References
- Aki, K. 1980. Scattering and attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (B11): 6496–504. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB11p06496.
- Aki, K., and B. Chouet. 1975. Origin of coda waves: Source, attenuation, and scattering effects. Journal of Geophysical Research 80 (23): 3322–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JB080i023p03322.
- Aki, K., and P. G. Richards. 2002. Quantitative seismology. 2nd ed., 704pp University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-96-2
- AlShukri, H. J., G. L. Pavlis, and F. L. Vernon. 1995. Site effect observations from broadband arrays. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85 (6): 1758–69.
- Anderson, J. G., and S. E. Hough. 1984. A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74: 1969–93.
- Anderson, J. G., and J. R. Humphrey. 1991. A least squares method for objective determination of earthquake source parameters. Seismological Research Letters 62 (3–4): 201–09. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.62.3-4.201.
- Biasi, G. P., and K. D. Smith (2001) Site effects for seismic monitoring stations in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, MOL20011204.0045, a report prepared for the US DOE/University and Community College System of Nevada (UCCSN) Cooperative Agreement.
- Boore, D. M. 2003. Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure and Applied Geophysics 160 (3): 635–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012553.
- Boore, D. M., and G. M. Atkinson. 2008. Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 99–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2830434.
- Borcherdt, R. D. 1970. Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 60: 29–61.
- Borcherdt, R. D. 1994. Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification). Earthquake Spectra 10 (4): 617–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585791.
- Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2002) IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures part 1 general provisions and buildings (fifth revision). Indian Stand.
- Campbell, K. W. 2009. Estimates of shear-wave Q and 0 for unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sediments in Eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99 (4): 2365–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080116.
- Campbell, K. W., and Y. Bozorgnia. 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10s. Earthquake Spectra 24 (1): 139–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2857546.
- Castro, R. R., L. Trojani, G. Monachesi, M. Mucciarelli, and M. Cattaneo. 2000. The spectral decay parameter κ in the region of Umbria-Marche, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B10): 23811–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900236.
- Douglas, J. 2003. Earthquake ground motion estimation using strong-motion records: A review of equations for the estimation of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates. Earth-Science Reviews 61 (1–2): 43–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00112-5.
- Douglas, J., P. Gehl, L. F. Bonilla, and C. Gélis. 2010. A κ model for mainland France. Pure and Applied Geophysics 167 (11): 1303–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0146-5.
- Fernández, A. I., R. R. Castro, and C. I. Huerta. 2010. The spectral decay parameter kappa in Northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100 (1): 196–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090049.
- Gahalaut, K., and N. P. Rao. 2009. Stress field in the western Himalaya with special reference to the 8 October 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake. Journal of Seismology 13 (3): 371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-008-9107-1.
- Gaur, V. K., R. Chander, I. Sarkar, K. N. Khattri, and H. Sinvhal. 1985. Seismicity and the state of stress from investigations of local earthquakes in the Kumaon Himalaya. Tectonophysics 118 (3–4): 243–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90123-4.
- Hanks, T. C. 1982. Fmax. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 72 (6A): 1867–79.
- Harinarayan, N. H., and A. Kumar. 2018. Determination of NEHRP site class of seismic recording stations in the Northwest Himalayas and its adjoining area using HVSR method. Pure and Applied Geophysics 175 (1): 89–107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1696-6.
- Havskov, J., M. B. Sørensen, D. Vales, M. Özyazıcıoğlu, G. Sánchez, and B. Li. 2016. Coda Q in different tectonic areas, influence of processing parameters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106 (3): 956–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150359.
- Hough, S. E., and J. G. Anderson. 1988. High-frequency spectra observed at Anza, California: Implications for Q structure. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78 (2): 692–707.
- Khattri, K. N. 1987. Great earthquakes, seismicity gaps and potential for earthquake disaster along the Himalaya plate boundary. Tectonophysics 138 (1): 92–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90067-9.
- Khattri, K. N. 1999. Probabilities of occurrence of great earthquakes in the Himalaya. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences 108 (2): 87–92.
- Khattri, K. N., R. Chander, V. K. Gaur, and I. Sarkar. 1989. New seismological results on the tectonics of the Garhwal Himalaya. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences 98 (1): 91–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02880378.
- Knopoff, L. 1964. Quality Reviews of Geophysics 2 (4): 625–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/RG002i004p00625.
- Konno, K., and T. Ohmachi. 1998. Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88: 228–41.
- Ktenidou, O.-J., C. Gélis, and L.-F. Bonilla. 2013. A study on the variability of Kappa (κ) in a borehole: implications of the computation process. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103 (2A): 1048–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120093.
- Ktenidou, O.-J., W. J. Silva, R. B. Darragh, N. A. Abrahamson, and T. Kishida. 2017. Squeezing Kappa (κ) out of the transportable array: A strategy for using bandlimited data in regions of sparse seismicity. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107 (1): 256–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150301.
- Kumar, A., A. Kumar, and H. Mittal. 2013. Earthquake source parameters review in Indian context. Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) 3 (1): 41–52.
- Kumar, A., and H. Mittal. 2018. Strong-motion instrumentation: Current status and future scenario. In Advances in Indian earthquake engineering and seismology, ed. M. Sharma, M. Shrikhande, and H. Wason, 35–54. Cham: Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76855-7_3.
- Kumar, A., H. Mittal, R. Kumar, and R. S. Ahluwalia. 2017. Empirical attenuation relationship for peak ground horizontal acceleration for North-East Himalaya. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences 39 (1): 46–56.
- Kumar, D., V. S. Ram, and K. N. Khattri. 2006. A study of source parameters, site amplification functions and average effective shear wave quality factor Qseff from analysis of accelerograms of the 1999 Chamoli earthquake, Himalaya. Pure and Applied Geophysics 163 (7): 1369–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0078-2.
- Lai, T.-S., H. Mittal, W.-A. Chao, and Y.-M. Wu. 2016. A study on Kappa value in Taiwan using borehole and surface seismic array. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106 (4): 1509–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160004.
- Lermo, J., and F. J. Chavez-Garcia. 1994. Are microtremors useful in site response evaluation? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84: 1350–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1306/080700710318.
- Mena, B., P. M. Mai, K. B. Olsen, M. D. Purvance, and J. N. Brune. 2010. Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulation using scattering green’s functions: Application to large-magnitude events. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100 (5A): 2143–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080318.
- Mittal, H. (2011) Estimation of ground motion in Delhi. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
- Mittal, H., S. Gupta, A. Srivastava, R. N. Dubey, and A. Kumar (2006) National strong motion instrumentation project: An overview. In 13th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Dec 18–20, 107–15.
- Mittal, H., Kamal, A. Kumar, and S. K. Singh. 2013. Estimation of site effects in Delhi using standard spectral ratio. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 50: 53–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.03.004.
- Mittal, H., and A. Kumar. 2015. Stochastic finite-fault modeling of M w 5.4 earthquake along Uttarakhand–Nepal border. Natural Hazards 75 (2): 1145–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1367-1.
- Mittal, H., A. Kumar, and Kamal. 2013. Ground motion estimation in Delhi from postulated regional and local earthquakes. Journal of Seismology 17 (2): 593–605. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9340-5.
- Mittal, H., A. Kumar, and A. Kumar. 2013. Site effects estimation in Delhi from the Indian strong motion instrumentation network. Seismological Research Letters 84 (1): 33–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120058.
- Mittal, H., A. Kumar, A. Kumar, and R. Kumar. 2015. Analysis of ground motion in Delhi from earthquakes recorded by strong motion network. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8 (4): 2005–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1357-3.
- Mittal, H., A. Kumar, and R. Ramhmachhuani. 2012. Indian national strong motion instrumentation network and site characterization of its stations. International Journal of Geosciences 3 (6): 1151–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.326117.
- Mittal, H., A. Kumar, Y.-M. Wu, K. Kumar, and A. Kumar. 2016a. Source study of M w 5.4 April 4, 2011 India–Nepal border earthquake and scenario events in the Kumaon–Garhwal Region. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9 (5): 348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2330-0.
- Mittal, H., Y.-M. Wu, D.-Y. Chen, and W.-A. Chao. 2016b. Stochastic finite modeling of ground motion for March 5, 2012, Mw 4.6 earthquake and scenario greater magnitude earthquake in the proximity of Delhi. Natural Hazards 82 (2): 1123–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2236-x.
- Mittal, H., Y.-M. Wu, T.-L. Lin, C. P. Legendre, S. Gupta, and B. M. Yang. 2019a. Time-dependent shake map for Uttarakhand Himalayas, India, using recorded earthquakes. Acta Geophysica 67 (3): 753–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-019-00281-7.
- Mittal, H., Y. M. Wu, M. L. Sharma, T. L. Lin, and B. M. Yang (2018) Shake maps generation for Delhi region using two different algorithms. In 16th symposium on earthquake engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Dec 20–22, 1–10.
- Mittal, H., Y.-M. Wu, M. L. Sharma, B. M. Yang, and S. Gupta. 2019b. Testing the performance of earthquake early warning system in northern India. Acta Geophysica 67 (1): 59–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0210-6.
- Motazedian, D., and G. M. Atkinson. 2005. Stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95 (3): 995–1010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030207.
- Mukhopadhyay, S., and J. Sharma. 2010. Attenuation characteristics of Garwhal–Kumaun Himalayas from analysis of coda of local earthquakes. Journal of Seismology 14 (4): 693–713. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-010-9192-9.
- Nakamura, Y. 1989. A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Railway technical research institute. Quarterly Reports 30 (1): 25–33.
- Nath, S. K., K. Shukla, and M. Vyas. 2008. Seismic hazard scenario and attenuation model of the Garhwal Himalaya using near-field synthesis from weak motion seismometry. Journal of Earth System Science 117 (S2): 649–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0062-6.
- Pandey, B., R. S. Jakka, A. Kumar, and H. Mittal. 2016. Site characterization of strong-motion recording stations of delhi using joint inversion of phase velocity dispersion and H/V curve. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106 (3): 1254–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150135.
- Papageorgiou, A. S., and K. Aki. 1983. A specific barrier model for the quantitative description of inhomogeneous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion. I. Description of the model. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73 (3): 693–722. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(84)90498-4.
- Perron, V., F. Hollender, P.-Y. Bard, C. Gélis, C. Guyonnet‐Benaize, B. Hernandez, and O.-J. Ktenidou. 2017. Robustness of kappa (κ) measurement in low-to-moderate seismicity areas: Insight from a site-specific study in Provence, France. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107 (5): 2272–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160374.
- Prieto, G. A., D. J. Thomson, F. L. Vernon, P. M. Shearer, and R. L. Parker. 2007. Confidence intervals for earthquake source parameters. Geophysical Journal International 168 (3): 1227–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03257.x.
- Pulli, J. 1984. Attenuation of Coda waves in New England. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74 (4): 1149–66.
- Purvance, M. D., and J. G. Anderson. 2003. A comprehensive study of the observed spectral decay in strong-motion accelerations recorded in Guerrero, Mexico. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93 (2): 600–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020065.
- Seeber, L., and J. G. Armbruster. 1981. Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long‐term forecasting. Earthquake Prediction: An International Review 4: 259–77.
- Sharma, B., A. K. Gupta, D. K. Devi, D. Kumar, S. S. Teotia, and B. K. Rastogi. 2008. Attenuation of high-frequency seismic waves in Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98 (5): 2325–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070224.
- Sharma, B., H. Mittal, and A. Kumar. 2015. A reappraisal of attenuation of seismic waves and its relevance towards seismic hazard. International Journal of Advanced Research 3 (3): 296–305.
- Sharma, B., S. S. Teotia, and D. Kumar. 2007. Attenuation of P, S, and coda waves in Koyna region, India. Journal of Seismology 11 (3): 327–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9057-z.
- Sharma, B., S. S. Teotia, D. Kumar, and P. S. Raju. 2009. Attenuation of P- and S-waves in the Chamoli Region, Himalaya, India. Pure and Applied Geophysics 166 (12): 1949. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-009-0527-9.
- Sharma, J., S. Chopra, and K. S. Roy. 2014. Estimation of source parameters, quality factor (Qs), and site characteristics using accelerograms: Uttarakhand Himalaya region. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104 (1): 360–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120304.
- Silva, W. J., and R. B. Darragh (1995) Engineering characterization of strong ground motion recorded flat rock sites. CA. Report No. TR-102262, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto.
- Singh, S. K. W. K. Mohanty, B. K. Bansal, and G. S. Roonwal. 2002. Ground motion in Delhi from future large/great earthquakes in the central seismic gap of the Himalayan Arc. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (2): 555–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010139.
- Singh, S. K., E. Mena, and R. Castro. 1988. Some aspects of source characteristics of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan earthquake and ground motion amplification in and near Mexico City from strong-motion data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78 (2): 451–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
- Singh, S. K., M. Ordaz, R. S. Dattatrayam, and H. K. Gupta. 1999. A spectral analysis of the 21 May 1997, Jabalpur, India, earthquake (Mw = 5.8) and estimation of ground motion from future earthquakes in the Indian shield region. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89 (6): 1620–30.
- Tsai, C.-C. P., and K.C. Chen. 2000. A model for the high-cut process of strong-motion accelerations in terms of distance, magnitude, and site condition: An example from the smart 1 array, Lotung, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90 (6): 1535–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000010.
- van Houtte, C., O.-J. Ktenidou, T. Larkin, and C. Holden. 2014. Hard-site 0 (Kappa) calculations for Christchurch, New Zealand, and comparison with local ground-motion prediction models. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104 (4): 1899–913. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130271.
- Vernon, F. L., G. L. Pavlis, T. J. Owens, D. E. McNamara, and P. N. Anderson. 1998. Near-surface scattering effects observed with a high-frequency phased array at Pinyon Flats, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88 (6): 1548–60.
- Wennerberg, L. 1993. Multiple-scattering interpretations of coda-Q measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83 (1): 279–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.001.01.12.
- Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith. 1998. New, improved version of generic mapping tools released. Eos. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 79 (47): 579. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/98EO00426.
- Wu, R.-S. 1985. Multiple scattering and energy transfer of seismic waves -- Separation of scattering effect from intrinsic attenuation -- I. Theoretical modelling. Geophysical Journal International 82 (1): 57–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05128.x.
- Zeng, Y., F. Su, and K. Aki. 1991. Scattering wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium: 1. Theory. Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (B1): 607–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02012.