References
- AFP. (2012a) Mali: Ansar Dine: prêt à prendre ses distances avec AQMI, Maliweb, November 3, Available at http://www.maliweb.net/insecurite/mali-ansar-dine-pret-a-prendre-ses-distances-avec-aqmi-102581.html ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- AFP. (2012b) Nord du Mali: les rebelles touareg et les islamistes d’Ansar Dine fusionnent, Agence France Presse, 27 May reproduced on Jeune Afrique website, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/54785/politique/nord-du-mali-les-rebelles-touareg-et-les-islamistes-dansar-dine-fusionnent/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Ahmed, B. (2012) Mali – Bilal Ag Achérif (MNLA): “Ansar Eddine peut obtenir qu’Aqmi quitte l’Azawad”, Jeune Afrique, June 13, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/175643/politique/mali-bilal-ag-ach-rif-mnla-ansar-eddine-peut-obtenir-qu-aqmi-quitte-l-azawad/ ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Al-Ma’ali, M.M.A. (2012) Al-Qaeda and its allies in the Sahel and the Sahara, Reports, Al Jazeera Center for Studies, May 1, Available at http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2012/4/30/2012430145241774734Al%20Qaeda%20and%20its%20allies%20in%20the%20Sahel%20and%20the%20Sahara.pdf ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- AQIM [Émirat de l’Organisation]. (2012) Directives Générales relatives au Projet Islamique Jihadiste de l’Azawad, n° 234/33, 20 July, reproduced, translated and accessed on “Le document secret d’Aqmi”, Libération, 6 October 2013, Available at http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2013/10/06/le-document-secret-d-aqmi_937101 ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Bakke, K.M., K. Cunningham & L. Seymour (2012) A plague of initials: fragmentation, cohesion, and infighting in civil wars, Perspectives on Politics, 10(02), pp. 265–283.10.1017/S1537592712000667
- Bencherif, A. (2012) Al-Qaïda au Maghreb islamique: une hiérarchie en redéfinition sous fond de crise, Chronique sur le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique du Nord, December 2, Available at https://dandurand.uqam.ca/uploads/files/publications/rflexions/Chronique_OMAN/38_chronique_BencherifAQMI.pdf ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Bencherif, A. & B. Ducol (2013) Ansar dine, combine de divisions?, Slate, February 5, Available at http://www.slate.fr/tribune/67971/ansar-dine ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Blair, D. (2013) Mali: telegraph finds al-Qaeda plan in Timbuktu, The Telegraph, 13 February, Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9868922/Mali-Telegraph-finds-al-Qaeda-plan-in-Timbuktu.html ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Bøås, M. (2012) Castles in the sand’: informal networks and power brokers in the Northern Mali periphery, African Conflicts and Informal Power: Big Men and Networks (London: Zed Books), pp. 119–134.
- Bøås, M. & L.E. Torheim (2013) The trouble in Mali—corruption, collusion, resistance, Third World Quarterly, 34(7), pp. 1279–1292.10.1080/01436597.2013.824647
- Boisvert, M.-A. (2015) Failing at violence: the longer-lasting impact of pro-government militias in northern Mali since 2012, African Security, 8(4), pp. 272–298.10.1080/19392206.2015.1100505
- Bosi, L. (2015) Political violence in time, in: L. Bosi, Ò. Nial Dochartaigh & D. Pisoiu (Eds) Political Violence in Context. Time, Space and Milieu, pp. 15–21 (Colchester: ECPR Press).
- Bourgeot, A. (2013) La crise malienne : vers une recomposition géopolitique des espaces sahariens, in: Mansouria Mokhefi et Alain Antil (Ed) Le Maghreb et son sud : vers des liens renouvelés, pp. 91–109 (Paris: CNRS Éditions-IFRI).
- Briscoe, I. (2014) Crime after Jihad: Armed Groups, the State and Illicit Business in Post-conflict Mali (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael).
- Byman, D. (2014) Buddies or burdens? Understanding the Al-Qaeda relationship with its affiliate organizations, Security Studies, 23(3), pp. 431–470.10.1080/09636412.2014.935228
- Carayol, R. (2013) Mali: alliances touarègues et sables mouvants, Jeune Afrique, June 4, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/137281/politique/mali-alliances-touar-gues-et-sables-mouvants/ ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Carayol, R. (2015) Mali: Keïta and Koufa, l’inquiétant duo terroriste du Sud, Jeune Afrique, December 3, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/280602/politique/mali-keita-koufa-linquietant-duo-terroriste-sud/ ( last accessed 28 January 2016).
- Christia, F. (2012) Alliance Formation in Civil Wars (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).
- Couteau, F. (2013) A la Une : le niet du MNLA, Radio France International, 25 April, Available at http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20130425-une-le-niet-mnla/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher, Kristin M. Bakke & Lee Seymour (2012) Shirts today, skins tomorrow: Dual contests and the effects of fragmentation in self-determination disputes, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(1), pp. 57–93.
- Daniel, S. (2012) Al-Qaïda au Maghreb islamique (Fayard: L’industrie de l’enlèvement).
- De Fazio, G. (2014) Intra-movement competition and political outbidding as mechanisms of radicalization in Northern Ireland, 1968–1969, in: L. Bosi, C. Demetriou & S. Malthaner (Eds) Dynamics of Political Violence: A Process-oriented Perspective on Radicalization and the Escalation of the Political Conflict (Farnham: Asghate), pp. 115–135.
- Diani, M. (2003) ‘Leaders’ or brokers? Positions and influence in social movement networks, in: M. Diani & D. McAdam (Eds) Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, pp. 106–124 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).10.1093/0199251789.001.0001
- Duhem, V. (2013) Mali : le MIA, dissidence d’Ansar Eddine, demande “l’arrêt des hostilités” Jeune Afrique, 24 January, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/172550/politique/mali-le-mia-dissidence-d-ansar-eddine-demande-l-arr-t-des-hostilit-s/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Fjelde, H. & D. Nilsson (2012) Rebels against rebels explaining violence between rebel groups, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(4), pp. 604–628.10.1177/0022002712439496
- Fodou, A. (2014) La CMFPR fait une mise au point, Le Journal du Mali, 28 January, Available at http://www.journaldumali.com/article.php?aid=7778 ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Grégoire, E. (2013) Islamistes et rebelles touaregs maliens: alliances, rivalités et ruptures, EchoGéo, July 3, Available at https://echogeo.revues.org/13466#text ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Hien, R.O. (2012) Mali: Ansar Dine fait des concessions pour éviter une intervention armée, Agence France Presse. Available at http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20121114.AFP4974/mali-ansar-dine-fait-des-concessions-pour-eviter-une-intervention-armee.html (accessed 26 January 2016).
- Hyden, G. (2006) Ethnicity and conflict, in: G. Hyden (Ed) African Politics in Comparative Perspective, pp. 183–205 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
- International Crisis Group (ICG). (2012) Mali: Eviter l’escalade, African Report, no 189, 18 July (Brussels: An International Crisis Group Publication). Available at https://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/africa/west-africa/mali/mali-avoiding-escalation (accessed 7 September 2016)
- International Crisis Group (ICG). (2015) Mali: la paix à marche forcée? African Report, no 226, 22 May (Brussels: An International Crisis Group Publication). Available at https://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/africa/west-africa/mali/mali-imposed-peace (accessed 7 September 2016)
- Jambot, S. (2014) Nord-Mali : Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh crée un mouvement dissident du MNLA, France 24, 29 March, Nord-Mali: Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh crée un mouvement dissident du MNLA, Available at http://www.france24.com/fr/20140319-nord-mali-ibrahim-ag-mohamed-assaleh-mouvement-mnla ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Jeune Afrique. (2013) Mali: le MNLA se cherche un chef, Jeune Afrique, 22 November, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/135487/politique/mali-le-mnla-se-cherche-un-chef/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Jezequel, J.-H. (2015) Mali’s peace deal represents a welcome development, but will it work this time? The Guardian, 1 July, Available at http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/01/mali-peace-deal-a-welcome-development-but-will-it-work-this-time ( last accessed 3 September 2015).
- Kenny, P. (2010) Structural integrity and cohesion in armed organizations: evidence from protracted conflicts in Ireland and Burma, International Studies Review, 12(4), pp. 533–555.10.1111/misr.2010.12.issue-4
- Lacher, W. (2012). Organized crime and conflict in the sahel-sahara region. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at http://carnegieendowment.org/files/sahel_sahara.pdf (accessed 7 September 2016)
- Lacher, W. (2013) Challenging the myth of the drug-terror nexus in the Sahel, WACD Background Paper No. 4. Kofi Annan Foundation, Geneva. Available at http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Challenging-the-Myth-of-the-Drug-Terror-Nexus-in-the-Sahel-2013-08-19.pdf (accessed 7 September 2016)
- Le Monde. (2013) La trajectoire djihadiste du Mujao du nord du Mali au Niger, Le Monde, 23 April, Available at http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/05/23/la-trajectoire-djihadiste-du-mujao-du-nord-mali-au-niger_3416576_3212.html#FWUW5vf7I3ZgWllH.99 ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Lebovich, A. (2013) The local face of Jihadism in Northern Mali, CTC Sentinel, 6(6), pp. 4–10.
- Lecocq Baz Mann, G., B. Whitehouse, D. Badi, L. Pelckmans, N. Belalimat, … & W. Lacher (2013) One hippopotamus and eight blind analysts: a multivocal analysis of the 2012 political crisis in the divided Republic of Mali. Extended Editors Cut, Available at http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/lecocq-mann-et-al—one-hippo-8-blind-analysts-editors-cut.pdf ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Lichterman, P. (1995) Piecing together multicultural community: cultural differences in community building among grass-roots environmentalists, Social Problems, 42(4), pp. 513–534.10.2307/3097044
- Lonsdale, J. (1996) Ethnicité morale et tribalisme politique, Politique africaine, 61, pp. 98–115.
- Lounnas, Dr. D. (2013) Al Qaida au Maghreb Islamique et le trafic de drogue au Sahel, Maghreb – Machrek, 2013/2, 216, pp. 111–128.10.3917/machr.216.0109
- Lyammouri, R. (2015) Ties in Nothern Mali are complex, murky, and dirty!, Maghreb and Sahel (Blog), October 16, Available at https://maghrebandsahel.wordpress.com/2015/10/16/ties-in-northern-mali-are-complex-murky-and-dirty/ ( last consulted 10 December 2015).
- Mari, J.-P. (2013) Ansar Dine coupé en deux, Le Nouvel Observateur, January 24, Available at http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/journaliste/14916/jean-paul-mari.html ( last accessed 21 December 2015).
- McAdam, D. (2003) Beyond structural analysis: toward a more dynamic understanding of social movements, in: M. Diani & D. McAdam (Eds) Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, pp. 281–298 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).10.1093/0199251789.001.0001
- McAdam, D., S. Tarrow & C. Tilly (2001) Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511805431
- McCammon, H.J. & K. Campbell (2002) Allies on the road to victory: coalition formation between the suffragists and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, Mobilization, 7(3), pp. 231–251.
- McGregor, A. (2014) New rebel movement declared in northern Mali, Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, 12(7), pp. 1–2, April 4.
- McGregor, A. (2015) GATIA: a profile of northern Mali’s pro-government Tuareg and Arab Militia, Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, 13(7), pp. 6–7, April 3.
- Pezard, S. & M. Shurkin (2015) Achieving Peace in Northern Mali Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement (Washington, DC: Rand Corporation)).
- Pham, J.P. (2011) The dangerous “Pragmatism” of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 2(1), pp. 15–29.10.1080/21520844.2011.567445
- Plantade, Y. (2012) Dans le nord du Mali, les Touaregs du MNLA lancent un nouveau défi armé à l’État, Le Monde, 25 January, Available at http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/01/25/dans-le-nord-du-mali-les-touareg-du-mnla-lancent-un-nouveau-defi-arme-a-l-etat_1634378_3212.html ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Raineri, L. & F. Strazzari (2015) State, secession, and Jihad: the micropolitical economy of conflict in northern Mali, African Security, 8(4), pp. 249–271.10.1080/19392206.2015.1100501
- Raleigh, C. (2011) Scales of conflict research, International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 37(4), pp. 469–481.10.1080/03050629.2011.622663
- RFI. (2013) Mali: Après les affrontement d’Anéfis, le MNLA et l’Armée attendent les pourparlers de Ouagadougou, RFI, June 6, Available at http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130606-affrontements-anefis-kidal-mnla-azawad-armee-mali-pourparlers-ouagadougou ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Roger, B. (2014) Mali: retour sur un week-end sanglant à Kidal, Jeune Afrique, 19 May, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/53886/politique/mali-retour-sur-un-week-end-sanglant-kidal/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Roger, B. & D. Thiénot (2015) Nord du Mali: le Gatia, une milice loyaliste qui veut monter … jusqu’à Alger, Jeune Afrique, February17, Available at http://www.jeuneafrique.com/32574/politique/nord-du-mali-le-gatia-une-milice-loyaliste-qui-veut-monter-jusqu-alger/ ( last accessed 3 September 2015).
- Roth, B. (2010) Organizing one’s own as good politics: second wave feminists and the meaning of coalition, in: N. Van Dyke & H. McCammon (Eds) Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements, pp. 99–118 (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).
- Rucht, D. (2004) Movement allies, adversaries, and third parties, in: D. Snow, S. Soule & Hanspeter Kriesi (Eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, pp. 197–216 (Oxford: Blackwell).
- Scheele, J. (2009) Tribus, états et fraude: La région frontalière algéro-malienne, Études rurales, 184, pp. 79–94.
- Schlichte, K. (2009) With the state against the state? The formation of armed groups, Contemporary Security Policy, 30(2), pp. 246–264.10.1080/13523260903059799
- Sidibé, K. (2012) Criminal networks and conflict-resolution mechanisms in northern Mali, IDS Bulletin, 43(4), pp. 74–88.10.1111/idsb.2012.43.issue-4
- Soeters, J.L. (2005) Ethnic Conflict and Terrorism. The Origins and Dynamics of Civil War (New York, NY: Routledge).
- Staniland, P. (2014) Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
- Tamazgha. (2012) Les cadres de l’Azawad s’élèvent contre toute alliance avec les islamistes, Tamazgha.fr, May 30, Available at http://tamazgha.fr/Les-cadres-de-l-Azawad-s-elevent.html ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Tarrow, S. (2011) Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Revised and updated, 3rd ed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511973529
- The Moor Next Door. (2012) Some things we may think about MUJWA, The Moor Next Door, May 30, Available at https://themoornextdoor.wordpress.com/2012/05/30/somethings-we-think-about-mujwa/ ( last accessed 10 December 2015).
- Tilly, C. (2003) The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511819131
- Touchard, L., B. Ahmed & C. Ouazani (2012) Mali: Iyad Ag Ghali, rebelle dans l’âme, Jeune Afrique, 2 October, http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139884/politique/mali-iyad-ag-ghali-rebelle-dans-l-me/ ( last accessed 26 January 2016).
- Van Dyke, N. (2013) Coalitions, in: D.A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans & D. McAdam (Eds) The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements (Wiley Online Library). 10.1002/9781405198431
- Van Dyke, N. & H. Mc Cammon (2010) Introduction: social movement coalition formation, in: N. Van Dyke & H. McCammon (Eds) Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements, pp. xi–xxviii (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).
- Walt, S.M. (1987) Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
- Walther, O. & D. Christopoulos (2015) Islamic terrorism and the Malian rebellion, Terrorism and Political Violence, 27(3), pp. 497–519.10.1080/09546553.2013.809340
- Walther, O. & C. Leuprecht (2015) Mapping and Deterring Violent Extremist Networks in North-West Africa. Working Paper No. 04/15, Department of Border Region Studies, University of Southern Danemark, Sønderborg.