1,692
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Non-party ministers and technocrats in post-revolutionary Tunisia

ORCID Icon

References

  • “Kais Saïed: ‘Le gouvernement de technocrates est un grand mensonge et une grande manipulation!’.” 2014. Espace Manager. July 29. Accessed 1 August 2021. https://www.espacemanager.com/kais-saied-le-gouvernement-de-technocrates-est-un-grand-mensonge-et-une-grande-manipulation.html.
  • “Tunisie: signature de « l’accord de Carthage » en vue d’un gouvernement d’union nationale.” 2016. Jeune Afrique, July 13. Accessed 1 August 2021. http://www.jeuneafrique.com/341548/politique/tunisie-signature-de-laccord-de-carthage-vue-dun-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/.
  • Al-Akhali, Rafat, Osamah Al-Rawhani, and Anthony Biswell. 2019. Transitional Government in Post-Conflict Yemen. Rethinking Yemen’s Economy, Policy Brief 14.
  • Albrecht, Holger, and Oliver Schlumberger. 2004. “‘Waiting for Godot’: Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East.” International Political Science Review 25 (4): 371–392. doi:10.1177/0192512104045085.
  • Alexiadou, Despina, and Hakan Gunaydin. 2019. “Commitment or Expertise? Technocratic Appointments as Political Responses to Economic Crises.” European Journal of Political Research 58: 845–865. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12338.
  • Aliriza, F. 2020. “Perpetual Periphery: IFIs and the Reproduction of Tunisia's Economic Dependence.” In The Impact and Influence of International Financial Institutions on the Middle East & North Africa, edited by Tarek Radwan, 26–41. Tunis: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
  • Amir, Sulfikar. 2007. “Symbolic Power in a Technocratic Regime: The Reign of BJ Habibie in New Order Indonesia.” Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 22 (1): 83–106. doi:10.1355/sj22-ld.
  • Arriola, Leonardo R. 2009. “Patronage and Political Stability in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (10): 1339–1362. doi:10.1177/0010414009332126.
  • Asseburg, Muriel, and Heiko Wimmen. 2016. “Dynamics of Transformation, Elite Change and New Social Mobilization in the Arab World.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/13629395.2015.1081448.
  • Ayari, Michaël. 2020. “Tunisie, 2011–2020: la démocratie contre l’efficience de l’action publique?” Politique étrangère 1: 189–199. doi:10.3917/pe.201.0189.
  • Banegas, Richard. 1993. “Les Transitions Démocratiques: Mobilisations Collectives et Fluidité Politique.” Cultures and Conflits 12 (4): 2–20. doi:10.4000/conflits.443.
  • Barany, Zoltan. 2011. “Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military.” Journal of Democracy 22 (4): 28–39. doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0069.
  • Beau, Nicolas, and Jean-Pierre Tuquoi. 2011. Notre ami Ben Ali: L’envers du «miracle tunisien». Paris: La Découverte.
  • Ben Achour, Yadh. 2016. Tunisie: Une revolution en pays d’Islam. Tunis: Cérés Editions.
  • Ben Hammouda, Hakim. 2016. Chroniques d’un Ministre de Transition. Tunis: Cérés Editions.
  • Bermeo, Nancy. 2003. “Ministerial Elites in Southern Europe: Continuities, Changes and Comparisons.” In Who Governs Southern Europe? Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000, edited by Pedro Tavares de Almeida, Antonio Costa Pinto, and Nancy Bermeo, 205–237. London: Frank Cass.
  • Bobin, Frédéric, and Mohamed Haddad. 2018. “En Tunisie, les anciens bénalistes passent de l’ombre à la lumière.” Le Monde, January 29. Accessed 1 August 2021. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/01/29/en-tunisie-les-anciens-benalistes-passent-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere_5248856_3212.html.
  • Bogaert, Koenraad. 2013. “Contextualizing the Arab Revolts: The Politics Behind Three Decades of Neoliberalism in the Arab World.” Middle East Critique 22 (3): 213–234. doi:10.1080/19436149.2013.814945.
  • Boubekeur, Amel. 2016. “Islamists, Secularists and Old Regime Elites in Tunisia: Bargained Competition.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (1): 107–127. doi:10.1080/13629395.2015.1081449.
  • Brooks, Risa. 2013. “Abandoned at the Palace: Why the Tunisian Military Defected from the Ben Ali Regime in January 2011.” Journal of Strategic Studies 36 (2): 205–220. doi:10.1080/01402390.2012.742011.
  • Buehler, Matt, and Mehdi Ayari. 2018. “The Autocrat’s Advisors: Opening the Black Box of Ruling Coalitions in Tunisia’s Authoritarian Regime.” Political Research Quarterly 71 (2): 330–346. doi:10.1177/1065912917735400.
  • Camau, Michel. 2020. L’étude des élites tunisiennes. Retour sur « un domaine de prédilection. March. Available at: www.academia.edu/.
  • Camau, Michel, and Vincent Geisser. 2003. Le Syndrome Autoritaire: Politique en Tunisie de Bourguiba à Ben Ali. Paris: Presses de SciencesPo.
  • Camerlo, Marcelo, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2015. “The Politics of Minister Retention in Presidential Systems: Technocrats, Partisans, and Government Approval.” Comparative Politics 47 (3): 315–333. doi:10.5129/001041515814709310.
  • Carboni, Andrea, and Clionadh Raleigh. 2021. “Regime Cycles and Political Change in African Autocracies.” Journal of Modern African Studies 59 (4): 415–437. doi:10.1017/S0022278X21000240.
  • Cavatorta, Francesco, and Fabio Merone. 2013. “Moderation Through Exclusion? The Journey of the Tunisian Ennahda from Fundamentalist to Conservative Party.” Democratization 20 (5): 857–875. doi:10.1080/13510347.2013.801255.
  • Centeno, Miguel Angel. 1993. “The New Leviathan: The Dynamics and Limits of Technocracy.” Theory and Society 22 (3): 307–335. doi:10.1007/BF00993531.
  • Charfi, Mounir. 1989. Les Ministres de Bourguiba (1956–1987). Paris: L’Harmattan.
  • Cheibub, José Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Costa Pinto, Antonio, Maurizio Cotta, and Pedro Tavares de Almeida, eds. 2018. Technocratic Ministers and Political Leadership in European Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Erdle, Steffen. 2010. Ben Ali’s ‘New Tunisia’ (1987–2009): A Case Study of Authoritarian Modernization in the Arab World. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag.
  • Gana, Alia, and Gilles Van Hamme. 2016. Élections et Territoires en Tunisie: Enseignements des Scrutins Post-Révolution (2011–2014). Tunis: Karthala.
  • Gana, Alia, Gilles Van Hamme, and Maher Ben Rebah. 2012. “La territorialité du vote pour l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante Tunisienne de 2011.” Confluences Méditerranée 82 (3): 51–69. doi:10.4000/espacepolitique.2486.
  • Geisser, Vincent, and Deborah Perez. 2016. “De la Difficulté à Faire Parti dans la Tunisie Post-Ben Ali.” Confluences Méditerranée 98 (3): 21–44. doi:10.3917/come.098.0021.
  • Gobe, Eric. 2017. “De la Dialectique du ‘Local’ et du ‘National’ dans les Lois Électorales Tunisiennes ou Comment Représenter le ‘Peuple’ dans la Tunisie Post-Ben Ali.” L’Année du Maghreb 16: 153–170. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.3023.
  • Gobe, Eric. 2019. “La Tunisie en 2018: Une année pré-électorale très électorale.” L’Année du Maghreb 21: 359–376. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.5999.
  • Gobe, Eric. 2020. “Tunisie 2019: Chronique d’une surprise électorale annoncée.” L’Année du Maghreb 23: 327–353. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.6811.
  • Gobe, Eric, and Larbi Chouikha. 2014. “La Tunisie politique en 2013: de la bipolarisation idéologique au « consensus constitutionnel ».” L’Année du Maghreb 11: 301–322. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.2340.
  • Grewal, Sharan, and Shadi Hamid. 2020. The Dark Side of Consensus in Tunisia: Lessons from 2015–2019. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Grewal, Sharan, Amaney A. Jamal, Tarek Masoud, and Elizabeth R. Nugent. 2019. “Poverty and Divine Rewards: The Electoral Advantage of Islamist Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 63: 859–874. doi:10.1111/ajps.12447.
  • Hanieh, Adam. 2015. “Shifting Priorities or Business as Usual? Continuity and Change in the Post-2011 IMF and World Bank Engagement with Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 42 (1): 119–134. doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.973199.
  • Hénia, Abdelhamid. 1997. “Le pouvoir entre ‘notables’ et ‘élites’: les cycles de la notabilité.” Monde Arabe: Maghreb Machrek 157: 90–100.
  • Henry Moore, Clement. 2007. “Tunisia’s ‘Sweet Little’ Regime.” In Worst of the Worst: Dealing with Repressive and Rogue Nations, edited by Robert I. Rotberg, 300–324. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Heydemann, Steven. 2007. Upgrading Authoritarianism. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
  • Hibou, Béatrice. 2011a. The Force of Obedience. The Political Economy of Repression in Tunisia. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hibou, Béatrice. 2011b. “Macroéconomie et domination politique en Tunisie: du « miracle économique » benaliste aux enjeux socio-économiques du moment révolutionnaire.” Politique Africaine 124 (4): 127–154. doi:10.3917/polaf.124.0127.
  • Higley, John, and Michael G. Burton. 1989. “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns.” American Sociological Review 54 (1): 17–32. doi:10.2307/2095659.
  • International Crisis Group. 2018. “Restoring Public Confidence in Tunisia’s Political System.” August 2. Accessed 1 August 2021. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/tunisia/62-tunisie-depasser-les-querelles-pour-restaurer-la-confiance.
  • Jelassi, Tawfik. 2016. “What I Learned from Leading a Tunisian Ministry During the Arab Spring.” Harvard Business Review, May 16. Accessed 1 August 2021. https://hbr.org/2016/05/what-i-learned-from-leading-a-tunisian-ministry-during-the-arab-spring.
  • Jones, Calvert. 2019. “Adviser to the King. Experts, Rationalization, and Legitimacy.” World Politics 71 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1017/S0043887118000217.
  • Kchouk, Bilel. 2017. Les séquelles de l’autoritarisme sur les élites. Paris: L’Harmattan.
  • Kchouk, Bilel, and Aaida Mamuji. 2019. “Regime Change and Elite Behaviour: The Case of The 2010–2011 Tunisian Uprisings.” The Journal of North African Studies 24 (6): 896–913. doi:10.1080/13629387.2018.1466467.
  • Kéfi, Ridha. 2011. “Comment Ben Ali a détruit Hammi, son ancien chef des renseignements.” Kapitalis, July 1. Accessed 1 August 2021. http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/4652-tunisie-comment-ben-ali-a-detruit-hammi-son-ancien-chef-des-renseignements-12.html.
  • Kenner, David. 2010. “How to Be a Middle East Technocrat.” Foreign Policy 180: 22.
  • Kraïem, Mustapha. 2014. La Révolution Kidnappée. Tunis: La maghrébine.
  • Kubinec, Robert, and Sharan Grewal. 2018. When National Unity Governments Are Neither National, United, nor Governments: The Case of Tunisia. Working Paper, December 14.
  • Latif-Béatrix, Asma. 1988. Edification Étatique et Environnement Culturel: Le Personnel Politico-Administratif de la Tunisie Contemporaine. Paris: Publisud.
  • Lee, Don S. 2018. “Executive Control of Bureaucracy and Presidential Cabinet Appointments in East Asian Democracies.” Regulation and Governance 12 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1111/rego.12190.
  • Mac Ginty, Roger. 2012. “Routine Peace: Technocracy and Peacebuilding.” Cooperation and Conflict 47 (3): 287–308. doi:10.1177/0010836712444825.
  • Maghraoui, Abdeslam M. 2002. “Democratization in the Arab World? Depoliticization in Morocco.” Journal of Democracy 13 (4): 24–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2002.0070.
  • Marks, Monica. 2015. “Tunisia’s Islamists and the ‘Turkish Model’.” Journal of Democracy 28 (1): 102–115. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0009.
  • Marzouki, Nadia. 2016. “La Transition Tunisienne: Du Compromis Démocratique à la Réconciliation Forcée.” Pouvoirs 156 (1): 83–94. doi:10.3917/pouv.156.0083.
  • McCarthy, Rory. 2019. “The Politics of Consensus: Al-Nahda and The Stability of the Tunisian Transition.” Middle Eastern Studies 55 (2): 261–275. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1538969.
  • McDonnell, Duncan, and Marco Valbruzzi. 2014. “Defining and Classifying Technocrat-led and Technocratic Governments.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 654–671. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12054.
  • Mohsen, Abbès. 2016. Les Gouverneurs. Tunis: Cérés Editions.
  • M’rad, Hatem. 2015a. “Les hauts fonctionnaires et la politique: une caste au pouvoir.” In Le déficit démocratique sous Bourguiba et Ben Ali, edited by Hatem M’rad, 153–157. Tunis: Nirvana.
  • M’rad, Hatem. 2015b. Le Dialogue National en Tunisie: Prix Nobel de la Paix 2015. Tunis: Nirvana.
  • M’rad, Hatem. 2016. De la constitution à l’accord de Carthage: Les premières marches de la IIe République. Tunis: Nirvana.
  • M’rad, Hatem. 2019. “La problématique du professionnalisme politique du gouvernement tunisien. De l’autoritarisme à la transition démocratique.” Revue Tunisienne de Science Politique 1 (1): 47–73.
  • Murphy, Emma. 1999. Economic and Political Change in Tunisia: From Bourguiba to Ben Ali. London: McMillan Press.
  • Owen, Roger. 2012. The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Pastorella, Giulia. 2012. “Technocratic Governments in Europe: Getting the Critique Right.” Political Studies 64 (4): 948–965. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12217.
  • Perkins, Kenneth. 2013. “Playing the Islamic Card: The Use and Abuse of Religion in Tunisian Politics.” In The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects, edited by Nouri Gana, 58–80. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Perthes, Volker, ed. 2004. Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Raleigh, Clionadh, Hyun Jin Choi, and Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd. 2021. “Inclusive Conflict? Competitive Clientelism and the Rise of Political Violence.” Review of International Studies, 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0260210521000218.
  • Raleigh, Clionadh, and Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd. 2020. “Elite Coalitions and Power Balance across African Regimes: Introducing the African Cabinet and Political Elite Data Project (ACPED).” Ethnopolitics, 1–26. doi:10.1080/17449057.2020.1771840.
  • Rijkers, Bob, Caroline Freund, and Antonio Nucifora. 2014. All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Schleiter, Petra. 2013. “Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Ministerial Selection in Russia: How Presidential Preferences Shape Technocratic Cabinets.” Post-Soviet Affairs 29 (1): 31–55. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.778544.
  • Shain, Yossi, and Juan J. Linz. 1995. Between States. Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Soudani, Seif. 2013. “La Polit-Revue: la lutte finale?” Nawaat, August 25. Accessed 1 August 2021. http://nawaat.org/portail/2013/08/25/la-polit-revue-la-lutte-finale/.
  • Sraïeb, Noureddine. 1994. “Le collège Sadiki de Tunis et les nouvelles élites.” Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 72: 37–52. doi:10.3406/remmm.1994.1651.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 1978. State and Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 2012. “Tunisia’s Transition and the Twin Tolerations.” Journal of Democracy 23 (2): 89–103. doi:10.1353/jod.2012.0034.
  • Thatcher, Mark, and Alec Stone Sweet. 2002. “Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non-Majoritarian Institutions.” West European Politics 25 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/713601583.
  • Thurston, Alex. 2018. “The Politics of Technocracy in Fourth Republic Nigeria.” African Studies Review 61 (1): 215–238. doi:10.1017/asr.2017.99.
  • Tilly, Charles. 1992. “Prisonniers de l'État.” Revue internationale de sciences sociales 133: 373–387.
  • Van Hamme, Gilles, Alia Gana, and Maher Ben Rebah. 2014. “Social and Socio-Territorial Electoral Base of Political Parties in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia.” The Journal of North African Studies 19 (5): 751–769. doi:10.1080/13629387.2014.974032.
  • Wolf, Anne. 2018. “‘Dégage RCD!’ The Rise of Internal Dissent in Ben Ali’s Constitutional Democratic Rally and the Tunisian Uprisings.” Mediterranean Politics 23 (2): 245–264. doi:10.1080/13629395.2017.1287629.
  • World Bank. 2000. Memorandum of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the Executive Directors on a Country Assistance Strategy of the World Bank Group for the Republic of Tunisia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Zartman, I. William, Mark A. Tessler, John P. Enteils, Russell A. Stone, Raymond A. Hinnebusch, and Shahrough Akhavi, eds. 1982. Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New York: Longman.