A possible relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: A seroprevalence study

References

• Sensini A. Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy: opportunities and pitfalls of serological diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 504–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen E, Liesenfeld O. Clinical Disease and diagnostics. Toxoplasma gondii, the model apicomplexan: Perspectives and methods, LM Weiss, K Kim. Elsevier, Oxford 2007; 81–94
   Google Scholar
• Remington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, JS Remington, JO Klein. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 2001; 205–346
   Google Scholar
• Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MO, Bonnet D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 189–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Familial and genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 113–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sever JL, Ellenberg JH, Ley AC, Madden DL, Fuccillo DA, Tzan NR, et al. Toxoplasmosis: maternal and pediatric findings in 23,000 pregnancies. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 181–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukes C, Luft B, Durack D. Toxoplasmosis. Infections of the central nervous system, WM Scheld, RJ Whitley, DT Durack. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA 1997; 785–806
   Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Bachmann S, Ruslanova I, Lillehoj E, Ford G, Torrey EF, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 842–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegr J, Preiss M, Klose J, Havlicek J, Vitakova M, Kodym P. Decreased level of psychobiological factor novelty seeking and lower intelligence in men latently infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii Dopamine, a missing link between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis?. Biol Psychol 2003; 63: 253–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stommel EW, Seguin R, Thadani VM, Schwartzman JD, Gilbert K, Ryan KA, et al. Cryptogenic epilepsy: an infectious etiology?. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 436–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stibbs HH. Changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in Toxoplasma gondii infected mice. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1985; 79: 153–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer HG, Nitzgen B, Reichmann G, Gross U, Hadding U. Host cells of Toxoplasma gondii encystation in infected primary culture from mouse brain. Parasitol Res 1997; 83: 637–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luder CG, Giraldo-Velasquez M, Sendtner M, Gross U. Toxoplasma gondii in primary rat CNS cells: differential contribution of neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells for the intracerebral development and stage differentiation. Exp Parasitol 1999; 93: 23–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1217–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filisetti D, Candolfi E. Immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2004; 40: 71–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Editor's introduction: Schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 727–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegr J. Effects of Toxoplasma on human behavior. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 757–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Startup M, Jackson MC, Bendix S. The concurrent validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41: 417–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia L. Tissue protozoa. In: Diagnostic medical parasitology. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2000. p 132–58.
   Google Scholar
• Saygi G. The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Turkey – A review of the literature. Wiad Parazytol. 2001; 47(Suppl 1)19–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Sahn AA, Shatat HZ, Ghitany EM. Seropositivity of toxoplasmosis in patients with schizophrenia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2005; 80: 509–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarado-Esquivel C, Alanis-Quiñones OP, Arreola-Valenzuela MA, Rodriguez-Briones A, Piedra-Nevarez LJ, Duran-Morales E, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric inpatients in a northern Mexican city. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 19: 178
   Google Scholar
• Hinze-Selch D, Däubener W, Eggert L, Erdag S, Stoltenberg R, Wilms S. A controlled prospective study of toxoplasma gondii infection in individuals with schizophrenia: beyond seroprevalence. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 782–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetinkaya Z, Yazar S, Gecici O, Namli MN. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with schizophrenia – Preliminary findings in a Turkish sample. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 789–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sørensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: Analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 688–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamer GS, Yalug I, Caliskan S, Yazar S, Aker A. The schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii connection: Infectious, immune or both?. Adv Ther 2008; 25: 703–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Boromov J, Stallings C, Origoni A. Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with schizophrenia: Association with clinical and demographic factors and with mortality. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 737–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HL, Wang GH, Li QY, Shu C, Jiang MS, Guo Y. Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in first-episode schizophrenia and comparison between Toxoplasma-seropositive and Toxoplasma-seronegative schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 114: 40–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster JP, Lamberton PHL, Donnelly CA, Torrey EF. Parasites as causative agents of human affective disorders? The impact of anti-psycotic, mood-stabilizer and anti-parasite medication on Toxoplasma gondii's ability to alter host behaviour. Proc R Soc B 2006; 273: 1023–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlicek J, Gasova Z, Smith AP, Zvara K, Flegr J. Decrease of psychomotor performance in subjects with latent asymptomatic toxoplasmosis. Parasitology 2001; 122: 515–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruthers VB, Suzuki Y. Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the brain. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 745–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS. Prenatal infection and adult schizophrenia: a review and synthesis. Int J Ment Health 2001; 29: 22–37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP, Liu L, Babulas VP, Susser ES. Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 767–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Koethe D, Klosterkötter J, Ruslanova I, Krivogorsky B, et al. Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254: 4–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlieb-Stematsky T, Zonis J, Arlazoroff A, Mozes T, Sigal M, Szekely AG. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex type 1, cytomegalovirus and measles virus in psychiatric patients. Arch. Virol 1981; 67: 333–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Kirkpatrick B, Boronow J, Stallings C, Origoni A, Yolken R. Deficit schizophrenia: association with serum antibodies to cytomegalovirus. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 396–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KM, Shirts BH, Yolken RH, Keshavan MS, Nimgaonkar VL. Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in fist-episode schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 105–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Viruses, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 131–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurme M, Helminen M. Resistance to human cytomegalovirus infection may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Scand J Infect Dis 1998; 30: 447–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boin F, Zanardini R, Pioli R, Altamura CA, Maes M, Gennarelli M. Association between G308A tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Brando L, Torrey EF, Yolken R. Drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder inhibit the replication of Toxoplasma gondii. Schizophr Res 2003; 62: 237–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster JP. The effect of Toxoplasma gondii on animal behavior, playing cat and mouse. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 752–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of evidence. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 470–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar