156
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Papers

A case study of the provision of antiretroviral therapy for refugees in Tanzania

&
Pages 134-147 | Accepted 11 Nov 2008, Published online: 26 Jun 2009

References

  • 2006 . Global Trends. Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/4676a71d4.pdf
  • Refugee Services Department . [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.moha.go.tz/index.php?option=comcontent&view=article&id=46&Itemid=14
  • Spiegel , P B , Bennedsen , A R , Claass , J , Bruns , L , Patterson , N , Yiweza , D and Schilperoord , M . 2007 . Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review . Lancet , 369 ( 9580 ) : 2187 – 2195 .
  • Mock , N B , Duale , S , Brown , L F , Mathys , E , O'Maonaigh , H C , Abul-Husn , N K and Elliott , S . 2004 . Conflict and HIV: a framework for risk assessment to prevent HIV in conflict-affected settings in Africa . Emerg Themes Epidemiol , 1 ( 1 ) : 6
  • UNAIDS . 2001 . Population mobility and AIDS: UNAIDS technical update , Geneva : UNAIDS .
  • Strand , R T , Fernandes Dias , L , Bergstrom , S and Andersson , S . 2007 . Unexpected low prevalence of HIV among fertile women in Luanda, Angola. Does war prevent the spread of HIV? . Int J STD AIDS , 18 ( 7 ) : 467 – 471 .
  • United Nations . 1951 . Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (Article 1) , Geneva : United Nations . General Assembly resolution 429 (V)
  • Stringer , J S , Zulu , I , Levy , J , Stringer , E M , Mwango , A , Chi , B H , Mtonga , V , Reid , S , Cantrell , R A Bulterys , M . 2006 . Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes . JAMA , 296 ( 7 ) : 782 – 793 .
  • Ivers , L C , Kendrick , D and Doucette , K . 2005 . Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature . Clin Infect Dis , 41 ( 2 ) : 217 – 224 .
  • Brugha , R , Donoghue , M , Starling , M , Ndubani , P , Ssengooba , F , Fernandes , B and Walt , G . 2004 . The global fund: managing great expectations . Lancet , 364 ( 9428 ) : 95 – 100 .
  • Spiegel , P and Nankoe , A . 2004 . UNHCR, HIV/AIDS and refugees: lessons learned . Forced Migration Rev , 19 : 21 – 23 .
  • Trippayya , V . 2005 . Botswana: Refugees not entitled to same services as citizens . HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev , 10 ( 3 ) : 27 – 28 .
  • PEPFAR . 2006 . Report on refugees and internally displaced persons , Washington : PEPFAR .
  • Ellman , T , Culbert , H and Torres-Feced , V . 2005 . Treatment of AIDS in conflict-affected settings: a failure of imagination . Lancet , 365 ( 9456 ) : 278 – 280 .
  • Spiegel , P B . 2004 . HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: dispelling myths and taking action . Disasters , 28 ( 3 ) : 322 – 339 .
  • Bruns , L and Spiegel , P . 2007 . Displaced persons and HIV care: challenges and solutions . Southern Afr J HIV Med , 26 : 42 – 43 . (March)
  • United Nations . 1951 . Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (Article 23) , Geneva : United Nations . General Assembly resolution 429 (V)
  • United Nations . 1966 . International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Article 12) , Geneva : United Nations . General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)
  • United Nations . 2000 . The right to the highest attainable standard of health (General Comment) , Geneva : United Nations . E/C.12/2000/4
  • UNOHCHR/UNAIDS . 2006 . “ International guidelines on HIV/AIDS and human rights. 2006 ” . In Consolidated Version , Geneva : UNOHCHR/UNAIDS .
  • UNAIDS/UNHCR . 2005 . “ Strategies to support HIV-related needs of refugees and host populations ” . In UNAIDS Best strategies collections , Geneva : UNAIDS/UNHCR .
  • Velasco-Hernandez , J X , Gershengorn , H B and Blower , S M . 2002 . Could widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy eradicate HIV epidemics? . Lancet Infect Dis , 2 ( 8 ) : 487 – 493 .
  • Botswana . No refuge from HIV/AIDS in Dukwi camp Global HIV/AIDS news and analysis [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=39680
  • Vasan , A , Hoos , D , Mukherjee , J S , Farmer , P E , Rosenfield , A G and Perriens , J H . 2006 . The pricing and procurement of antiretroviral drugs: an observational study of data from the Global Fund . Bull World Health Organ , 84 ( 5 ) : 393 – 398 .
  • Koenig , S P , Leandre , F and Farmer , P E . 2004 . Scaling-up HIV treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: the rural Haiti experience . AIDS , 18 ( Suppl 3 ) : S21 – S25 .
  • Farmer , P , Leandre , F , Mukherjee , J , Gupta , R , Tarter , L and Kim , J Y . 2001 . Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy) . Bull World Health Organ , 79 ( 12 ) : 1145 – 1151 .
  • Bishai , D , Colchero , A and Durack , D T . 2007 . The cost effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment strategies in resource-limited settings . AIDS , 21 ( 10 ) : 1333 – 1340 .
  • Goldie , S J , Yazdanpanah , Y , Losina , E , Weinstein , M C , Anglaret , X , Walensky , R P , Hsu , H E , Kimmel , A , Holmes , C Kaplan , J E . 2006 . Cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment in resource-poor settings – the case of Cote d'Ivoire . N Engl J Med , 355 ( 11 ) : 1141 – 1153 .
  • Calmy , A , Pinoges , L , Szumilin , E , Zachariah , R , Ford , N and Ferradini , L . 2006 . Generic fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: multicentric observational cohort . AIDS , 20 ( 8 ) : 1163 – 1169 .
  • Ferradini , L , Jeannin , A , Pinoges , L , Izopet , J , Odhiambo , D , Mankhambo , L , Karungi , G , Szumilin , E , Balandine , S Fedida , G . 2006 . Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment . Lancet , 367 ( 9519 ) : 1335 – 1342 .
  • Living with HIV: News from the Field [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.theirc.org/news/voices-from-the-field.html
  • ARVs on the frontline [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EVOD-6UXFWJ?OpenDocument
  • Kenya: Education key to ARV adherence among refugees [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LZEG-6TJRMH?OpenDocument
  • Kenya-Sudan: HIV-positive Sudanese refugees fear stigma in homeland [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/KHII-6P69B6?OpenDocument
  • Southern Africa: New guidelines for treating HIV-positive refugees and migrants [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SHES-6ZSQTY?OpenDocument
  • Refugees, HIV and AIDS: Fighting HIV and AIDS Together with Refugees . Report on UNHCR's HIV and AIDS Policies and Programmes for 2005 [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/447c001b2.pdf
  • UNHCR . 2007 . Antiretroviral medication policy for refugees , Geneva : UNHCR .
  • WHO . 2004 . Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach , Geneva : WHO .
  • MOHSW . UNHCR. Memorandum of understanding between the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the Office of UNHCR on Access to Antiretroviral Therapy for Refugees: 29th December 2006. Dar es Salaam: MOHSW, UNHCR; 2006
  • UNAIDS . 2005 . The ‘Three Ones’ in action: where we are and where we go from here , Geneva : UNAIDS .
  • HIV/AIDS funding [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.tacaids.go.tz/resources/index.php
  • Culbert , H , Tu , D , O'Brien , D P , Ellman , T , Mills , C , Ford , N , Amisi , T , Chan , K and Venis , S . 2007 . HIV treatment in a conflict setting: outcomes and experiences from Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo . PLoS Med , 4 ( 5 ) : e129
  • HIV/AIDS Project profile: Mano River Union [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://manoriverunion.org/hiv_aids.html
  • 2006 . UNHCR and AIDS & Human Rights Research Unit UoP , Pretoria, , South Africa : University of Pretoria . Asylum seekers in South Africa and their rights to ARVs
  • South African National AIDS Council . 2007 . HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa 2007–2011 , Johannesburg : South African National AIDS Council .
  • UNHCR Africa Newsletter (first quarter 2006) [cited 2009 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/445862ad2.pdf
  • Wakana , J , Binagwaho , A , Seifman , R , Juncker , T and Spiegel , P . 2004 . Cross-border and sub-regional responses: Africa's Great Lakes Initiative on HIV/AIDS (GLIA) . Presented at the 15th International AIDS Conference . July 11–16 2004 , Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Salama , P , Spiegel , P , Talley , L and Waldman , R . 2004 . Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade . Lancet , 364 ( 9447 ) : 1801 – 1813 .
  • Johnson , K , Kennedy , S B , Harris , A O , Lincoln , A , Neace , W and Collins , D . 2005 . Strengthening the HIV/AIDS service delivery system in Liberia: an international research capacity-building strategy . J Eval Clin Pract , 11 ( 3 ) : 257 – 273 .
  • Loewenson , R . 2007 . Exploring equity and inclusion in the responses to AIDS . AIDS Care , 19 ( Suppl 1 ) : S2 – S11 .
  • Gutierrez , J P , Johns , B , Adam , T , Bertozzi , S M , Edejer , T T , Greener , R , Hankins , C and Evans , D B . 2004 . Achieving the WHO/UNAIDS antiretroviral treatment 3 by 5 goal: what will it cost? . Lancet , 364 ( 9428 ) : 63 – 64 .
  • Piot , P , Bartos , M , Larson , H , Zewdie , D and Mane , P . 2008 . Coming to terms with complexity: a call to action for HIV prevention . Lancet , 372 ( 9641 ) : 845 – 859 .
  • Pisani , E . 2008 . The wisdom of whores: bureaucrats, brothels, and the business of AIDS , London : Granta .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.