References
- Morrison J. DSM-IV made easy: The clinician's guide to diagnosis. Guilford Press, New York 1995
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
- Kessler R, Coccaro E, Fava M, Jaeger S, Jin R, Walters E. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63(6)669–78
- Goodman WK, Ward H, Kablinger A, Murphy T. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(Suppl 5)32–49
- McElroy SL. Recognition and treatment of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(Suppl 15)12–16
- Bozikas V, Bascilla F, Yulis P, Savvidou I. Gabapentin for behavioral dyscontrol with mental retardation. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(6)965
- Hatfield A. Dual diagnosis and mental illness. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill 1993. < http://www.schizophrenia.com/family/dualdiag.html>. Accessed 2 February 2008.
- Taylor J. Relationship of clinical symptoms and substance use in schizophrenia patients on conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2003; 29(3)553–66
- Al-Sheikhil AK. Opiates and cannabis misuse almost unknown in Iraq?. Br Med J 2003; 327: 832–f
- Crawshaw JA, Mullen PE. A study of benzhexol abuse. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 145: 300–3
- Frauger E, Thirion X, Chanut C, Natali F, Debruyne D, Saillard C, et al. Misuse of trihexyphenidyl: recent trends. Therapies 2003; 58(6)541–7
- Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden PJ, Frances AJ. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 224–30
- Zemishlany Z, Aizenberg D, Weiner Z, Weizman A. Trihexyphenidyl (artan) abuse in schizophrenic patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11(3)199–202
- Buhrich N, Weller A, Kevans P. Misuse of anticholinergic drugs by people with serious mental illnee. Psychiatr Service 2000; 51: 928–9
- CASI. Campaign against sanction on Iraq; 2003 [ http://www.casi.org.uk].
- International Committee of Red Cross. World Disaster Report 1998, Section 4, Chapter 8.
- McInnis M, Petursson H. Trihexphenidyl dependence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984; 69(6)538–42
- Brower K. Smoking of prescription anticholinergic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144(3)383
- Kajimura N, Mizuki Y, Kai S, Suetsugi M, Yamada M, Okuma T. Memory and cognitive impairements in a case of long-term trihexyphenidyl abuse. Pharmacopsychiatry 1993; 26(2)59–62
- Lo Y, Tsai SJ. Triheyphenidyl abuse in schizophrenic patient: a case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1996; 57(2)157–60
- Grace RF. Benztropine abuse and overdose-case report and review. Adverse Drug Reaction Toxicol Revision 1997; 16(2)103–12
- Sheikh FS, Mortimer AM. Diphenhydramine-dependence resulting from self-medication of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Jefferson J Psychiatry 2007; 21(1)1–3
- Steele J, Duncan J, Short A. An audit of anti-muscarinic drug use at the State Hospital. Psychiatr Bull 2000; 24: 61–4
- Marken PA. Orphenadrine: presence in people not using antipsychotic drugs. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 5: 190–9
- Biperiden package insert (Akineton, Knoll-US), Rev 2/87, Rec 1/89.
- Perry PJ, Alexander B, Ellingrod VL. Anticholinergic psychosis. Clin Psychopharmacol Seminar 1996–1997.
- Tanda G, Katz JL. Muscarinic preferential M1 receptor antagonists enhance the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87(4)400–4
- Katz JL, Kopajtic TA, Agoston GE, Newman AH. Effects of N-substituted analogs of benztropine: diminished cocaine-like effects in dopamine transporter ligands. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 390: 650–60
- Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock’ synopsis of psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadeliphia, PA 2003
- Ungavari GS, Chiu HFK, Lam LC, Pang AH, Chung DWS, Li S, et al. Gradual withdrawal of long-term anticholinergic antiparkinson medication in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19(2)141–8