The spiritual revolution and suicidal ideation: an empirical enquiry among 13‐ to 15‐year‐old adolescents in England and Wales

References

• Bailey , E.I. 1997 . Implicit religion in contemporary society , Kampen , , The Netherlands : Kok Pharos .
   Google Scholar
• Brierley , P. , ed. 1997 . UK Christian handbook: Religious trends 1 (1998–99) , London : Christian Research .
   Google Scholar
• Brierley , P. , ed. 1999 . UK Christian handbook: Religious trends 2 (2000–1) , London : Christian Research .
   Google Scholar
• Brierley , P. , ed. 2001 . UK Christian handbook: Religious trends 3 (2002–3) , London : Christian Research .
   Google Scholar
• Brierley , P. , ed. 2003 . UK Christian handbook: Religious trends 4 (2003–4) , London : Christian Research .
   Google Scholar
• Brierley , P. , ed. 2005 . UK Christian handbook: Religious trends 5 (2004–5) , London : Christian Research .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , C.G. 2001 . The death of Christian Britain , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , S. 2002 . God is dead: Secularisation in the west , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Corulla , W.J. 1990 . A revised version of the psychoticism scale for children . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 65 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L.J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby , A.E. , Cheltenham , M.P. and Sacks , J.J. 1999 . Incidence of suicidal ideation and behaviour in the United States, 1994 . Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviour , 29 : 131 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dag , I. 1999 . The relationship among paranormal beliefs, locus of control and psychopathology in a Turkish college sample . Personality and Individual Differences , 26 : 723 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health . 2002 . National suicide prevention strategy for England: Consultation documents , London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Dorahy , M.J. and Lewis , C.A. 2001 . The relationship between dissociation and religiosity: An empirical evaluation of Schumaker’s theory . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 40 : 317 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkheim , E. 1897 . Le suicide , Paris : Felix Alcan .
   Google Scholar
• Eskin , M. 2004 . The effects of religious versus secular education on suicide ideation and suicidal attitudes in adolescents in Turkey . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 39 : 536 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. and Eysenck , S.B.G. 1975 . Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (adult and junior) , London : Hodder & Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , S.B.G. , Eysenck , H.J. and Barrett , P. 1985 . A revised version of the psychoticism scale . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 : 21 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett , J. , Andrews , V. and Lester , D. 2000 . Religiosity and attitudes about abortion . Psychological Reports , 87 : 980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1978 . Measurement reapplied: Research into the child’s attitude towards religion . British Journal of Religious Education , 1 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1979 . The child’s attitude towards religion: A review of research . Educational Research , 21 : 103 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1982a . Youth in transit: A profile of 16–25 year olds , Aldershot : Gower .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1982b . Experience of adulthood: A profile of 26–39 year olds , Aldershot : Gower .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1984 . Teenagers and the church: A profile of Church‐going youth in the 1980s , London : Collins Liturgical Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 1996 . The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQR‐A) among 13–15 year olds . Personality and Individual Differences , 21 : 835 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 2001a . The values debate: A voice from the pupils , London : Woburn Press .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 2001b . Christianity and dogmatism revisited: A study among fifteen and sixteen year olds in the UK . Religious Education , 96 : 211 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. 2006 . Attitude toward Christianity and premarital sex . Psychological Reports , 98 : 140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Greer , J.E. 2001 . Shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward science and religion in Northern Ireland: The role of scientism, creationism and denominational schools . Research in Science and Technological Education , 19 : 39 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Jones , S.H. and Craig , C.L. 2004 . Personality and religion: The relationship between psychological type and attitude towards Christianity . Archiv für Religionspsychologie , 26 : 15 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Kay , W.K. 1995 . Teenage religion and values , Leominster : Gracewing .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Kerr , S. 2003 . Personality and religion among secondary school pupils in South Africa in the early 1990s . Religion and Theology: A journal of contemporary religious discourse , 10 : 224 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Lewis , C.A. and Ng , P. 2003 . Psychological health and attitude toward Christianity among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong . Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies , 4 : 231 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Lewis , J.M. , Philipchalk , R. , Brown , L.B. and Lester , D. 1995 . The internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (adult) among undergraduate students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 949 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Lewis , J.M. , Philipchalk , R. , Lester , D. and Brown , L.B. 1995 . Reliability and validity of a short scale of attitude toward Christianity among students in the UK, USA, Australia and Canada . Psychological Reports , 77 : 431 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Quesnell , M. and Lewis , C.A. Forthcoming . Assessing attitude toward Christianity among adolescents in the Czech Republic: The Francis Scale . Irish Journal of Psychology ,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Robbins , M. 2000 . Religion and happiness: A study in empirical theology . Transpersonal Psychology Review , 4 ( 2 ) : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Robbins , M. 2003 . Christianity and dogmatism among undergraduate students . Journal of Beliefs and Values , 24 : 89 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Robbins , M. 2005 . Urban hope and spiritual health: The adolescent voice , Peterborough , , UK : Epworth .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Robbins , M. , Lewis , C.A. , Quigley , C.F. and Wheeler , C. 2004 . Religiosity and general health among undergraduate students: A response to O’Connor, Cobb and O’Connor 2003 . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 : 485 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Williams , E. 2007 . Drawing back the veil: Paranormal belief among adolescents . Christian Parapsychologist , 17 : 170 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Williams , E. 2009 . Contacting the spirits of the dead: Paranormal belief and the teenage worldview . Journal of Research in Christian Education , 18 : 20 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. and Williams , E. In press . Alternative spiritualities: Different personalities? An empirical enquiry concerning paranormal beliefs and traditional religiosity among 14‐ to 16‐year‐old students. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Williams , E. and Robbins , M. Forthcoming . Personality, conventional Christian belief and unconventional paranormal belief: A study among teenagers . British Journal of Religious Education ,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Ziebertz , H.‐G. and Lewis , C.A. 2003a . The relationship between religion and happiness among German students . Pastoral Psychology , 51 : 273 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , L.J. , Ziebertz , H.‐G. and Lewis , C.A. 2003b . The relationship between personality and religion among undergraduate students in Germany . Archiv für Religionspsychologie , 24 : 121 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , A.D. 1980 . The making of post‐Christian Britain , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Hartman , S.E. 1999 . Another view of the paranormal belief scale . Journal of Parapsychology , 63 : 131 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Heelas , P. and Woodhead , L. 2005 . The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hills , P. and Francis , L.J. 2005 . The relationship of religiosity and personality with suicidal ideation . Mortality , 10 : 286 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Hills , P. , Francis , L.J. and Robbins , M. 2005 . The development of the Revised Religious Life Inventory (RLI‐R) by explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 1389 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovey , J.D. 1999 . Religion and suicidal ideation in a sample of Latin American immigrants . Psychological Reports , 85 : 171 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. and Diduca , D. 2001 . Schizotypy and religiosity in 13–18 year old school pupils . Mental Health, Religion and Culture , 4 : 63 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , W.K. and Francis , L.J. 1996 . Drift from the churches: Attitude toward Christianity during childhood and adolescence , Cardiff : University of Wales Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , W.K. and Francis , L.J. 2006 . Suicidal ideation among young people in the UK: Churchgoing as an inhibitory influence? . Mental Health, Religion and Culture , 9 : 127 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , U. and Pradhan , R.K. 2003 . Correlates of suicide ideation: A factor analytic study . Social Science International , 19 : 36 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Lange , R. , Irwin , H.J. and Houran , J. 2000 . Top‐down purification of Tobacyk’s Revised Paranormal Belief Scale . Personality and Individual Differences , 29 : 131 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , T.R. 1995 . How many factors of paranormal belief are there? A critique of the Paranormal Belief Scale . Journal of Parapsychology , 59 : 3 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Lester , D. 1993 . Paranormal beliefs and psychoticism . Personality and Individual Differences , 14 : 739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , C.A. and Maltby , J. 2000 . Conservatism and attitude toward Christianity . Personality and Individual Differences , 29 : 793 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marion , M.S. and Range , L.M. 2003 . African American college women’s suicide buffers . Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviour , 33 : 33 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowen , J.C. and Carlson , B. 2003 . Exploring the antecedents and consumer behaviour consequences of the trait of superstition . Psychology and Marketing , 20 : 1045 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby , R.W. and Davis , J.B. 2004 . Relationships between locus of control and paranormal beliefs . Psychological Reports , 94 : 1261 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , S.L. and Allen , R. 2006 . Childhood physical abuse and differential development of paranormal beliefs . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 194 : 349 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins , M. , Francis , L.J. and Williams , E. Forthcoming . Conventional Christian belief and unconventional paranormal belief among teenagers in Northern Ireland: A personality and individual differences approach . Irish Journal of Psychology ,
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roe , C.A. and Morgan , C.L. 2002 . Narcissism and belief in the paranormal . Psychological Reports , 90 : 405 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , P. , Qualter , P. , Phelps , G. and Gardner , K. 2006 . Belief in the paranormal, coping and emotional intelligence . Personality and Individual Differences , 41 : 1089 – 1105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudski , J. 2004 . The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism . Current Psychology , 22 : 306 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmons , P.H. and Harrington , R. 1984 . Suicidal ideation in university students and other groups . International Journal of Psychiatry , 30 : 201 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Schludermann , E.H. , Schludermann , S.M. and Huynh , C.‐L. 2000 . Religiosity, prosocial values, and adjustment among students in Catholic high schools in Canada . Journal of Beliefs and Values , 21 : 99 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Schweitzer , R. , Klayich , M. and MacLean , J. 1995 . Suicidal ideation and behaviours among university students in Australia . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 29 : 473 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg , L. and af Wåhlberg , A. 2002 . Risk perception and new age beliefs . Risk Analysis , 22 : 751 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobacyk , J. n.d. . A revised Paranormal Belief Scale. Unpublished manuscript , Ruston , LA : Louisiana Tech University .
   Google Scholar
• Willging , B.T. and Lester , D. 1997 . Paranormal beliefs and personality scores of high school students . Perceptual and Motor Sills , 85 : 938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M. 1997 . Cry of pain: understanding suicide and self‐harm , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfradt , U. 1997 . Dissociative experiences, trait anxiety and paranormal beliefs . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 15 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. and Jin , S. 1996 . Determinants of suicide ideation: A comparison of Chinese and American college students . Adolescence , 31 : 451 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar