A preliminary investigation of Cyberchondria and its correlates in a clinical sample of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder, anxiety and depressive disorders attending a tertiary psychiatric clinic

References

• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing, ISBN 0890425574.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner SE, Hartmann T. 2011. The role of health anxiety in online health information search. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 14:613–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benatti B, Camuri G, Dell’Osso B, Cremaschi L, Sembira E, Palazzo C, Oldani L, Dobrea C, Arici C, Primavera D. 2016. Which factors influence onset and latency to treatment in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder? Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 31:347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benatti B, Ferrari S, Grancini B, Girone N, Briguglio M, Marazziti D, Mucci F, Dell’Osso L, Gambini O, Demartini B, et al. 2020. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in patients with obsessive-compulsive tic-related disorder vs obsessive-compulsive disorder: results of a multicenter Italian study. CNS Spectr. 6:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn J, Fischerauer SF, Talaei-Khoei M, Chen NC, Oh LS, Vranceanu A-M. 2019. What are the implications of excessive Internet searches for medical information by orthopaedic patients? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 477:2665–2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodoh-Creed JA. 2014. When pfizer met mcdreamy: a classic American love story between medicine and the media. Diss Abstr Int Sect A Humanit Soc Sci. 75: No-specified.
   Google Scholar
• Durak Batigun A, Gor N, Komurcu B, Senkal Erturk I. 2018. Cyberchondria scale (CS): development, validity and reliability study. Dusunen Adam. 31:148–162.
   Google Scholar
• Eastin MS, Guinsler NM. 2006. Worried and wired: effects of health anxiety on information-seeking and health care utilization behaviors. Cyberpsychol Behav. 9:494–498.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fergus TA, Dolan SL. 2014. Problematic internet use and internet searches for medical information: the role of health anxiety. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 17:761–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus TA, Russell LH. 2016. Does cyberchondria overlap with health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms? An examination of latent structure and scale interrelations. J Anxiety Disord. 38:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus TA, Spada MM. 2017. Cyberchondria: examining relations with problematic Internet use and metacognitive beliefs. Clin Psychol Psychother. 24:1322–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergus TA. 2014. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS): an examination of structure and relations with health anxiety in a community sample. J Anxiety Disord. 28:504–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro G, Caci B, D’Amico A, Di Blasi M. 2007. Internet addiction disorder: an Italian study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 10:170–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fineberg N, Dell’Osso B, Demetrovics Z, Chamberlain S, Corazza O, Zohar6 J, Potenza7 M, Hollander E, Ameringen M, Van Célia Sales JJ, et al. 2020. Learning to deal with Problematic Usage of the Internet.
   Google Scholar
• First M, Williams J, Benjamin L, Spitzer R. 2015. In; Arlington V, editor. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5. Personalit Disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• First M, Williams J, Karg R, Spitzer R. 2015. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 disorders. Clinician version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, ISBN 9781585624614.
   Google Scholar
• Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis PM. 2002. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess. 14(4):485–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox S. Pew Internet: Online Health Search 2006. Available online: https://www.pewinternet.org/2006/10/29/online-health-search-2006/ (accessed on Oct 23, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. 1989. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1006–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. 1959. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 32:50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 23:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner TE, Metalsky GI, Katz J, Beach SRH. 1999. Depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychol Inq. 10(3):269–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. 2001. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 16:606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarla S, Gopichandran V, Tondare D. 2019. Prevalence and correlates of cyberchondria among professionals working in the information technology sector in Chennai, India: a cross-sectional study. J Postgrad Med. 65:87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manna G, Falgares G, Ingoglia S, Como MR, De Santis S. 2016. The relationship between self-esteem, depression and anxiety: comparing vulnerability and scar model in the Italian context. Mediterranean J Clin Psychol. 4(3):1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti I, Chiri LR, Ghisi M, Sica C. 2010. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R): presentazione e indicazioni di utilizzo nel contesto italiano. Psicoter. Cogn. e Comport. 16:69–84.
   Google Scholar
• Marino C, Fergus TA, Vieno A, Bottesi G, Ghisi M, Spada MM. 2020. Testing the Italian version of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale and a metacognitive model of Cyberchondria. Clin Psychol Psychother. 27:581–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes BM, Norr AM, Allan NP, Albanese BJ, Schmidt NB. 2018. Cyberchondria: overlap with health anxiety and unique relations with impairment, quality of life, and service utilization. Psychiatry Res. 261:204–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaid D, Park A-L. Bupa health pulse 2010. Online health: untangling the web. Available online: https://www.bupa.com.au/staticfiles/Bupa/HealthAndWellness/MediaFiles/PDF/LSE_Report_Online_Health.pdf (accessed on Oct 1, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• McElroy E, Kearney M, Touhey J, Evans J, Cooke Y, Shevlin M. 2019. The CSS-12: development and validation of a short-form version of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 22:330–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMullan RD, Berle D, Arnáez S, Starcevic V. 2019. The relationships between health anxiety, online health information seeking, and cyberchondria: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 245:270–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melli G, Coradeschi D, Smurra R. 2007. La versione italiana dell Health Anxiety Questionnaire: attendibilità e struttura fattoriale (Gabriele Melli, Davide Coradeschi e Rosa Smurra) – PDF Free Download. Psicoter. Cogn. e Comport. 13:37–48.
   Google Scholar
• Milne BJ, Caspi A, Harrington HL, Poulton R, Rutter M, Moffitt TE. 2009. Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66:738–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muse K, McManus F, Leung C, Meghreblian B, Williams JMG. 2012. Cyberchondriasis: fact or fiction? A preliminary examination of the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information on the Internet. J Anxiety Disord. 26:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2020. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. [Accessed 2020 October 26]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
   Google Scholar
• Newby JM, Hobbs MJ, Mahoney AEJ, Wong S, Andrews G. (2017 ). DSM-5 illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder: comorbidity, correlates, and overlap with DSM-IV hypochondriasis. J Psychosom Res. 101:31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby JM, McElroy E. 2020. The impact of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for health anxiety on cyberchondria. J Anxiety Disord. 69:102150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norr AM, Oglesby ME, Raines AM, Macatee RJ, Allan NP, Schmidt NB. 2015. Relationships between cyberchondria and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res. 230:441–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes R, Woodman CL, Bodkin JA, Yagla SJ. 2004. Hypochondriacal concerns in panic disorder and major depressive disorder: a comparison. Int J Psychiatry Med. 34:143–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartana PJ, Campbell CM, Edwards RR. 2009. Pain catastrophizing a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother. 9(5):745–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier KG, Allan NP, Raines AM, Schmidt NB. 2019. Depression and intolerance of uncertainty: relations between uncertainty subfactors and depression dimensions. Psychiatry. 82:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarella TM, Laferton JAC, Ahern DK, Fallon BA, Barsky A. 2016. The relationship of hypochondriasis to anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders. Psychosomatics. 57:200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvi Y, Turan SG, Sayin AA, Boysan M, Kandeger A. 2018. The cyberchondria severity scale (CSS): validity and reliability study of the Turkish version. Sleep Hypn. 20:241–246.
   Google Scholar
• Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE, Khosla UM, McElroy SL. 2000. Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. J Affect Disord. 57:267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K, Brown RJ. 2016. From headache to tumour: an examination of health anxiety, health-related Internet use and “query escalation. J Health Psychol. 21:2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spada MM. 2014. An overview of problematic Internet use. Addict Behav. 39(1):3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. 2006. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 166:1092–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starcevic V, Baggio S, Berle D, Khazaal Y, Viswasam K. 2019. Cyberchondria and its relationships with related constructs: a network analysis. Psychiatr Q. 90:491–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starcevic V, Berle D, Arnáez S, Vismara M, Fineberg NA. 2020. The assessment of cyberchondria: instruments for assessing problematic online health-related research. Curr Addict Rep. 7(2):149–165.
   Google Scholar
• Starcevic V, Berle D, Arnáez S. 2020. Recent insights into cyberchondria. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 22:56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starcevic V, Berle D. 2013. Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related Internet use. Expert Rev Neurother. 13(2):205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starcevic V. 2017. Cyberchondria: challenges of problematic online searches for health-related information. Psychother Psychosom. 86:129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrer P, Tyrer H. 2018. Health anxiety: detection and treatment. BJPsych Adv. 24(1):66–72.
   Google Scholar
• van den Heuvel OA, Veale D, Stein DJ. 2014. Hypochondriasis: considerations for ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 36(Suppl 1):S21–S27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vismara M, Caricasole V, Starcevic V, Cinosi E, Dell’Osso B, Martinotti G, Fineberg NA. 2020. Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence. Compr Psychiatry. 99:152167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White RW, Horvitz E. 2009. Cyberchondria: studies of the escalation of medical concerns in Web search. ACM Trans Inf Syst. 27:4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesinghe CA, Liyanage ULNS, Kapugama KGCL, Warsapperuma WANP, Williams SS, Kuruppuarachchi KALA, Rodrigo A. 2019. Muddling by googling” – Cyberchondria among outpatient attendees of two hospitals in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J Psyc. 10(1):11.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 2019. World Health Organization International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision) [Accessed 2019 October 1]. https://icd.who.int/en
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki World Medical Association 2001. Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organ. 79:373–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young KS. 1998. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1(3):237–244.
   Google Scholar