Governing as gardening: reflections on soft authoritarianism in Singapore

REFERENCES

• Ang, P.H., 2002. The media and the flow of information. In: D.Da Cunha, ed. Singapore in the new millennium: challenges facing the city-state. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 243–268.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z., 1987. Legislators and interpreters: on modernity, post-modernity, and the intellectuals. Oxford: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, A., 2006. Gendered work in Asian cities: the new economy and changing labour markets. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Case, W., 2002. Politics in Southeast Asia. Democracy or less. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, H.C., 1976. The role of parliamentary politicians in Singapore. Legislative studies quarterly, 1, 423–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, K.-S., 1999. Compressed modernity and its discontent: South Korean society in transition. Economy and society, 28 (1), 30–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, B.H., 1995. Communitarian ideology and democracy in Singapore. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F., 1992. Asia's soft authoritarian alternative. New perspectives quarterly, 9 (2), 60–64.
   Google Scholar
• George, C., 2002. Singapore: media at the mainstream and the margins. In: R.Heng, ed. Media fortunes, changing times: ASEAN states in transition. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies, 173–200.
   Google Scholar
• Han, F.K., 1998. Lee Kuan Yew: the man and his ideas. Singapore: Singapore Press Holding.
   Google Scholar
• Han, C., 2000. National education and ‘active citizenship’: implications for citizenship and citizenship education in Singapore. Asia Pacific journal of education, 20 (1), 63–72.
   Google Scholar
• Han, F.K., Ibrahim, Z., Chua, M.H., Lim, L., Low, I., Lin, R. and Chan, R., 2011. Lee Kuan Yew: hard truths to keep Singapore going. Singapore: Straits Times Press Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hansard, Legislative Assembly Debates, October 4, 1956, cols. 322–323.
   Google Scholar
• ImeldaSaad, 2011. GE: MM Lee defends PAP's record on helping S'poreans cope with cost of living. Channelnewsasia, 30 April.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., 1993. The Pacific challenge: Confucian welfare states. In: C.Jones, ed. New perspectives on the welfare states in Europe. London: Routledge, 198–217.
   Google Scholar
• Kalathil, S. and Boas, T.C., 2003. Open networks, closed regimes: the impact of the Internet on authoritarian rule. Washington: The Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• KamaludeenMohamed Nasir and Aljunied, S.M.K., 2009. Muslims as minorities: history and social realities of Muslims in Singapore. Bangi: National University of Malaysia Press.
   Google Scholar
• KamaludeenMohamed Nasir, Pereira, A.A. and Turner, B.S., 2009. Muslims in Singapore: piety, politics and policies. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, H., 2001. Social policy in Singapore: a Confucian model?Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S.H., 2004. Max Weber's politics of civil society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koh, A., 2010. Tactical globalization: learning from the Singapore experiment. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, T.S., 1974. Majority–minority situation Singapore, Occasional Paper No.7, Department of Political Science, National University Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K.Y., 2000. From third world to first: the Singapore story: 1965–2000: memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings and Times Editions.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. and Willnat, L., 2009. Media management and political communication in Singapore. In: L.Willnat and A.Aw, eds. Political communication in Asia. London: Routledge, 93–111.
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, S. and Way, L., 2002. The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of democracy, 13 (2), 51–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. and Teo, W.G., 2011. George Yeo: we will push for reform of PAP. The Straits Times, 6 May.
   Google Scholar
• Mauzy, D.K. and Stephen Milne, R., 2002. Singapore politics under the people's action party. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S., 2006. The political theory of tyranny in Singapore and Burma. Aristotle and the rhetoric of benevolent despotism. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mill, J.S., 1989. On liberty. In: S.Collini, ed. J.S. Mill on liberty and other writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nam, T.Y., 1970. Singapore's one-party system: its relationship to democracy and political stability. Pacific affairs, 42, 465–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neo, H.M., 2005. Tiger beer, a musician and a whole lot of Singapore creativity. The Straits Times, 16 March.
   Google Scholar
• Rodan, G., 2004. Transparency and authoritarian rule in Southeast Asia: Singapore and Malaysia. London: RoutledgeCurzon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodan, G., 2008. Singapore ‘exceptionalism’? authoritarian rule and state transformation. In: J.Wong and E.Friedman, eds. Political transitions in dominant party systems: learning to lose. New York: Routledge, 231–251.
   Google Scholar
• Rodan, G., 2011. Embracing electronic media but suppressing civil society: authoritarian consolidation in Singapore. The Pacific review, 16 (4), 503–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodan, G. and Jayasuriya, K., 2009. Capitalist development. Regime transitions and new forms of authoritarianism in Asia. The Pacific review, 22 (1), 23–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, D., 1994. Singapore, China and the soft authoritarian challenge. Asian survey, 34 (3), 231–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaff, L.A., 2011. Max Weber in America. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sim, J.B.-Y. and Print, M., 2005. Citizenship education and social studies in Singapore: a national agenda. International journal of citizenship and teacher education, 1 (1), 58–73.
   Google Scholar
• Tham, I., 2011. Maintaining harmony here ‘a daily struggle’. The Straits Times, 16 March.
   Google Scholar
• Thio, L.-A., 2004. Rule of law within a non-liberal ‘communitarian’ democracy: the Singapore experience. In: R.Peerenboom, ed. Asian discourses of rule of law. Theories and implementation of rule of law in twelve Asian countries, France and the US. London: Routledge, 183–224.
   Google Scholar
• Tremewan, C., 1994. The political economy of social control in Singapore. New York: St. Martin's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trocki, C.A., 2006. Singapore: wealth, power and the culture of control. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• White Paper, 1991. Shared values. Singapore: Singapore National Printers.
   Google Scholar
• Yuen, B., 1996. Creating the garden city: the Singapore experience. Urban studies, 33 (6), 955–970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZakirHussain, 2011. Malay integration: MM stands corrected. The Straits Times, 8 March.
   Google Scholar