Second-class citizens? Gender in African citizenship law

REFERENCES

• Banda, F., 2005. Women, law and human rights: an African perspective. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, R., Feree, K., Habyarimana, J., Humphreys, M. and Singh, S., 2011. Africa research program (data). Available from: http://africa.gov.harvard.edu/ [Accessed Feb–Apr 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Bredbenner, C.L., 1998. A nationality of her own: women, marriage, and citizenship. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Britton, H., 2003. South Africa. In: L.Walter, ed. The Greenwood encyclopedia of women's issues worldwide: sub-Saharan Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 407–436.
   Google Scholar
• Charrad, M.M., 2007. Unequal citizenship: issues of gender justice in Middle East and Northern Africa. In: M.Mukhopadhyay and N.Singh, eds. Gender justice, citizenship and development. Ottawa: IDRC Books, 233–262.
   Google Scholar
• Cheater, A.P. and Gaidzanwa, R.B., 1996. Citizenship in neo-patrilineal states: gender and mobility in Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African studies, 22 (2), 189–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein, H., 1975. Case studies and theory in political science. In: F.I.Greenstein and N.W.Polsby, ed. Handbook of political science. Vol. 7: Political science: scope and theory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 79–138.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, A.M., 2007. Gender justice, citizenship, and entitlements: core concepts, central debates and new directions for research. In: M.Mukhopadhyay and N.Singh, eds. Gender justice, citizenship and development. Ottawa: IDRC Books, 58–115.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, R. and Weil, P., 2001. Towards a European nationality: citizenship, immigration, and nationality laws in the EU. New York: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, J., 1999. The role of citizenship laws in multiethnic societies: evidence from Africa. In: R.Joseph, ed. State, conflict, and democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 267–284.
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, J., 2000. States and power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, P.A. and Scribner, D., 2009. A politics of difference versus a politics of equality: do constitutions matter?Comparative politics, 41 (3), 337–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister, R., 2002. Sexual citizenship. In: E.F.Isin and B.S.Turner, eds. Handbook of citizenship studies. London: Sage, 191–208.
   Google Scholar
• Manby, B., 2009. Struggles for citizenship in Africa. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Manby, B., 2010. Citizenship law in Africa: a comparative study. New York: Open Society Institute.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, P., 2005. Becoming postcolonial: African women changing the meaning of citizenship. Meridians, 6 (1), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Money, J., 2002. The political economy of citizenship policies. Paper presented at the International Studies Association annual meeting, New Orleans.
   Google Scholar
• Nkiwane, T.C., 2000. Gender, citizenship, and constitutionalism in Zimbabwe: the fight against Amendment 14. Citizenship studies, 4 (3), 325–338.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamu-Musembi, C., 2007. Gender justice in sub-Saharan Africa. In: M.Mukhopadhyay and N.Singh, eds. Gender justice, citizenship and development. Ottawa: IDRC Books, 171–232.
   Google Scholar
• Powley, E., 2005. Rwanda: women hold up half the parliament. In: J.Ballington and A.Karam, eds. Women in parliament: beyond numbers: a revised edition. Stockholm: International IDEA, 154–163.
   Google Scholar
• Seely, J., 2007. Limiting access to citizenship in Africa: a cross-national comparison. Paper prepared for the International Studies Association annual convention in Portland, OR, USA, February–March.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, A., 2001. Women's movements and challenges to neopatrimonial rule: preliminary observations from Africa. Development and change, 32, 33–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 1979. CEDAW general recommendations nos. 19 and 20, adopted at the eleventh session, 1992 (contained in Document A/47/38), 1992, A/47/38. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/453882a422.html [Accessed 18 Apr 2011].
   Google Scholar
• UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1979. United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, 20 November, p. 3. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b38f0.html [Accessed 18 Apr 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948. UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 217 A (III), 10 December. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [Accessed 18 Apr 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Van Allen, J., 2003. Botswana. In: L.Walter, ed. The Greenwood encyclopedia of women's issues worldwide: sub-Saharan Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 19–51.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, U., 1994. Marriage and the boundaries of citizenship. In: B.van Steenbergen, ed. The condition of citizenship. London: Sage, 76–89.
   Google Scholar
• Wing, S.D., 2004. Dual citizenship or citizenship denied? The politics of women's rights, religion and ‘tradition’ in West Africa. Conference papers – American political science association, 1–33 DOI: apsa_proceeding_30234.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Citizenship Act, 1984. Chapter 4:01, 1 December. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b4d74.html [Accessed 22 Oct 2011].
   Google Scholar