Out-of-Plane Dynamical Strength of Masonry Walls Under Seismic Actions

References

• Bachmann, J. A., M. Strand, M. F. Vassiliou, M. Broccardo, and B. Stojadinović. 2018. Is rocking motion predictable? Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 47 (2):535–52. doi:10.1002/eqe.2978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio, C., and R. Masiani. 1991. Dynamic behaviour of historical masonry. Brick and Block Masonry 1:473–80.
   Google Scholar
• Casapulla, C., and L. Giresini. 2017. Rocking and kinematic approaches for rigid block analysis of masonry walls: State of the art and recent developments. Buildings 7 (3):69. doi:10.3390/buildings7030069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccia, S., M. Como, and F. Di Carlo. 2022. The slender rigid block: Archetype for the seismic analysis of masonry structures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1–25. doi:10.1080/13632469.2022.2121337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccia, S., F. Di Carlo, and S. Imperatore. 2017. Force reduction factor for out-of-plane simple mechanisms of masonry structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15 (3):1241–59. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-9976-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Como, M., F. Di Carlo, and S. Coccia. 2019. Dynamic response of rocking cracked masonry walls. Meccanica 54 (3):381–98. doi:10.1007/s11012-019-00949-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeJong, M. J., and E. G. Dimitrakopoulos. 2014. Dynamically equivalent rocking structures. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 43 (10):1543–63. doi:10.1002/eqe.2410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshan, H., M. C. Griffith, and J. M. Ingham. 2013. Airbag testing of multi-leaf unreinforced masonry walls subjected to one-way bending. Engineering Structures 57:512–22. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrakopoulos, E. G., and M. J. DeJong. 2012. Revisiting the rocking block: Closed-form solutions and similarity laws. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468 (2144):2294–318. doi:10.1098/rspa.2012.0026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrakopoulos, E. G., and T. S. Paraskeva. 2015. Dimensionless fragility curves for rocking response to near-fault excitations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 44 (12):2015–33. doi:10.1002/eqe.2571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, K. T. 2000. An investigation of the weak links in the seismic load path of unreinforced masonary buildings. Doctoral dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, K., M. C. Griffith, N. Lam, and J. Wilson. 2002. Displacement‐based seismic analysis for out‐of‐plane bending of unreinforced masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 31 (4):833–50. doi:10.1002/eqe.126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giresini, L., and M. Sassu. 2017. Horizontally restrained rocking blocks: Evaluation of the role of boundary conditions with static and dynamic approaches. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15 (1):385–410. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-9967-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuriani, E. 2004. L’organizzazione degli impalcati per gli edifici storici. L’Edilizia, Speciale Legno Strutturale 134:30–43.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, M. C., N. T. Lam, J. L. Wilson, and K. Doherty. 2004. Experimental investigation of unreinforced brick masonry walls in flexure. Journal of Structural Engineering 130 (3):423–32. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:3(423).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, M. C., J. Vaculik, N. T. K. Lam, J. Wilson, and E. Lumantarna. 2007. Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two‐way bending. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 36 (6):801–21. doi:10.1002/eqe.654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyman, J. 1966. The stone skeleton. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2 (2):249–79. doi:10.1016/0020-7683(66)90018-7.
   Google Scholar
• Housner, G. W. 1963. The dynamic behavior of water tanks. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America 53:381–87.
   Google Scholar
• Ishiyama, Y. 1982. Motions of rigid bodies and criteria for overturning by earthquake excitations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 10 (5):635–50. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290100502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kounadis, A. N., G. J. Papadopoulos, and D. M. Cotsovos. 2012. Overturning instability of a two-rigid block system under ground excitation. ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 92 (7):536–57. doi:10.1002/zamm.201100095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, N. T. K., M. Griffith, J. Wilson, and K. Doherty. 2003. Time–history analysis of URM walls in out-of-plane flexure. Engineering Structures 25 (6):743–54. doi:10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00218-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lönhoff, M., and H. Sadegh‐Azar. 2018. Seismic out‐of‐plane behavior of unreinforced masonry walls. Ce/papers 2 (4):291–99. doi:10.1002/cepa.844.
   Google Scholar
• Makris, N., and D. Konstantinidis. 2003. The rocking spectrum and the limitations of practical design methodologies. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32 (2):265–89. doi:10.1002/eqe.223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris, N., and M. F. Vassiliou. 2013. Planar rocking response and stability analysis of an array of free-standing columns capped with a freely supported rigid beam. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 42 (3):431–49. doi:10.1002/eqe.2222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrotra, A., and M. J. DeJong. 2020. A methodology to account for interface flexibility and crushing effects in multi-block masonry collapse mechanisms. Meccanica 55 (6):1237–61. doi:10.1007/s11012-020-01161-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisl, C. S., K. J. Elwood, and C. E. Ventura. 2007. Shake table tests on the out-of-plane response of unreinforced masonry walls. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34 (11):1381–92. doi:10.1139/L07-059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulay, T., and M. N. Priestley. 1992. Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Vol. 768. New York: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470172841.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, O., and K. J. Elwood. 2016. Out-of-plane dynamic stability of unreinforced masonry walls in one-way bending: Shake table testing. Earthquake Spectra 32 (3):1675–97. doi:10.1193/011415EQS009M.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prajapati, S., G. Destro Bisol, O. AlShawa, and L. Sorrentino. 2022. Non‐linear dynamic model of a two‐bodies vertical spanning wall elastically restrained at the top. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 51 (11):2627–47. doi:10.1002/eqe.3692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrentino, L., R. Masiani, and M. C. Griffith. 2008. The vertical spanning strip wall as a coupled rocking rigid body assembly. Structural Engineering and Mechanics 29 (4):433–53. doi:10.12989/sem.2008.29.4.433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanos, P. D., and A. S. Koh. 1984. Rocking of rigid blocks due to harmonic shaking. Journal of Engineering Mechanics (ASCE) 110 (11):1627–42. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1984)110:11(1627).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaculik, J., and M. C. Griffith. 2017. Out-of-plane load–displacement model for two-way spanning masonry walls. Engineering Structures 141:328–43. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venture, A. A. J. 1981. Methodology for Mitigation of Seismic Hazards in Existing Unreinforced Masonry Buildings: Wall-testing, Out-of-plane. The Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Voyagaki, E., I. N. Psycharis, and G. Mylonakis. 2013. Rocking response and overturning criteria for free standing rigid blocks to single-lobe pulses. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 46:85–95. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.11.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, M., N. Mojsilović, and A. Dazio. 2007. Out-of-plane shaking table tests on unreinforced masonry walls. Paper presented at: Proceedings0th North American Masonry Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA, 671–82.
   Google Scholar
• Yim, C.-S., A. K. Chopra, and J. Penzien. 1980. Rocking response of rigid blocks to earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 8 (6):565–87. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290080606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar