Site Amplification Factors and Acceleration Response Spectra for Shallow Bedrock Sites – Application to Southern India

References

• Aboye, S. A., R. D. Andrus, N. Ravichandran, A. H. Bhuiyan, and N. Harman. 2015. Seismic site factors and design response spectra based on conditions in Charleston, South Carolina. Earthq Spectra 31 (2): 723–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2011. LRFD bridge design specifications, second. 286. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
   Google Scholar
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE Standard. 7–10. 650.
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., A. Kumar, and T. G. Sitharam [2010] “Site response of deep soil sites in indo gangetic plain for different historic earthquakes,” In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, San Diego, CA: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., A. Prabhakaran, H. Madhura, S. S. Moustafa, and N. S. N. Al-Arifi. 2017b. Selection of representative shear modulus reduction and damping curves for rock, gravel and sand sites from the KiK-Net downhole array. Natural Hazards 88: 174–1768. doi: 10.1007/s11069-017-2944-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., A. Uday, S. R. Moustafa, and S. N. Al-Arifi. 2016c. Correlation of densities with shear wave velocities and SPT N values. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 13: 320. doi: 10.1088/1742-2132/13/3/320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., K. Bajaj, G. R. Reddy, V. S. Phanikanth, and D. N. Yadav. 2016b. Quantitative assessment of shear wave velocity correlations in the shallow bedrock sites. Indian Geotechnical Journal 46 (4): 381–97. doi: 10.1007/s40098-016-0181-y.
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., M. Sreenivas, K. Bajaj, S. S. Moustafa, and N. S. N. Al-Arifi. 2016a. Selection of ground motion prediction equations for seismic hazard analysis of peninsular India. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 20 (5): 699–737. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2015.1104747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., M. N. Sheikh, and A. Parihar. 2013. “Influence of rock depth on seismic site classification for shallow bedrock regions,” doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000088.
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., N. M. M. Sheikh, K. Bajaj, S. S. Moustafa, and N. S. N. Al-Arifi. 2017a. Empirical models for the prediction of ground motion duration for intraplate earthquakes. Search Results 21: 1001–21. doi: 10.1007/s10950-017-9648-2.
   Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan, P., and T. G. Sitharam. 2008. Mapping of average shear wave velocity for Bangalore region: A case study. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 13 (2): 69–84. doi: 10.2113/JEEG13.2.69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansal, A., and G. Tonuk. 2007. Source and site factors in microzonation. In Earthq geotech eng, ed. K. D. Pitilakis, 73–92. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bajaj, K., and P. Anbazhagan. 2019a. Regional Stochastic Ground-Motion Model for low to moderate seismicity area with variable seismotectonic–Application to Peninsular India. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17 (7): 3661–80. doi: 10.1007/s10518-019-00646-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj, K., and P. Anbazhagan. 2019b. Identification of shear modulus reduction and damping curve for deep and shallow sites: kik-net data. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2019.1643807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj, K., and P. Anbazhagan. 2019c. Comprehensive amplification estimation of the indo gangetic basin deep soil sites in the seismically active area. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J. W., and C. A. Cornell. 2006. Spectral shape, epsilon and record selection. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 35 (9): 1077–95. doi: 10.1002/eqe.571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J. W., T. Lin, S. K. Shahi, and N. Jayaram. 2011. “New ground motion selection procedures and selected motions for the PEER transportation research program,” PEER rep. No 2011/xx. Berkeley: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, College of Engineering, University of California, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan, T. S. 1997. Major tectonic elements of the Indian subcontinent and contiguous areas: A geophysical review. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 38: 18.
   Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan, T. S., P. Unnikrishnan, and A. V. S. Murty. 2009. The tectonic map of India and contiguous areas. Journal of the Geological Society of India 74: 158–70. doi: 10.1007/s12594-009-0119-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barani, S., R. Ferrari, and G. Ferretti. 2013. Influence of soil modeling uncertainties on site response. Earthquake Spectra 29: 705–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boominathan, A., G. R. Dodagoudar, A. Suganthi, and R. U. Maheshwari. 2008. Seismic hazard assessment of Chennai city considering local site effects. Journal of Earth System Science 117 (S2): 853–63. doi: 10.1007/s12040-008-0072-4.
   Google Scholar
• Boore, D. M. 2009. Comparing stochastic point-source and finite-source ground motion simulations: SMSIM and EXSIM. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99: 3202–16. doi: 10.1785/0120090056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borcherdt, R. D. 1994. Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification). Earthquake Spectra 10: 617–54. doi: 10.1193/1.1585791.
   Google Scholar
• Borcherdt, R. D. 2002. Empirical evidence for site coefficients in building-code provisions. Earthquake Spectra 18 (2): 189–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC). 2003. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures—Part 1: Provisions, FEMA- 368; Part 2: Commentary: FEMA-369Washington D.C:Federal Emergency Management Agency
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, K., and D. Choudhury. 2013. Variations in shear wave velocity and soil site class in Kolkata city using regression and sensitivity analysis. Natural Hazards 69 (3): 2057–82. doi: 10.1007/s11069-013-0795-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darendeli, M. B. [2001] “Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Dickenson, S. E. [1994] “Dynamic response of soft and deep cohesive soils during the loma prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
   Google Scholar
• Dobry, R., R. Ramos, and M. S. Power. 1999. “Site factors and site categories in seismic codes” Technical Report MCEER-99-0010, 81 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 1993. Guidelines for Site specific ground motions. Palo Alto, California: November, TR-102293.
   Google Scholar
• Geological Survey of India (Officers of the). 1968. “A geological report on the koyna earthquake of 11th december 1967, satara district, maharashtra state,” Unpublished Report (GSI) 242 pp. (Referred to in the text as GSI Report, 1968).
   Google Scholar
• Ghofrani, H., G. M. Atkinson, and K. Goda. 2013. Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site-effects in large earthquakes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11: 171–203. doi: 10.1007/s10518-012-9413-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, J. G., M. J. deWit, and R. E. Zartman. 2004. Age and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in the Southern Granulite Terrain of India, with implications for Gondwana studies. Tectonics 23 (TC3006). doi: 10.1029/2002TC001444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindaraju, L., and S. Bhattacharya. 2012. Site-specific earthquake response study for hazard assessment in Kolkata city, India. Natural Hazards 61: 943–65.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, H. K. 2006. Stable continental regions are more vulnerable to earthquakes than once thought. The Journal of Indian Geophysical Union 10 (1): 59–61.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, W. J., B. Mohraz, and N. M. Newmark. 1975. Statistical studies of vertical and horizontal earthquake spectra. Urbana, Illinois: Nathan M. Newmark Consulting Engineering Services.
   Google Scholar
• Haselton, C. B., J. W. Baker, Y. Bozorgnia, C. A. Goulet, E. Kalkan, N. Luco, T. Shantz, N. Shome, J. P. Stewart, P. Tothong, et al. 2009. Evaluation of ground motion selection and modification methods: Predicting median interstory drift response of buildings. PEER Report 2009–01, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Hashash, Y. M. A., C. Phillips, and D. R. Groholski. 2010. “Recent advances in non-linear site response analysis,” In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, San Diego, California
   Google Scholar
• Hashash, Y. M. A., M. I. Musgrove, J. A. Harmon, D. R. Groholski, C. A. Phillips, and D. Park. 2017. DEEPSOIL 7.0.5,” user manual. Urbana: Board of Trustees of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
   Google Scholar
• Idriss, I. M. 1990. “Response of soft soil sites during earthquakes,” Proc. H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, May 9, J. M. Duncan (editor) 2: 273–90.
   Google Scholar
• International Code Council (ICC). 2012. International building code (IBC). VA:International Code Council.
   Google Scholar
• IS 1893 (Part 1) (Bureau of Indian Standard). 2016. Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Sixth. Revision. Bureau of Indian Standards: New Delhi.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, R. N., and S. T. G Raghu Kanth. 2004. Attenuation of strong ground motion in Peninsular India; Seismological Research Letters 79(5):530–40.
   Google Scholar
• John, B., and C. P. Rajendran. 2008. Geomorphic indicators of neotectonism from the precambrian terrain of peninsular India: A study from the bharathapuzha basin Kerala. Journal of the Geological Society of India 71: 827–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal, and A. K. Mundepi. 2007. “Site response studies in Dehradun: First step towards microzonation,” Natural hazards, spl vol IGC proceedings of Indian geological congress, Pune, India, pp. 175–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., P. Anbazhagan, and T. G. Sitharam 2012. “Site specific ground response study of deep indo-gangetic basin using representative regional ground motions,” Geo-Congress, State of art and practice in Geotechnical Engineering. 2012. Oakland California, paper no. 1065.
   Google Scholar
• Kwok, A. O., and J. P. Stewart. 2006. Evaluation of the effectiveness of theoretical 1-D amplification factors for earthquake ground-motion prediction. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96: 1422–36. doi: 10.1785/0120040196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, O. A., J. P. Stewart, Y. M. A. Hashash, N. Matasovic, R. Pyke, Z. Wang, and Z. Yang. 2007. Use of exact solutions of wave propagation problems to guide implementation of nonlinear seismic ground response analysis procedures. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE 133 (11): 1385–98. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:11(1385).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari, R. U., A. Boominathan, and G. R. Dodagoudar. 2008. Nonlinear seismic response analysis of selected sites in Chennai. Proceedings of The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, India, October 1, pp. 2835–42.
   Google Scholar
• Maheshwari, U. R., A. Boominathan, and G. R. Dodagoudar. 2010. Use of surface waves in statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and Penetration Resistance of Chennai soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 28: 119–37. doi: 10.1007/s10706-009-9285-9.
   Google Scholar
• Malekmohammadi, M., and S. Pezeshk. 2015. Ground motion site amplification factors for sites located within the Mississippi embayment with consideration of deep soil deposits. Earthq Spectra 31 (2): 699–722. doi: 10.1193/091712EQS291M.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, P. K. 2006. Smooth spectra of horizontal and vertical ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (2): 506–18. doi: 10.1785/0120050062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menq, F. Y. 2003. “Dynamic properties of sandy and gravelly soils,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas, Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Mhaske, S. Y., and D. Choudhury. 2011. Geospatial countour mapping of shear wave velocity for Mumbai city. Natural Hazards 59: 317–27. doi: 10.1007/s11069-011-9758-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motazedian, D., and G. M. Atkinson. 2005. Stochastic finite‐fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95: 995–1010. doi: 10.1785/0120030207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik, N., and D. Choudhury. 2013. “Site specific ground response analysis for typical sites in Panjim city, Goa”. Proceedings of Indian geotechnical conference, Roorkee, India.
   Google Scholar
• Newmark, N. M., and W. J. Hall. 1982. Earthquake spectra and design. In Earthquake engineering research institute. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Parihar, A. [2014] “Seismic site classification and response studies of shallow bedrock site,” Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bengeluru.
   Google Scholar
• Parihar, A., and P. Anbazhagan. 2020. Site Response Study and Amplification Factor for Shallow Bedrock Sites. IndianGeotechnical Journal https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-020-00410-w.
   Google Scholar
• Park, C., R. Miller, and J. Xia. 1998. “Imaging dispersion curves of surface waves on multi-channel record” Society of Exploration Geophysicists Expanded Abstracts, 1377–80
   Google Scholar
• Park, C. B., R. D. Miller, J. Xia, and J. Ivanov. 2007. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW)-active and passive methods. The Leading Edge 26: 60–64. doi: 10.1190/1.2431832.
   Google Scholar
• Park, D., K. Dong, J. Chang-Gyun, and P. Taehyo. 2012. Development of probabilistic seismic site coefficients of Korea. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 43: 247–60. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, C., and Y. M. Hashash. 2009. Damping formulation for nonlinear 1D site response analyses. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29 (7): 1143–58. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, E. L., S. Kolathayar, and R. Ramkrishnan [2018] “Seismic risk assessment for coimbatore integrating seismic hazard and land use,” In GeoShanghai International Conference, pp. 117–24, Springer, Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• RaghuKanth, S. T. G., and R. N. Iyengar. 2007. Estimation of seismic spectral acceleration in peninsular India. Journal of Earth System Science 116 (3): 199–214. doi: 10.1007/s12040-007-0020-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, S. S., K. Priestly, K. Suryaprakasam, D. Srinages, V. K. Gaur, and Z. Du. 2003. Crustal shear velocity structure of theSouth India shield. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 2088. doi: 10.1029/2002JB001776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran, C. P. 2000. Using geological data for earthquake studies: A perspective from peninsular India. Current Science 79: 1251–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy, S. M. 2006. Remote sensing and active tectonics of south India. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27 (20): 4397–431. doi: 10.1080/01431160500502603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkrishnan, R., S. Kolathayar, and T. G. Sitharam. 2019. Seismic hazard assessment and land use analysis of mangalore City, Karnataka, India. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1–22. doi:10.1080/13632469.2019.1608333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi, B. K. 1992. Seismotectonics inferred from earthquakes and earthquake sequences in India during the 1980s. Current Science India 62 (1–2): 101–08.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, A. 2006. Seismicity in the peninsular indian shield: Some geological considerations. Current Science 91: 456–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santosh, M., W. J. Xiao, T. Tsunogae, T. R. K. Chetty, and T. Yellapa. 2012. The neoproterozoic subduction complex southern India: SIMS zircon U–Pb ages and implications for gondwana assembly. Precambrian Research 192: 190–208. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel, P. B. [1973] “Effects of local geology and distance from source on earthquake ground motions,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calif., Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Schnabel, P. B., J. Lysmer, and H. B. Seed 1972. “SHAKE—a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered soil,” Report No. EERC-72/12, University of California, Berkeley
   Google Scholar
• Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss. 1970. “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses,” Report No. EERC 70-10, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 40p.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, K., and L. Deng. 2019. Reconnaissance report on geotechnical engineering aspect of the april 25, 2015, Gorkha, Nepal earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 23 (3): 512–37. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2017.1342299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, K., M. Subedi, R. R. Parajuli, and B. Pokharel. 2017. Effects of surface geology and topography on the damage severity during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake. Journal of Lowland Technology International 18 (4): 269–82.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, W. J., S. Li, R. B. Darragh, and N. Gregor. 2000. Surface geology based strong motion amplification factors for the san francisco bay and los angeles areas, prepared for PG&E PEER–task 5.B. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. P., A. H. Liu, and Y. Choi. 2003. Amplification factors for spectral acceleration in tectonically active regions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 (1): 332–52. doi: 10.1785/0120020049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdiya, K. S. 1973. Tectonic framework of India: A review and interpretation of recent structural and tectonic studies. Geophysical Research Bulletin 11: 79–114.
   Google Scholar
• Vipin, K. S., P. Anbazhagan, and T. G. Sitharam. 2009. Estimation of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration for South India with local site effects: Probabilistic approach. Natural Hazards Earth System Science 9: 865–78. doi: 10.5194/nhess-9-865-2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, J., R. D. Miller, and C. B. Park. 1999. Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves. Geophysics 64: 691–700. doi: 10.1190/1.1444578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., R. Andrus, and C. H. Juang. 2005. Normalized shear modulus and material damping ratio relationships. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE 131: 453–64. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:4(453).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar