References
- al-ʿAbdusi, ʿAbdullah. 2015. Ajwibat al-‘Abdusi. Edited by Hisham al-Muhammadi. al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya: Wizarat al-Awqaf wa’l-Shuʾun al-Islamiyya.
- Abou-Bakr, Omaima. 2003. “Teaching the Words of the Prophet: Women Instructors of the Hadith (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries).” Hawwa 1 (3): 306–328.
- Abou-Bakr, Omaima. 2010. “Articulating Gender: Muslim Women Intellectuals in the Pre-Modern Period.” Arab Studies Quarterly 32 (3): 127–144.
- Afsaruddin, Asma. 2002. “Reconstituting Women’s Lives: Gender and the Poetics of Narrative in Medieval Biographical Collections.” The Muslim World 92: 461–480.
- Aguilar, Victoria. 1988. “Mujeres de La Takmila de Ibn al-Abbar En Un Manuscrito de Rabat.” [Women of the Takmila of Ibn al-Abbar in a Manuscript in Rabat]. In Estudios Onomastico-Biograficos de al-Andalus I, edited by Manuela Marín, I:413–417. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- Ahmed, Sumayya. 2016. “Learned Women: Three Generations of Female Islamic Scholarship in Morocco.” The Journal of North African Studies 21 (3): 470–484.
- Amin, Qasim. 2000. The Liberation of Women & The New Woman. Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism. Translated by Samiha Sidhom Peterson. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 1989. “Las mujeres sabias en al-Andalus” [Learned Women in al-Andalus]. In La Mujer en Al-Andalus: reflejos históricos de su actividad y categorías sociales [Women in al-Andalus: Historical Reflections on Their Activities and Social Categories], edited by María Jesus Viguera, 139–184. Seville: Ediciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Editoriales Andaluzas Unidas.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 2002. “Women in Andalusi Biographical Sources.” In Writing the Feminine: Women in Arab Sources, edited by Randi Deguilhem, and Manuela Marín, 149–163. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Berkey, Jonathan. 1992. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Bewley, Aisha Abdurrahman. 1999. Islam: The Empowering of Women. London: Ta-Ha.
- Booth, Marilyn. 2001. May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- El Haitami, Meriem. 2012. “Restructuring Female Religious Authority: State-Sponsored Women Religious Guides (Murshidat) and Scholars (ʿĀlimāt) in Contemporary Morocco.” Mediterranean Studies 20 (2): 227–240.
- Elhilali, Muhammad Yasir. 2011. “Masadir Tarikh al-Marʾa al-Maghribiyya khilal al-ʿAsr al-Wasit” [Sources for Moroccan Women’s History in the Middle Ages]. Da‘awat al-Haqq 399: 117–127.
- El Hour, Rachid. 2020. “Moroccan Female Saints and Oral Traditions: Lalla Mennana, Patron Saint of Larache.” The Journal of North African Studies. doi:10.1080/13629387.2020.1771309.
- El Shamsy, Ahmed. 2015. “Fiqh, faqīh, fuqahāʾ.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by Kate Fleet et. al. Accessed October 12, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27135.
- al-Fassi, Allal. 1956. Hadith al-Maghrib fi al-Mashriq [Accounts of the Islamic West in the Islamic East]. Cairo: Al-Tabaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya.
- Fierro Bello, María Isabel. 1983. “Mujeres Hispano-arabes En Tres Repertorios Biograficos: Yadwa, Sila y Bugya.” [Hispano-Arab Women in Three Biographical Dictionaries: Jadwa, Sila and Bughya]. In Las Mujeres Medievales y Su Ámbito Jurídico [Medieval Women and Their Judicial World], 177–182. Madrid: Seminario de Estudios de la Mujer. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
- Gannun, ʿAbdullah. 1975. Al-Nubugh al-Maghribi fi al-Adab al-ʿArabi [The Moroccan Genius in Arabic Literature]. 3 vols. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-Madrasa wa Dar al-Kitab al-Lubnani.
- Hassan, Mona. 2015. “Reflections, Narrations, and Judgments: The Scholarly Contributions of an Early Female Muslim Jurist.” Islamic Law and Society 22: 323–351.
- Head, Gretchen. 2016. “Space, Identity, and Exile in Seventeenth-Century Morocco: The Case of Abu al-Hasan al-Yusi.” Journal of Arabic Literature 47: 231–259.
- al-Hijjawi al-Thaʿalabi al-Fasi, Muhammad bin al-Hasan. 1995. Al-Fikr al-Sami fi Tarikh al-Fiqh al-Islami [Elevated Thinking in the History of Islamic Jurisprudence]. 2 vols. Edited by Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Fattah al-Qari. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
- Hudaygi, Muhammad bin Ahmad. 2006. Tabaqat al-Hudaygi [Generations of al-Hudaygi]. Edited by Ahmad Bumazgu. Casablanca: Matbaʿat al-Najah al-Jadida.
- Ibn Ghazi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. 1964. al-Rawd al-Hatun fi Akhbar Miknasat al-Zaytun [The Overflowing Meadows in the News of Meknes of the Olive]. Rabat: al-Matbaʿa al-Malakiyya.
- Ibn al-Hosni, Abd al-Karim. 1960. “Jamiʿa al-Qarawiyyin” [The Qarawiyyin Mosque]. In al-Kitab al-Dhahabi: Jamiaʿ al-Qarawiyyin fii Dhikrha al-Mia baad al-Alf [The Golden Book: The Qarawiyyin Mosque in its Memory One Hundred after One Thousand], 158–172. Rabat: Wizarat al-Tarbiyya al-Wataniyya.
- Ibn al-Qadi, Ahmad bin Muhammad. 1970. Durrat al-Hijal fi Asmaʾ al-Rijal [Pearls of Canopies in the Names of Men]. Edited by Muhammad al-Ahmadi Abu al-Nur. 3 vols. Cairo: Dar al-Turath.
- Ibn al-Qadi, Ahmad bin Muhammad. 1973. Jadhwat al-Iqtibas fi Dhikr man Halla min al-Aʿlam Madinat Fas [Embers of Knowledge in the Mention of the Most Prominent People Residing in the City of Fez]. 2 vols. Rabat: Dar al-Mansur li al-Tabʿia wa al-Waraqa.
- Ibn al-Qadi, Ahmad bin Muhammad. 1976. “Laqt al-Faraʾid min Lufazat Huquq al-Fawaʾid” [Gathering of Precious Gems of the Utterances of the Duties of Benefits]. In Alf Sana min al-Wafayat fi Thalata Kutub [One Thousand Years of Death Dates in Three Books], edited by Muhammad Hajji, 159–332. Rabat: Maktabat al-Talib.
- Ibn al-Sa‘i. 2017. Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Translated by Shawkat M. Toorawa et. al. New York: New York University Press.
- Ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad al-Sijilmasi. 2008. Ithaf ʿAlam al-Nass bi Jamal Akhbar Hadarat Miknas [Enjoyable News for Notables about the Beauty of the Civilization of Meknes]. Edited by Ali Umar. 5 vols. Cairo: Maktaba al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
- Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1991. “Introduction.” In Women, Islam, and the State, edited by Deniz Kandiyoti, 1–18. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
- Kara, Hayat. 2011. al-Nisaʾ fi Fidaʾ al-Bahr al-Abyad al-Matawassit: al-Thaqafa wa al-Mujtamaʿ fi al-ʿAsr al-Wasit [Women in the Space of the Mediterranean: Culture and Society in the Middle Ages]. Rabat: Dar Bouregreg li al-Tabàa wa al-Nashr.
- al-Kattani, Muhammad ibn Ja‘far. 2004–2006. Salwat al-Anfas wa Muhadithat al-Akiyas bi man Ukbira min al-ʿUlamaʾ wa al-Sulaha bi Fas [Solace of the Souls and Conversations of the Sages from the Ulema and Pious People of Fez]. Edited by Muhammad Hamza bin Ali al-Kattani. 4 vols. Casablanca: Dar al-Thaqafa.
- Khushaim, Ali Fahmi. 1976. Zarruq the Sufi: A Guide in the Way and a Leader to the Truth. Tripoli, Libya: General Company for Publication.
- Laroui, Abdallah. 1977. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Translated by Ralph Mannheim. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- al-Maghraoui, Muhammad. 2003. “Al-ʿAbdusiyya Umm Hani.” In Maʿlamat al-Maghrib [Encyclopaedia of Morocco], edited by Muhammad Hajji, 17:5932. Rabat: Dar al-Iman.
- Makhluf, Mohammad. 1930. Shajarat al-Nur al-Zakiyya fi Tabaqat al-Malikiyya [Tree of Pure Light in the Maliki Generations]. 2 vols. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya.
- al-Manouni, Mohammed. 2000. Waraqat ʿan Hadarat al-Mariniyyin [Documents about the Marinid Society]. Rabat: Manshurat Kulliyat al-Adab wa al-ʿUlum al-Insaniyya.
- al-Maqqari, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. 1968. Nafh al-Tib: Min Ghusn al-Andalus al-Ratib [The Fragrant Breeze from the Fertile Branch of Al-Andalus]. 8 vols. Beirut: Dar Sadir.
- Marín, Manuela. 1997. “Una Vida de Mujer: Subh.” In Biografías y Género Biográfico en el Occidente Islámico, edited by María Luisa Ávila Navarro, and Manuela Marín, 425–445. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- Marín, Manuela. 2010. “Derecho Islámico medieval y fronteras de género: reflexiones sobre textos de al-Burzuli (m. 841/1438).” [Medieval Islamic Law and Gender Boundaries: Reflections on the Texts of al-Burzuli (d. 841/1438)]. Revista Clepsydra 9: 21–40.
- Mediano, Fernando R. 1995. Familias de Fez (ss. xv-xvii) [Families of Fez (xv-xvii centuries)]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- Nadwi, Muhammad Akram. 2007. Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam. Oxford: Interface Publications Ltd.
- Ouguir, Aziza. 2020. Female Religious Agents: Old Practices and New Perspectives. Leiden: Brill.
- Powers, David S. 2017. “Fatwā, Premodern.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by Kate Fleet et. al. Accessed June 14, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27048.
- Qarafi, Badr al-Din Muhammad ibn Yahya. 2003. Tawshih al-Dibaj wa-Hilyat al-Ibtihaj [Adornment of Silk Brocade and Embellishment of Delight]. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya.
- Rausch, Margaret. 2006. “Ishelhin Women Transmitters of Islamic Knowledge and Culture in Southwestern Morocco.” The Journal of North African Studies 11 (2): 173–192.
- Rausch, Margaret J. 2012. “Women Mosque Preachers and Spiritual Guides: Publicizing and Negotiating Women’s Religious Authority in Morocco.” In Women, Leadership, and Mosques: Changes in Contemporary Islamic Authority, edited by Masooda Bano, and Hilary Kalmbach, 59–84. Leiden: Brill.
- Roded, Ruth. 1994. Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Sa‘d to Who’s Who. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Roded, Ruth. 1999. Women in Islam and the Middle East: A Reader. London: I.B. Taurus.
- al-Saʿadi, Hoda, and Omaima Abou-Bakr. 2001. al-Marʾa wa-al-Hayat al-Diniyya fi al-ʿUsur al-Wusta. Cairo: Women and Memory Forum.
- al-Sakhawi, Shams al-Din Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman. 1992. Al-Dawʾ al-Lamiʿ li Ahl al-Qarn al-Tasiʿ [The Shining Light of the People of the Ninth Century]. 12 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Jili.
- Sayeed, Asma. 2013a. Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Sayeed, Asma. 2013b. “Women in Imāmī Biographical Collections.” In Law and Tradition in Classical Islamic Thought: Studies in Honor of Professor Hossein Modarressi, edited by Michael Cook, Najam Haidar, Intisar Rabb, and Asma Sayeed, 81–97. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- al-Sulami, Abu ʿAbd al-Rahman. 1999. Early Sufi Women: Dhikr al-Niswa al-Mutaʿabbidāt as-Sūfiyyāt. Translated and edited by Rkia Cornell. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae.
- al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din ʿAbd al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr. 1927. Nadhm al-ʿIqiyan fi Aʿyan al-Aʿyan [String of Gold in The Most Eminent of the Most Eminent]. New York: Syrian American Press.
- al-Tazi, ʿAbd al-Hadi. 1972–1973. Jamiʿ al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa al-Jamiʿ bi Madinat Fez [The Qarawiyyin Mosque: The Mosque and the Congregational Mosque in the City of Fez]. 3 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Lubnani.
- al-Tazi, ʿAbd al-Hadi. 1992. al-Marʾa fi Tarikh al-Gharb al-Islami [Women in the History of the Islamic West]. Casablanca: Nashr al-Finik.
- al-Tazi, ʿAbd al-Hadi. 2013. Interview by Author. Rabat. May 2, 2013.
- al-Tinbakti, Ahmad Baba. 1989. Nayl al-Ibtihaj bi-Tatriz al-Dibaj [The Attainment of Delight in Embroidering Brocade]. Tripoli, Libya: Manshurat Kulliyat al-Da`awa al-Islamiyya.
- al-Tinbakti, Ahmad Baba. 2002. Kifayat al-Muhtaj li-Maʿrifat man laysa fi al-Dibaj [The Competence of the Counsel of the Knowledge of Those Who Are Not in al-Dibaj]. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm.
- Viguera Molins, María Jesus. 2002. “A Borrowed Space: Andalusi and Maghribi Women in Chronicles.” In Writing the Feminine: Women in Arab Sources, edited by Randi Deguilhem, and Manuela Marín, 163–180. London: I.B. Tauris.
- al-Wansharisi, Ahmad ibn Yahya. 1981. Al-Miʿyar al-Muʿrib wa al-Jamiʿ al-Mughrib ʿan Fatawi Ahl Ifriqiyah wa al-Andalus wa al-Maghrib [The Comprehensive Criterion and the Extensive Collection of Fatwas of the People of Ifriqiyya and al-Andalus and al-Maghrib]. Edited by Muhammad Hajji. 13 vols. Rabat: Wizarat al-Awqaf wa al-Shuʾun al-Islamiyya lil-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya.
- al-Wansharisi, Ahmad ibn Yahya. 2009. Kitab Wafayat al-Wansharisi [The Book of Death Dates by al-Wansharisi]. Edited by Muhammad bin Yussef al-Qadi. Cairo: Sharika Nawabagh al-Fikr.
- Yacoob, Saadia. 2006. “Women and Education in the Pre-Modern Middle East: Reconstructing the Lives of Two Female Jurists (faqīhāt).” Master’s thesis, McGill University.
- al-Yusi, al-Hasan bin Masʿud. 1981. Risaʾil Abi ʿAli al-Hasan bin al-Masʿud al-Yusi [Treatise of Abi ʿAli bin al-Masʿud al-Yusi]. 2 vols. Edited by Fatima Khalil al-Qabli. Casablanca: Dar al-Thaqafa.
- al-Zahrawi, Zahra Najia. 2008. Muʿjam Shahirat al-Maghrib [Dictionary of Famous Women of Morocco]. Marrakesh: Al-Matbaa al-Warraqa al-Wataniyya.
- Zarruq, Ahmad. 1980. al-Kunnash: Suwar min al-Dhikrayat al-Ula [The Notebook: Illustrations from Earliest Memories]. Edited by ʿAli Khushaim. Tripoli, Libya: al-Munsha’at al-Shaʿbiyya.
- al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din. 2002. al-ʿAlam: Qamus Tarajim al-Ashhar al-Rijal wa al-Nisa min al-ʿArab wa al-Mustaʿarabin wa al-Mustashriqin [The Notables: Biographies of the Most Famous of the Men and the Women of the Arabs and the Arabized and the Orientalists]. 13 vols. Beirut: Dar al-ʿIlm lil-Malayin.