3,582
Views
209
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Papers

Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: a systematic review of 7,920 children

, , , , &
Pages 4-19 | Accepted 05 Jun 2008, Published online: 23 Feb 2009

References

  • Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research . “ Conflict Barometer. 15th Annual Conflict Analysis ” . Heidelberg; Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research; 2006 [cited 2007 Sept 2]. Available from: http://www.hiik.de/de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/Konfliktbarometer_2006.pdf
  • Bellamy , C . 2005 . The state of the world's children 2005: childhood under threat , New York : United Nations Children's Fund .
  • Machel , G . Promotion and protection of the rights of children: impact of armed conflict on children United Nations, 1996 [Internet] [cited 2007 Sept 3]. Available from: http://www.un.org/rights/introduc.htm
  • Wexler , I D , Branski , D and Kerem , E . 2006 . War and children . JAMA , 296 : 579 – 581 .
  • Mollica , R F , Cardozo , B L , Osofsky , H J , Raphael , B , Ager , A and Salama , P . 2004 . Mental health in complex emergencies . Lancet , 364 : 2058 – 2067 .
  • de Jong , J T , Komproe , I H and Van Ommeren , M . 2003 . Common mental disorders in postconflict settings . Lancet , 361 : 2128 – 2130 .
  • Fazel , M , Wheeler , J and Danesh , J . 2005 . Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review . Lancet , 365 : 1309 – 1314 .
  • Allwood , M A , Bell-Dolan , D and Husain , S A . 2002 . Children's trauma and adjustment reactions to violent and nonviolent war experiences . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 41 : 450 – 457 .
  • Thabet , A A , Abed , Y and Vostanis , P . 2002 . Emotional problems in Palestinian children living in a war zone: a cross-sectional study . The Lancet , 359 : 1801 – 1804 .
  • Thabet , A A , Abed , Y and Vostanis , P . 2004 . Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict . J Child Psychol Psychiatry , 45 : 533 – 542 .
  • Thabet , A A and Vostanis , P . 1999 . Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war . J Child Psychol Psychiatry , 40 : 385 – 391 .
  • Thabet , A A and Vostanis , P . 2000 . Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: a longitudinal study . Child Abuse Negl , 24 : 291 – 298 .
  • Awadh , A M , Vance , B , El-Beblawi , V and Pumariega , A J . 1998 . Effects of trauma of the gulf war on Kuwaiti children . J Child Family Studies , 7 : 493 – 498 .
  • Almqvist , K . 1997 . Brandell-Forsberg M. Refugee children in Sweden: post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian preschool children exposed to organized violence . Child Abuse Negl , 21 : 351 – 366 .
  • Pynoos , R S , Frederick , C , Nader , K , Arroyo , W , Steinberg , A , Eth , S , Nunez , F and Fairbanks , L . 1987 . Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 44 : 1057 – 1063 .
  • Jaynes , E T . 1976 . “ Confidence intervals vs. Bayesian intervals ” . In Foundations of probability theory, statistical inference, and statistical theories of science , Edited by: Harper , W L and Hooker , C A . 175 Dordrecht : D. Reidel .
  • Stuart , A and Ord , J K . 1994 . Kendall's advanced theory of statistics , 6th ed. , London : Edward Arnold .
  • DerSimonian , R and Laird , N . 1986 . Meta-analysis in clinical trials . Control Clin Trials , 7 : 177 – 188 .
  • Fleiss , J L . 1993 . The statistical basis of meta-analysis . Stat Methods Med Res , 2 : 121 – 145 .
  • Higgins , J P and Thompson , S G . 2002 . Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis . Stat Med , 21 : 1539 – 1558 .
  • Oxman , A D and Guyatt , G H . 1992 . A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses . Ann Intern Med , 116 : 78 – 84 .
  • Thompson , S G and Higgins , J P . 2002 . How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? . Stat Med , 21 : 1559 – 1573 .
  • Ahmad , A and Sofi , M A . 2000 . Sundelin-Wahlsten V, von Knorring AL. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after the military operation “Anfal” in Iraqi Kurdistan . Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 9 : 235 – 243 .
  • Dyregrov , A , Gupta , L , Gjestad , R and Mukanoheli , E . 2000 . Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children . J Trauma Stress , 13 : 3 – 21 .
  • Hadi , F A and Llabre , M M . 1998 . The Gulf crisis experience of Kuwaiti children: psychological and cognitive factors . J Trauma Stress , 11 : 45 – 56 .
  • Hasanovic , M , Sinanovic , O and Pavlovic , S . 2005 . Acculturation and psychological problems of adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina during exile and repatriation . Croat Med J , 46 : 105 – 115 .
  • Heptinstall , E , Sethna , V and Taylor , E . 2004 . PTSD and depression in refugee children: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress . Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 13 : 373 – 380 .
  • Kinzie , J D , Sack , W H , Angell , R H , Manson , S and Rath , B . 1986 . The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children. I. The children . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry , 25 : 370 – 376 .
  • Locke , C J , Southwick , K , McCloskey , L A and Fernandez-Esquer , M E . 1996 . The psychological and medical sequelae of war in Central American refugee mothers and children . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , 150 : 822 – 828 .
  • Miller , T , el-Masri , M , Allodi , F and Qouta , S . 1999 . Emotional and behavioural problems and trauma exposure of school-age Palestinian children in Gaza: some preliminary findings . Med Confl Surviv , 15 : 368 – 378 . discussion 391–393
  • Papageourgiou , V , Frangou-Garunovic , A , Ioranidou , R , Yule , W , Smith , P and Vostanis , P . 2000 . War trauma and psychopathology in Bosnian refugee children . Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 9 : 84 – 90 .
  • Qouta , S , Punamäki , R-L and El Sarraj , E . 2003 . Prevalence and determinants of PTSD among Palestinian children exposed to military violence . Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 12 : 265 – 272 .
  • Schwarzwald , J , Weisenberg , M , Waysman , S and Klingman , A . 1993 . Stress reaction of school-age children to the bombardment by SCUD missiles . J Abnormal Psychol , 102 : 404 – 410 .
  • Smith , P , Perrin , S , Yule , W , Hacam , B and Stuvland , R . 2002 . War exposure among children from Bosnia-Hercegovina: psychological adjustment in a community sample . J Trauma Stress , 15 : 147 – 156 .
  • Beck , A T , Ward , C H , Mendelson , M , Mock , J and Erbaugh , J . 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Arch Gen Psychiatr , 4 : 561 – 571 .
  • Nader , K O , Pynoos , R S , Fairbanks , L A , al-Ajeel , M and al-Asfour , A . 1993 . A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the gulf crisis . Br J Clin Psychol/Br Psychol Soc , 32 ( Pt 4 ) : 407 – 416 .
  • Achenbach , T . 1991 . Manual for the teacher's report form & 1991 profile , Burlington : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
  • Kovacs , M and Beck , A T . 1977 . “ An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression ” . In Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models , Edited by: Schulterbrandt , J G and Raskin , A . 1 – 25 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Birleson , P . 1981 . The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: a research report . J Child Psychol Psychiatry , 22 ( 1 ) : 73 – 88 .
  • Mollica , R F , Caspi-Yavin , Y , Bollini , P , Truong , T , Tor , S and Lavelle , J . 1992 . The harvard trauma questionnaire. Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees . J Nerv Ment Dis , 180 ( 2 ) : 111 – 116 .
  • Horowitz , M , Wilner , N and Alvarez , W . 1979 . Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychosom Med , 41 ( 3 ) : 209 – 218 .
  • Angold , A , Costello , E J , Messer , S C , Pickles , A , Winder , F and Silver , D . 1995 . The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents . Int J Methods Psychiatr Res , 5 : 237 – 249 .
  • Boyle , M H , Offord , D R , Hofmann , H G , Catlin , G P , Byles , J A Cadman , D T . 1987 . Ontario child health study. I. Methodology . Arch Gen Psychiatr , 44 ( 9 ) : 826 – 831 .
  • Reynolds , C R and Richmond , B O . 1978 . What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety . J Abnorm Child Psychol , 6 ( 2 ) : 271 – 280 .
  • Dyregrov , A and Yule , W. . Screening measures: The development of the UNICEF screening battery . 4th European Conference on Traumatic Stress . Paris. May ,
  • Llabre , M M and Hadi , F A . 1994 . Health related aspects of the gulf crisis experience of Kuwaiti boys and girls . Anxiety Stress Coping , 7 : 217 – 228 .
  • Goodman , R . 1997 . The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note . J Child Psychol Psychiat Allied Discipl , 38 ( 5 ) : 581 – 586 .
  • Macksoud , M S . 1992 . Assessing war trauma in children: A case study of Lebanese children . J Refugee Stud , 5 : 5 – 15 .
  • Morris , J , van Ommeren , M , Belfer , M , Saxena , S and Saraceno , B . 2007 . Children and the sphere standard on mental and social aspects of health . Disasters , 31 : 71 – 90 .
  • Van Ommeren , M . 2003 . Validity issues in transcultural epidemiology . Br J Psychiatry , 182 : 376 – 378 .
  • De Jong , J T and Van Ommeren , M . 2005 . Mental health services in a multicultural society: interculturalization and its quality surveillance . Transcult Psychiatry , 42 : 437 – 456 .
  • Barenbaum , J , Ruchkin , V and Schwab-Stone , M . 2004 . Psychosocial impact of children exposed to war: practice and policy initiatives . J Child Psychol Psychiatry , 45 : 41 – 62 .
  • Kinzie , D , Cheng , K , Tsai , J and Riley , C . 2006 . Traumatized refugee children: the case for individualized diagnosis and treatment . J Nerv Ment Dis , 194 : 534 – 537 .
  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee . 2007 . [Internet] IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings , Geneva : Inter-Agency Standing Committee . [cited 2008 March 30]. Available from: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/products/docs/Guidelines%20IASC%20Mental%20Health%20Psychosocial.pdf
  • Fazel , M and Stein , A . 2002 . The mental health of refugee children . Arch Dis Child , 87 : 366 – 370 .
  • Mollica , R F , Sarajlic , N , Chernoff , M , Lavelle , J , Vukovic , I S and Massagli , M P . 2001 . Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms, disability, mortality, and emigration among Bosnian refugees . JAMA , 286 : 546 – 554 .
  • Sack , W H , Clarke , G , Him , C , Dickason , D , Goff , B , Lanham , K and Kinzie , J D . 1993 . A six-year follow-up of cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 32 : 431 – 437 .
  • Stein , B , Comer , D , Gardner , W and Kelleher , K . 1999 . Prospective study of displaced children's symptoms in wartime Bosnia . Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol , 34 : 464 – 469 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.