274
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Clinical profile of contraceptive progestins

, &
Pages 182-193 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Allen WM. Progesterone: how did the name originate?Southern Men J 1970;63:1151–4
  • Butenandt A, Westphal V. Zur Isolierung und Char- akterisierung des Corpus-luteum-Hormons. Berl Dtsch Chem Ges 1934;67:1440
  • Slotta KH, Ruschig H. Fels E. Reindarstellung der Hormone aus dem Corpus luteum. II. Mitteil. Berl Dtsch Chem Ges 1934;67:624
  • Henzl MR. Contraceptive hormones and their clinical use. In Yen SSC, Jaffe RE, eds. Reproductive Endocrinology, Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986:643–82
  • Stanczyk FZ, Henzl MR. The use of the name ‘‘progestin’’. Contraception 2001;64:1–2
  • Rock J, Pincus G, Garcia CR. Effects of certain 19-nor steroids on the normal human menstrual cycle. Science 1956;124:891–4
  • Croxatto HB, Kovacs L, Massai R, et al. Effects of long- term low dose mifeprestone on reproductive function in women. Hum Reprod 1998;13:793–8
  • Djerassi C. The history of progestins. In Benagiano G, Diczfalusy E, Zulli P, eds. Progestogens in Therapy. New York: Raven Press, 1983
  • Hirvonen E, Malkonen M, Manninen V. Effects of different progestogens on lipoproteins during post- menopausal replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:560–3
  • Du¨sterberg B, Ellman H, Mu¨ ller U, Rowe E, Muhe B. Three years clinical experience with a new low-dose oral contraceptive containing 20 mg ethinyl estradiol and 75 mg gestodene: efficacy, cycle control and tolerability. In Lopes P, Killick SR, eds. The New Option in Low-dose Oral Contraception: Expanding the Gestodene Choice. Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing, 1995:21–35
  • Rekers H. Multicenter trial of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and desoges- trel. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988;67:171–4
  • Carr BR. Uniqueness of oral contraceptive progestins. Contraception 1998;58:23–7S
  • Scleusser E, Broeckner T, Brautigam J, Michaels W. Influence of two low dose oral contraceptives on possible gonadotropin secretion. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001;15:259–64
  • Primiero FM, Morini A, Addi G, Oleandri V, Caruso G, Benagiano G. Effetti sull’endometrio del medrossipro- gesterone acetato somministrato in alte dosi. Risultati preliminari. In Genazzani AR, Volpe A, Fachinetti F, eds. Ostetricia e Ginecologia ‘87, Seminario Invernale di Aggiornamento, Part II. Rome: CIC Edizioni Internazio- nali, 1987:93–7
  • Shaw ST, Makaulay LK, Aznar R, Gonzales-Angula A, Roy S. Effect of progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device on endometrial blood vessels: a morphometric study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146:829–39
  • Luukkainen T. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991;626:43–9
  • Martinez-Manatou J, Cortez V, et al. Low dose of progestogen as an approach to fertility control. Fertil Steril 1966;17:49–57
  • Landgren B-M, Diczfalusy E. Hormonal effects of the 300mg norethisterone (NET) minipill. 1. Daily steroid level in 43 subjects during a pre-treatment cycle and during the second month of NET administration. Contraception 1980;21:87–113
  • Chretien FC, Dubois R. Effect of nomegestrol acetate on spinability, ferning and mesh dimension of midcycle cervical mucus. Contraception 1991;43:55–65
  • Tillson SA, Marian M, Hudson R, et al. The effect of intrauterine progesterone on the hypothalamic-hypo- physial-ovarian axis in humans. Contraception 1975;11:179–92
  • Wan LS, Hsu Y-C, Ganguly M, Bigelow B. Effects of the Progestasert on the menstrual pattern, ovarian steroid and endometrium. Contraception 1977;16:417–34
  • Barbosa I, Bakos O, Olsson SE, et al. Ovarian function during use of a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Contra- ception 1990;42:51–66
  • Videla-Rivero L, Etchepareborda JJ, Kesseru¨ E. Early chorionic activity in women bearing inert IUD, copper IUD and levonorgestrel releasing IUD. Contraception 1987;36:217–26
  • Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1263–9
  • Silverberg SG, Haukkamaa M, Arko H, Nilsson CG, Luukkainen T. Endometrial morphology during long- term use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1986;5:235–41
  • Jonsson B, Landgren BM, Eneroth P. Effects of various IUDs on the composition of cervical mucus. Contra- ception 1991;43:447–58
  • Hagenfeldt K, Landgren B-M. Contraception by intrauterine release of progesterone-effects on endome- trial trace elements enzymes and steroids. J Steroid Biochem 1975;6:895–8
  • Hagenfeldt K, Landgren B-M, Edstro¨ m K, Johannisson E. Biochemical and morphological changes in the human endometrium induced by the Progestasert device. Contraception 1997;16:183–97
  • Ermini M, Carpino F, Petrozza V, Benagiano G. Distribution and effect on the endometrium of proges- terone release from a Progestasert device. Hum Reprod 1989;4:221–8
  • Snowden R. The Progestasert and ectopic pregnancy. Br Med J 1997;2:1600–1
  • Benagiano G, Primiero FM. Safety of modern oral contraception: the options for women; lessons to be learned. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:633–8
  • Zhu P, Luo HZ, Xu RH, Cheng J, Wu MZ, Wang XP. The effect of intrauterine devices, the stainless steel ring, the Copper T220, and releasing levonorgestrel, on the bleeding profile and morphological structure of the human endometrium. A comparative study of three IUDs. A morphometric study of 96 cases. Contraception 1989;40:425–38
  • Rutanen EM, Salmi A, Nyman T. mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is suppressed and those of IGF-II and IGF-binding protein-1 are constantly expressed in the endometrium during the use of an intrauterine levonorgestrel system. Mol Hum Reprod 1997;3:749–54
  • Kuhl H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oestrogens and progestogens. Maturitas 1990;12:171–97
  • Kaplan B. Desogestrel, gestodene and norgestimate: the newer progestins. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:736–42
  • McGuire JL, Phillips A, Hahn D, Tolman EL, Flor S, Kafrissen ME. Pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics characteristics of norgestimate and its metabolites Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:2127–31
  • World Health Organization. Collaborative study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contracep- tion. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case- control study. Lancet 1995;346:1575–82
  • Kemmeren JM, Agra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembo- lism: a meta-analysis. Br Med J 2001;323:131–4
  • Spitzer WO. The 1995 pill scare revisited: anatomy of a non-epidemic. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2347–57
  • Farmer RTD, Williams TJ, Simpson EL, Nightingale AL. Effect of 1995 pill scare on rates of thromboembolism among women taking combined oral contraceptives: analysis of General Practice Research Database. Br Med J 2000;321:477–9
  • Lewis MA, Heineman LAJ, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R, Spitzer WO with the Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. The increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of third generation progestagens: role of bias in observational research. Contraception 1996;54:5–13
  • Lewis MA. Myocardial infarction and stroke in young women: what is the impact of oral contraceptives? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:69–77
  • Lidegaard O, Edstrom B. Oral contraceptives and acute myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1997;1:74
  • Weiss G. Gyn committee assesses VTE and oral contra- ceptive link. ACOG Newsletter 1996;Dec:3–4
  • WHO Scientific Group on Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception: Report of a WHO Scientific Group. WHO Technical Report Series No. 877. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998
  • Tikkanen MJ, Nikkila EA. Oral contraceptives and lipoprotein metabolism. J Reprod Med 1986;31:898–905
  • Goldzieher JW, Rudel HW. How the oral contra- ceptives came to be developed. J Am Med Assoc 1974;230:421–5
  • Belsey EM, WHO Task Force on Long-acting Systemic Agents for Fertility Regulation. Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and eight hormonal methods of contraception. Contraception 1988; 38:181–206
  • Marions L, Gemzell Danielsson K, Swahn ML, Bygde- man M. Contraceptive efficacy of low doses of mifepristone. Fertil Steril 1998;70:813–16
  • Marions L, Gemzell Danielsson K, Resch B, Swahn ML, Bygdeman M, Kovacs L. Contraceptive efficacy of daily administration of 0.5 mg mifepristone. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2788–90
  • Pike MC, Henderson BE, Krailo MD, Duke A, Roy S. Breast cancer in young women and use of oral contra- ceptives: possible modifying effect of formulation and age at use. Lancet 1983;2:926–30
  • Clark RA, Kissinger P, Williams T. Contraceptive and sexually-transmitted diseases protection in adult and adolescent women infected with human immunodefi- ciency virus. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7:439–42

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.