Job requirements and workers' learning: formal gaps, informal closure, systemic limits

References

• Becker , G. 1964 . Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education , New York : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , I. 1970 . Education and jobs: The great training robbery , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , B. 1990 . The structuring of pedagogic discourse , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , M. and Grant , M. 2001 . Brain gain: The economic benefits of recognizing learning and learning credentials in Canada , Ottawa : The Conference Board of Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Pintaldi , F. A multidimensional approach in the measurement of underemployment . Joint UNECE/ILO/EUROSTAT Seminar on the Quality of Work, Statistical Office of the European Communities Working Paper No. 15 . http://www.unece.org/stats/documents/2005/05/labour/wp.15.e.ppt.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh , J. and Mander , J. , eds. 2004 . Alternatives to economic globalization: A better world is possible. , 2nd ed. , San Francisco : Berrett‐Koehler .
   Google Scholar
• Clement , W. and Myles , J. 1994 . Relations of ruling: Class and gender in postindustrial societies , Montreal : McGill‐Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clogg , C. and Shockley , J. 1984 . Mismatch between occupation and schooling: A prevalence measure, recent trends and demographic analysis . Demography , 21 ( 2 ) : 235 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , R. 1979 . The credential society: An historical sociology of education and stratification , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Curti , M. 1935 . The social ideas of American educators , Paterson , NJ : Littlefield, Adams and Company .
   Google Scholar
• De Jong , G.F. and Madamba , A.B. 2001 . A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States . Social Science Quarterly , 82 ( 1 ) : 117 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins , R. , Rubenson , K. and Milana , M. 2006 . Unequal chances to participate in adult learning: International perspectives , Paris : UNESCO Institute for Educational Planning .
   Google Scholar
• Dolton , P. and Vignoles , A. 2000 . The incidence and effects of overeducation in the U.K. graduate labour market . Economics of Education Review , 19 : 179 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felstead , A. , Gallie , D. , Green , F. and Zhou , Y. 2007 . Skills at work 1986–2006 , Oxford : ESRC Centre on Skills, Knowledge and Organizational Performance .
   Google Scholar
• Goldin , C. and Katz , L. 2008 . The race between education and technology , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , F. and McIntosh , S. 2007 . Is there a genuine underutilization of skills among the over‐qualified? . Applied Economics , 39 ( 4 ) : 427 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , F. , McIntosh , S. and Vignoles , A. 2002 . The utilization of education and skills: Evidence from Britain . Manchester School , 70 ( 6 ) : 792 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. 1949 . The market for college graduates , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , F. and Ginzberg , E. 1985 . Who gets the work: A test of racial discrimination in employment , Toronto : The Urban Alliance on Race Relations and the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , H.J. 1996 . What employers want: Job prospects for less‐educated workers , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Office (ILO) . Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations . adopted by the 16th International Conference of Labour Statisticians . October 6–15 . Geneva : International Labour Office . http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_087487.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Office (ILO) . 2006 . Decent working time: New trends, new issues , Geneva : ILO .
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) . 2007 . “ The globalization of labor ” . In World economic outlook, April 2007: Spillovers and cycles in the global economy , 161 – 92 . Washington : International Monetary Fund .
   Google Scholar
• Kalleberg , A. 2008 . The mismatched worker: When people don't fit their jobs . Academy of Management Perspectives , 22 ( 1 ) : 24 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , M.H. 2006 . Multivariable analysis: A practical guide for clinicians. , 2nd ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leckie , N. 1996 . On skill requirements trends in Canada, 1971–1991 , Ottawa : Canadian Policy Research Networks .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , T. 2007 . Braverman, Foucault and the labour process: Framing the current high‐skills debate . Journal of Education and Work , 20 ( 5 ) : 397 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. 1999a . The education–jobs gap: Underemployment or economic democracy , Toronto : Garamond Press .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. 1999b . Exploring the icebergs of adult learning: Findings of the first Canadian survey of informal learning practices . Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education , 13 ( 2 ) : 49 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. 2002 . Working and learning in the information age: A profile of Canadians , Ottawa : Canadian Policy Research Network . CPRN Discussion Paper No. W16
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. , ed. 2009 . Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. , Butterwick , S. and Jubas , K. eds. 2007 . Special issue on work and lifelong learning . Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education , 20 ( 2 )
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. and Mangan , J.M. 1996 . “ Men's employment classes and class consciousness: An empirical comparison of Marxist and Weberian class distinctions ” . In Recast dreams: Class and gender consciousness in steeltown , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. and Mangan , J.M. 15 – 51 . Toronto : Garamond Press .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. , Mirchandani , K. and Sawchuk , P. , eds. 2008 . The future of lifelong learning and work: Critical perspective , Rotterdam , , The Netherlands : Sense Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. and Raykov , M. 2008 . Workers' power and intentional learning: A 2004 benchmark survey . Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations , 63 ( 1 ) : 30 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. and Sawchuk , P.H. 2004 . Hidden knowledge: Organized labour in the information age , Aurora : Garamond Press .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. and Stowe , S. 2007 . Work time and learning activities of the continuously employed: A longitudinal analysis, 1998–2004 . Journal of Workplace Learning , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , D.W. and Wilson , O. 2009 . “ Auto workers' learning in lean production ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 237 – 56 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lordan , M. 2009 . “ Continual learning, autonomy, and competency among high school teachers ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 157 – 84 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , R. and Tucker , M. 1994 . Thinking for a living: Education and the wealth of nations , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• McGuiness , S. 2006 . Overeducation in the labour market . Journal of Economic Surveys , 20 ( 3 ) : 387 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Officer , S. 2009 . “ Struggling to remain employed: Learning strategies of workers with disabilities and the education–job match ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 257 – 84 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pankhurst , K.V. 2009 . “ Elements of an integrated theory of work and learning ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 137 – 56 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Penland , P. 1977 . Self‐planned learning in America , Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , V. 2004 . Working and training: First results of the 2003 adult education and training survey , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Piore , M. 1983 . Labour market segmentation: To what paradigm does it belong? . American Economic Review , 73 ( 2 ) : 249 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radsma , M. 2009 . “ Clerical workers: Work and learning in fragmenting workplace ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 211 – 36 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reitz , J. 2007 . Immigration success in Canada, Part II: Understanding the decline . Journal of International Migration and Integration , 8 ( 1 ) : 37 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrag , P. 2007 . Schoolhouse crock: Fifty years of blaming America's education system for our stupidity . Harper's Magazine , 315 ( 1888 ) : 36 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2001 . A report on adult education and training in Canada: Learning a living , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada and Council of Ministers of Education Canada . 2006 . Education indicators in Canada: Report of the Pan‐Canadian education indicators program: 2005 , Ottawa/Toronto : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada and OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) . 2005 . Learning a living: First results of the adult literacy and life skills survey , Ottawa/Paris : Statistics Canada and OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Tåhlin , M. 2006 . Skill change and skill matching in the labor market: A cross‐national overview , EQALSOC Network . http://www.equalsoc.org/9.
   Google Scholar
• Thurow , L. 1975 . Generating inequality , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Tough , A. 1971 . The adult's learning projects: A fresh approach to theory and practice in adult learning , Research in Education Series No. 1 Toronto : Institute for Studies in Education .
   Google Scholar
• Weststar , J. 2009 . “ Staying current in computer programming: The importance of informal learning and task discretion in maintaining job competence ” . In Education and jobs: Exploring the gaps , Edited by: Livingstone , D.W. 185 – 210 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar