LosAngeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mincey, K., M. Alfonso, A. D. Hackney, and J. Luque. 2014. “Understanding Masculinity in Undergraduate African American Men.” American Journal of Men’s Health 8 (5): 387–398. doi:10.1177/1557988313515900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moodley R., F. Mujitaba, S. and S. Kleiman. 2017. Critical race theory and mental health. Routledge International handbook of Critical Mental Health, 79-88. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison K.S. and R. Hopkins. 2019. Cultural identity, africultural coping strategies, and depression as predictors of suicidal ideations and attempts among African American female college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 451 (1): 3-25.
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. E. 1994. Phenomenological Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• National Center Education Statistics (2019). “Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018.” U.S. Department of Education. NCES 2019-038.
   Google Scholar
• Neighbors, H. W., C. Caldwell, C. Williams, D. R. Nesse, R. J. Taylor, K. M. Jackson 2007. Race, ethnicity, and the use of services for mental disorders: Results from the national survey of American life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(4), 378–385.
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson, K. J., J. E. Helms, and F. Terrell. 1994. “Cultural Mistrust, Opinions about Mental Illness, and Black Students‘ Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help from White Counselors.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 41 (3): 378–385. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez Huber, L., and D. G. Solórzano. 2015. “Racial Microaggressions as a Tool for Critical Race Research.” Race Ethnicity and Education 18 (3): 297–320. doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.994173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, C. 1974. “Psychiatric Problems of the Black Minority.” In American Handbook of Psychiatry, edited by G. Caplan and Arieti, 512–523. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcan, M., J. Park-Taylor, and J. Hayslett. 2018. “Black Men and Racial Microaggressions at Work.” The Career Development Quarterly 66: 301–314. doi:10.1002/cdq.12152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson-Perez, A., M. Marzell, and W. Han. 2018. “Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Distress among Undergraduate College Students of Color: Implications for Social Work Practice.” Clinical Social Work Journal. doi:10.1007/s10615-019-00711-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, L. O., M. A. Scott, and N. Way. 2015. “Racial and Gender Identity among Black Adolescent Males: An Intersectionality Perspective”. Child Development 86 (2): 407–424. doi:10.1111/cdev.12303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roulston, K. J. 2010. Reflective Interviewing. 1st ed. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. 2016. The coding manual for qualitative 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sapolsky, R. M. 2004. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. 3rd ed. Holt: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Seidman, I. 2013. Interviewing as Qualitative Research. 4 ed. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shabazz, R. 2015. Spatializing Blackness: Architectures of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A., J. B. Mustaffa, C. M. Jones, T. J. Curry, and W. R. Allen. 2016. “‘You Make Me Wanna Holler and Throw up Both My Hands!’: Campus Culture, Black Misandric Microaggressions, and Racial Battle Fatigue.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 29 (9): 1189–1209. doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.121429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A., M. Hung, and J. D. Franklin. 2011. “Racial Battle Fatigue and the Miseducation of Black Men: Racial Microaggressions, Societal Problems, and Environmental Stress.” The Journal of Negro Education 80 (1): 63–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41341106.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. A., W. R. Allen, and L. L. Danley. 2007. ““Assume the Position … You Fit the Description”: Psychosocial Experiences and Racial Battle Fatigue among African American Male College Students.” American Behavioral Scientist 51 (4): 551–578. doi:10.1177/0002764207307742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solórzano, D., M. Ceja, and T. Yosso. 2000. “Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions, and Campus Racial Climate: The Experiences of African American College Students.” The Journal of Negro Education 69 (1/2): 60–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696265.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, C. M., and J. Aronson. 1995. “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (5): 797–811. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., C. M. Capodilupo, G. C. Torino, J. M. Bucceri, A. M. B. Holder, K. L. Nadal, and M. Esquilin. 2007. “Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life.” American Psychologist 62 (4): 271–286. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., and M. G. Constantine. 2007. “Racial Microaggressions as Instigators of Difficult Dialogues on Race: Implications for Student Affairs Educators and Students”. The College Student Affairs Journal 26 (2): 136–143.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. 2016. From #blacklivesmatter to Black Liberation. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. NCHS Data Brief: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Men’s Use of Mental Health Treatments. Vol. 206. June. 1–7. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, D. C., and H. W. Neighbors. 2007. “An Initial Exploration of What ‘Mental Health’ Means to Young Black Men.” http://health-equity.pitt.edu/4081
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2020, January 30. “Depression.” Author https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/depression#:~:text=Depression%20is%20a%20leading%20cause,Depression%20can%20lead%20to%20suicide
   Google Scholar
• Zastrow, Charles. 2009. Social Work with Groups: A Comprehensive Workbook, 125–129. 7th ed. Belmont, Ca: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar