Labour market experience, educational attainment and self-reported happiness: crowding-out amongst young people in Hong Kong

References

• Bai, L. 2006. “Graduate Unemployment: Dilemmas and Challenges in China’s Move to Mass Higher Education.” The China Quarterly 185 (1): 128. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, R., and K. Chernova. 2008. “Absolute Income, Relative Income, and Happiness.” Social Indicators Research 88 (3): 497–529. doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmann, H., J. Delhey, C. Welzel, and H. Yuan. 2009. “The China Puzzle: Falling Happiness in a Rising Economy.” Journal of Happiness Studies 10 (4): 387–405. doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9095-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, P., H. Lauder, and D. Ashton. 2010. The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong SAR Government. 2017. 2016 Population By-census - main results. Retrieved from https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-main-results.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong SAR Government. 2018. Thematic Household Survey Report No. 64. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11302642018XXXXB0100.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chan, R. K. H., M. Takahashi, and L. L. R. Wang. 2010. Risk and Public Policy in East Asia. Burlington: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, S. J., and L. W. Lin. 2015. “Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan: Shifting Pressure from Admission to Employment.” Higher Education Policy 28 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1057/hep.2014.33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. C. 2012. “How Education Enhances Happiness: Comparison of Mediating Factors in Four East Asian Countries.” Social Indicators Research 106 (1): 117–131. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9798-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., and G. Davey. 2008. “Happiness and Subjective Wellbeing in Mainland China.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (4): 589–600. doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9092-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S. W., and K. T. Wong. 2018. “Happiness of Hong Kong Youth from 2000 to 2014: Empirical Evidence on the Differential Impact of Socioeconomic Conditions on Youth versus Other Age Groups.” Journal of Youth Studies 21 (3): 253–271. doi:10.1080/13676261.2017.1366014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S. W. K., A. Y. So, and M. Y.-M. Tam. 2008. “Flexible Employment in Hong Kong: Trends and Patterns in Comparative Perspective.” Asian Survey 48 (4): 673–702. doi:10.1525/as.2008.48.4.673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S. W. K., and N. Jiang. 2017. “The Future of Telephone Surveys in Hong Kong: A Comparison of Fixed Line Surveys with Cellular Phone Surveys.” Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 13 (1): 2–19. doi:10.1108/STICS-09-2016-0016.
   Google Scholar
• Chzhen, Y., Z. Bruckauf, K. Ng, D. Pavlova, T. Torsheim, and M. Gaspar De Matos 2016. “Inequalities in Adolescent Health and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Study.” Innocenti Working Papers no. 2016_09, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, G. 2010. “Shift Work and Health: Current Problems and Preventive Actions.” Safety and Health at Work 1 (2): 112–123. doi:10.5491/SHAW.2010.1.2.112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunnado, J., and F. De Gracia. 2012. “Does Education Affect Happiness? Evidence for Spain.” Social Indicators Research 108 (1): 185–196. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9874-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery, A. M. 2005. “The Happiness of Young Australians: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Labour Market Experience.” Economic Record 81 (255): 322–335. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4932.2005.00272.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolado, J. J., F. Felgueroso, and J. F. Jimeno. 2000. “Youth Labour Markets in Spain: Education, Training, and Crowding-out.” European Economic Review 44 (2000): 943–956. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(99)00050-1.
   Google Scholar
• Dolton, P., and A. Vignoles. 2000. “The Incidence and Effects of Overeducation in the UK Graduate Labour Market.” Economics of Education Review 19 (2): 179–198. doi:10.1016/S0272-7757(97)00036-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, R. A., L. A. McVey, M. Switek, O. Sawangfa, and J. S. Zweig. 2010. “The Happiness–Income Paradox Revisited.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (52): 22463–22468. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015962107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, I. 2004. “East Asia: The Limits of Productivist Regimes.” In Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America, edited by I. Gough and G. Wood, 169–201. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region. 2018. Hong Kong Poverty Situation Report 2017. Hong Kong: Government of Hong Kong Special Administration Region.
   Google Scholar
• Green, A. 2017. The Crisis for Young People: Generational Inequalities in Education, Work, Housing and Welfare. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Grosswald, B. 2003. “Shift Work and Negative Work-to-Family Spillover.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 30 (Issue 4): Article 3.
   Google Scholar
• Han, C. 2012. “Satisfaction with the Standard of Living in Reform-era China.” In China Quarterly, (212), 919–940. doi:10.1017/S0305741012001233.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, L. S. 2011. “Hong Kong’s Happiness Indices: What They Tell Us about LIFE?” The Journal of Socio-Economics 40 (5): 564–572. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.013.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, A. 2015. “The Changing Happiness-Enhancing Effect of a College Degree under Higher Education Expansion: Evidence from China.” Journal of Happiness Studies 16 (3): 669–685. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9528-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (ILO). (2017). “World Employment and Social Outlook – Trends 2017.” Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_541211.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, J. 2016. “Subjective Wellbeing of Post 80s Generation in China.” Paper presented at 13th East Asian Social Policy (EASP) Annual Conference, in Seoul, South Korea, 12 July 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L., and K. Hewison. 2013. “Precarious Work and the Challenge for Asia.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (3): 271–288. doi:10.1177/0002764212466238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney, A. T. 2014. “Global Cities, Present and Future.” Retrieved from: https://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/2014
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., and J. H. Lee. 2006. “Changing Facets of Korean Higher Education: Market Competition and the Role of the State.” Higher Education 52 (3): 557–587. doi:10.1007/s10734-005-1044-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühner, S., Lau, M., Jiang, J., & Wen, Z. 2019. “Personal Income, Local Communities and Happiness in A Rich Global City: Evidence from Hong Kong”. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 1–19
   Google Scholar
• Lau, M., and D. Gordon, Eds. 2017. Poverty in a Rich Society. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, M., and J. Bradshaw. 2018. “Material Well-Being, Social Relationships and Children’s Overall Life Satisfaction in Hong Kong.” Child Indicators Research 11 (1): 185–205. doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9426-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., W. John Morgan, and X. Ding. 2008. “The Expansion of Higher Education, Employment and Over-education in China.” International Journal of Educational Development 28 (6): 687–697. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingnan University. 2011. “Wan Chai the ‘Happiest’ District in Hong Kong, First 2011 ‘ING LIFE Happiness Survey’ Finds.” Retrieved from https://www.ln.edu.hk/news/20110802/happinessindex2011/
   Google Scholar
• Lui, H. K., and W. Suen. 2005. “The Shrinking Earnings Premium for University Graduates in Hong Kong: The Effect of Quantity or Quality?” Contemporary Economic Policy 23 (2): 242–254. doi:10.1093/cep/byi018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew, K., C. Deer, and M. Dua. 2004. “The Move to Mass Higher Education in the UK: Many Questions and Some Answers.” Oxford Review of Education 30 (January2015): 65–82. doi:10.1080/0305498042000190069.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, P., B. Pini, J. Bailey, and R. Price. 2011. “Young People’s Aspirations for Education, Work, Family and Leisure.” Work, Employment and Society 25 (1): 68–84. doi:10.1177/0950017010389242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H. 2016. “Massification of Higher Education, Graduate Employment and Social Mobility in the Greater China Region.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 37 (1): 51–71. doi:10.1080/01425692.2015.1111751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H., and A. M. Wu. 2016. “Higher Education, Changing Labour Market and Social Mobility in the Era of Massification in China.” Journal of Education and Work 29 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13639080.2015.1049028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H., and J. Jiang. 2018. “Massification of Higher Education and Challenges for Graduate Employment and Social Mobility: East Asian Experiences and Sociological Reflections.” International Journal of Educational Development 63 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.02.003.
   Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H., and J. Qian. 2018. “Massification of Higher Education and Youth Transition: Skills Mismatch, Informal Sector Jobs and Implications for China.” Journal of Education and Work, 31(4), 339-352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H., Z. Wen, and R. Dale. 2016. “Employability and Mobility in the Valorisation of Higher Education Qualifications: The Experiences and Reflections of Chinese Students and Graduates.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 38 (3): 264–281. doi:10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel, N., B. Palier, and J. Palme. 2012. Towards a Social Investment State? Ideas, Policies and Challenges. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neubauer, D. E., K. H. Mok, and J. Jiang, Eds. 2018. The Sustainability of Higher Education in an Era of Post-massification. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2018. A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility: Overview and Main Findings. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2019. “How Do Young People’s Educational Attainment and Labour-market Outcomes Differ across Regions?”, Education Indicators in Focus, No. 71. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Research Office Legislative Council Secretariat. 2015. “Social Mobility in Hong Kong.” Retrieved from: http://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1415rb02-social-mobility-in-hong-kong-20150112-e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, J. D., R. Layard, and J. F. Helliwell (2018). World Happiness Report 2018 (No. id: 12761).
   Google Scholar
• Snowdon, J., Y. Y. Chen, B. Zhong, and T. Yamauchi. 2018. “A Longitudinal Comparison of Age Patterns and Rates of Suicide in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan and Two Western Countries.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 31: 15–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standing, G. 2011. The Precariat - The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J., A. Sen, and J. P. Fitoussi. 2010. Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn’t Add Up. New York: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• UBS. 2018. “Prizes and Earnings.” Retrieved from: https://www.ubs.com/microsites/prices-earnings/en/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2019. “UIS.Stat”, retrieved from http://data.uis.unesco.org/
   Google Scholar
• Vere, J. 2010. “Special Topic Enquiry on Earnings Mobility.” Available at http://www.lwb.gov.hk
   Google Scholar
• Vosko, L. F. 2010. Managing the Margins: Gender, Citizenship, and the International Regulation of Precarious Employment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, I. 2019. “The Youth Labour Market: From Education to Work before and after the Global Financial Crisis.” Journal of Industrial Relations 58 (1): 46–85. doi:10.1177/0022185619843959.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R., and K. Pickett. 2011. The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, V., and T. C. Au-Yeung. 2019. “Autonomous Precarity or Precarious Autonomy? Dilemmas of Young Workers in Hong Kong.” The Economic and Labour Relations Review 30 (2): 241–261. doi:10.1177/1035304619838976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019a. “Doing Business – Training for Reform”, retrieved from: http://www.doingbusiness.org/
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019b. “World Bank Open Data”, retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X. G. 2010. “Hong Kong’s Post-80s Generation: Profiles and Predicaments.” Commission Report, Hong Kong: Central Policy Unit, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. 2008. “Social Inequalities in Happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.” American Sociological Review 73 (2): 204–226. doi:10.1177/000312240807300202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, W. 2012. “Economic Inequality, Status Perceptions, and Subjective Well-being in China’s Transitional Economy.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 30 (4): 433–450. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar