Obsessional slowness in obsessive-compulsive disorder: identifying characteristics and comorbidities in a clinical sample

References

• APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennun, I. (1980). Obsessional slowness: a replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18(6), 595–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(80)90055-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsbury, C., & Morley, S. (1979). Obsessional slowness: a meticulous replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17(4), 405–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(79)90014-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch, M. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Rosario, M. C., Pittenger, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2008). Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(12), 1532–1542. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brakoulias, V., Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Moses, K., Hannan, A., Sammut, P., & Martin, A. (2013). The characteristics of unacceptable/taboo thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(7), 750–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caligiore, D., Mannella, F., Arbib, M. A., & Baldassarre, G. (2017). Dysfunctions of the basal ganglia-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical system produce motor tics in Tourette syndrome. PLoS Computational Biology, 13(3), e1005395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederlöf, M., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., Boman, M., Rück, C., Landén, M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2015). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychosis, and Bipolarity: A Longitudinal Cohort and Multigenerational Family Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(5), 1076–1083. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlot, L., Fox, S., & Friedlander, R. (2002). Obsessional slowness in Down’s syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 46(Pt 6), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00419.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, D. A., Sugrim, I., & Bolton, D. (1982). Primary obsessional slowness: a nursing treatment programme with a 13-year-old male adolescent. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20(3), 289–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(82)90148-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, B. J., Miguel, E. C., Biederman, J., Baer, L., Rauch, S. L., O'Sullivan, R. L., Savage, C. R., Phillips, K., Borgman, A., Green-Leibovitz, M. I., Moore, E., Park, K. S., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Tourette’s disorder with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: are they different? The. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(4), 201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. L., & Frankel, M. (1985). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and the neurological basis of obsessions and compulsions. Biological Psychiatry, 20(10), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(85)90011-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, J. A. (2001). Manual da versão em português das Escalas Beck. Casa do Psicólogo.
   Google Scholar
• Del-Ben, C. M., Vilela, J. A. A., Crippa, JAdS., Hallak, J. E. C., Labate, C. M., & Zuardi, A. W. (2001). Confiabilidade da “Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV - Versão Clínica” traduzida para o português. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 23(3), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462001000300008
   Google Scholar
• Diniz, J. B., Rosario-Campos, M. C., Hounie, A. G., Curi, M., Shavitt, R. G., Lopes, A. C., & Miguel, E. C. (2006). Chronic tics and Tourette syndrome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(6), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichstedt, J. A., & Arnold, S. L. (2001). Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD? Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00044-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., Atala, K. D., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1998). The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale: reliability and validity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.1.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders: clinical Version (SCID-I-CV).: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institutute.
   Google Scholar
• Fontenelle, L. F., & Hasler, G. (2008). The analytical epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.06.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenelle, L. F., Lauterbach, E. C., Telles, L. L., Versiani, M., Porto, F. H., & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2007). Catatonia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and clinical management. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology: official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 20(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e31802e3bc6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganos, C., Kassavetis, P., Cerdan, M., Erro, R., Balint, B., Price, G., Edwards, M. J., & Bhatia, K. P. (2015). Revisiting the Syndrome of “Obsessional Slowness. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 2(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1012–1016. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowda, G. S., Sadh, K., Singh, A., & Bada Math, S. (2017). Obsessive slowness mimicking catatonia in an adolescent – A case report. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 13, 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hymas, N., Lees, A., Bolton, D., Epps, K., & Head, D. (1991). The neurology of obsessional slowness. Brain, 114(5), 2203–2233. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/114.5.2203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, A. (2014). Obsessional Slowness in College Students: case Studies. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 28(3), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2014.915173
   Google Scholar
• Lam, W., Wong, K. W., Fulks, M. A., & Holsti, L. (2008). Obsessional slowness: a case study. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Revue Canadienne D'ergotherapie, 75(4), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740807500413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leckman, J. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1998). Tourette’s Syndrome – Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care.: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Leckman, J. F., Riddle, M. A., Hardin, M. T., Ort, S. I., Swartz, K. L., Stevenson, J., & Cohen, D. J. (1989). The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(4), 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198907000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, A. B., Chang, S., McCracken, J., McQueen, M., & Piacentini, J. (2010). Comparison of clinical features among youth with tic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and both conditions. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochner, C., Fineberg, N. A., Zohar, J., van Ameringen, M., Juven-Wetzler, A., Altamura, A. C., Cuzen, N. L., Hollander, E., Denys, D., Nicolini, H., Dell’Osso, B., Pallanti, S., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(7), 1513–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCairn, K. W., Iriki, A., & Isoda, M. (2013). Global dysrhythmia of cerebro-basal ganglia-cerebellar networks underlies motor tics following striatal disinhibition. The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(2), 697–708. Jan 9 https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4018-12.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel, E. C., Ferrão, Y. A., Rosário, M. C. d., Mathis, M. A. d., Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F., Hounie, A. G., Shavitt, R. G., Cordioli, A. V., Gonzalez, C. H., Petribú, K., Diniz, J. B., Malavazzi, D. M., Torresan, R. C., Raffin, A. L., Meyer, E., Braga, D. T., Borcato, S., Valério, C., … Silva, E. D. d, Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2008). The Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: recruitment, assessment instruments, methods for the development of multicenter collaborative studies and preliminary results. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999), 30(3), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, A. K., Majumder, P., Agrawal, A., Sood, M., & Khandelwal, S. K. (2013). Early onset obsessive compulsive disorder with obsessive slowness: a case report and demonstration of management. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(4), 407–409. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.122243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto, A., Greenberg, B. D., Murphy, D. L., Nestadt, G., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2009). Using individual items to clarify OCD symptom structure: the case for five factors. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), 728–729. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittig, A., Treanor, M., LeBeau, R. T., & Craske, M. G. (2018 May). The role of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders: gaps and directions for future research. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 88, 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S. (1974). Primary obsessional slowness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(74)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnasuriya, R. H., Marks, I. M., Forshaw, D. M., & Hymas, N. F. (1991). Obsessive slowness revisited. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 159, 273–274. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.2.273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosario-Campos, M. C., Miguel, E. C., Quatrano, S., Chacon, P., Ferrao, Y., Findley, D., Katsovich, L., Scahill, L., King, R. A., Woody, S. R., Tolin, D., Hollander, E., Kano, Y., & Leckman, J. F. (2006 May). The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Molecular Psychiatry, 11(5), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanavio, E., & Vidotto, G. (1985). The components of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(6), 659–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90061-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawle, G. V., Hymas, N. F., Lees, A. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. (1991). Obsessional slowness. Functional studies with positron emission tomography. Brain, 114(5), 2191–2202. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/114.5.2191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shemyakina, N. V., Nagornova, Z. V., Belisheva, N. K., Pryanichnikov, S. V., Bekshaev, S. S., & Soroko, S. I. (2018). Assessment of the Parameters of Cognitive Potentials in Adolescent Northerners in Health and Developmental Delays. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 48(5), 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-018-0596-2
   Google Scholar
• Singh, G., Sharan, P., & Grover, S. (2003). Obsessive slowness: a case report. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 60–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takeuchi, T., Nakagawa, A., Harai, H., Nakatani, E., Fujikawa, S., Yoshizato, C., & Yamagami, T. (1997 May). Primary obsessional slowness: long-term findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(5), 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00123-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham, S. W., & Sarathchandra, C. B. (1994). Obsessional slowness in the setting of fears of contamination resulting in paradoxical uncleanliness. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 51(1-2), 67–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veale, D. (1993). Classification and treatment of obsessional slowness. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 162, 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.2.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. T., Farris, S. G., Turkheimer, E., Pinto, A., Ozanick, K., Franklin, M. E., Liebowitz, M., Simpson, H. B., & Foa, E. B. (2011). Myth of the pure obsessional type in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(6), 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, D., Mathews, C. A., Scharf, J. M., Neale, B. M., Davis, L. K., Gamazon, E. R., Derks, E. M., Evans, P., Edlund, C. K., Crane, J., Fagerness, J. A., Osiecki, L., Gallagher, P., Gerber, G., Haddad, S., Illmann, C., McGrath, L. M., Mayerfeld, C., Arepalli, S., … Pauls, D. L. (2015). Cross-disorder genome-wide analyses suggest a complex genetic relationship between Tourette’s syndrome and OCD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar