Visions of time in geospatial ontologies from Indigenous peoples: a case study with the Eastern Cree in Northern Quebec

References

• Absolon, K. and Willett, C., 2005. Putting ourselves forward: location in Aboriginal research. In: L. Brown and S. Strega, eds. Research as resistance: critical, indigenous, and anti-oppressive approaches. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 97–126.
   Google Scholar
• Adam, B., 2002. Perceptions of time. In: T. Ingold, ed. Companion encyclopedia of anthropology. London; New York: Routledge, 503–526.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, P., 2005. Ontological considerations in GIScience. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 19 (5), 501–536. doi:10.1080/13658810500032321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J.F., 1983. Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26 (11), 832–843. doi:10.1145/182.358434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J.F. and Hayes, P.J., 1985. A common-sense theory of time. In: IJCAI’85 Proceedings of the 9th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1, San Francisco, CA, 528–531.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera-Bassols, N. and Toledo, V.M., 2005. Ethnoecology of the Yucatec Maya: symbolism, knowledge and management of natural resources. Journal of Latin American Geography, 4 (1), 9–41. doi:10.1353/lag.2005.0021
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, B. and Galton, A.P., 2001. A versatile representation for time and events. In Fifth Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, New York: CommonSense 2001, 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Berkes, F., 2012. Sacred ecology (Third). New York, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bittner, T., 2002. Reasoning about qualitative spatio-temporal relations at multiple levels of granularity. In: F. van Harmelen, ed. ECAI 2002: 15th european conference on artificial intelligence. Ohmsha: IOS Press, 317–324.
   Google Scholar
• Bittner, T., Donnelly, M., and Smith, B., 2009. A spatio-temporal ontology for geographic information integration. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23 (6), 765–798. doi:10.1080/13658810701776767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, M.B., 1969. Eliciting folk taxonomy in Ojibwa. In: S.A. Tyler, ed. Cognitive anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 165–189.
   Google Scholar
• Black, M.B., 1977. Ojibwa taxonomy and percept ambiguity. Ethos, 5 (1), 90–118. doi:10.1525/eth.1977.5.1.02a00070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaut, J.M., 1979. Some principles of ethnogeography. In: S. Gale and G. Olsson, eds. Philosophy in geography. Dordrecht: Springer, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Campelo, C.E.C., Bennett, B., and Dimitrova, V., 2012. From polygons and timestamps to dynamic geographic features: grounding a spatio-temporal geo-ontology. In: S. Castano, et al., eds. Advances in conceptual modeling. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 251–260.
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen, K.-U., 2007. Spatio-temporal ontologies and attention. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 7 (1), 13–32. doi:10.1080/13875860701337850
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, A.G., et al., 1995. A logical approach to representing and reasoning about space. Artificial Intelligence Review, 9 (4–5), 255–259. doi:10.1007/BF00849038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collings, P., 2009. Participant observation and phased assertion as research strategies in the Canadian Arctic. Field Methods, 21 (2), 133–153. doi:10.1177/1525822X08330260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cree Nations of Eeyou Istchee, 2011. Cree vision of plan nord. Available from http://caid.ca/CreVisPlaNor2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cruikshank, J., 2010. Do glaciers listen? Local knowledge, colonial encounters, and social imagination. Vancouver, Toronto: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, Ø., 1995. When the future comes from behind: malagasy and other time concepts and some consequences for communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19 (2), 197–209. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(95)00004-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloria, V., 2003. God is red: a native view of religion. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Demarée, G.R. and Rutishauser, T., 2011. From “Periodical observations” to “Anthochronology” and “Phenology” – the scientific debate between Adolphe quetelet and charles morren on the origin of the word “Phenology.”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55 (6), 753–761. doi:10.1007/s00484-011-0442-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, N., 2018. What is temporal ontology? Philosophical Studies, 175 (3), 793–807. doi:10.1007/s11098-017-0893-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbiens, C. and Rivard, É., 2014. From passive to active dialogue? Aboriginal lands, development and métissage in Québec, Canada. Cultural Geographies, 21 (1), 99–114. doi:10.1177/1474474013487485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijst, M., 2013. Space-time integration in a dynamic urbanizing world: current status and future prospects in geography and GIScience. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103 (5), 1058–1061. doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.792171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragicevic, S., Marceau, D.J., and Marois, C., 2001. Space, time, and dynamics modeling in historical GIS databases: a fuzzy logic approach. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28 (4), 545–562. doi:10.1068/b2567
   Google Scholar
• Drakengren, T. and Jonsson, P., 1997. Eight maximal tractable subclasses of Allen’s algebra with metric time. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 7, 25–45. doi:10.1613/jair.340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvall, C.S., 2008. Classifying physical geographic features: the case of maninka farmers in Southwestern Mali. Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography, 90 (4), 327–348.
   Google Scholar
• Egenhofer, M.J., 2002. Toward the semantic geospatial web. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems, CIKM02: Eleventh ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, November, McLean, Virginia, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Fixico, D., 2003. The American Indian mind in a linear world: American Indian studies and traditional knowledge. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, A.U., 1998. Different types of “times” in GIS. In: M.J. Egenhofer and R.G. Golledge, eds. Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 40–61.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, A.U., 2003. Ontology for spatio-temporal databases. In: M. Koubarakis, et al., eds. Spatio-temporal databases. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 9–77.
   Google Scholar
• Galton, A., 2001. Space, time, and the representation of geographical reality. Topoi, 20 (2), 173–187. doi:10.1023/A:1017913008827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton, A., 2011. Time flies but space does not: limits to the spatialisation of time. Journal of Pragmatics, 43 (3), 695–703. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton, A., 2015. Outline of a formal theory of processes and events, and why GIScience needs one. In: S.I. Fabrikant, et al., eds.. Spatial information theory. COSIT 2015. Springer International Publishing, 3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Gangemi, A., et al., 2002. Sweetening ontologies with DOLCE. In: A. Gómez-Pérez and V.R. Benjamins, eds.. Knowledge engineering and knowledge management: ontologies and the semantic web, lecture notes in computer science. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 166–181.
   Google Scholar
• Goodchild, M.F., 2005. GIS, spatial analysis, and modelling overview. In: D.J. Maguire, M. Batty, and M.F. Goodchild, eds. GIS, spatial analysis and modelling. Redlands: ESRI Press, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Goodchild, M.F., 2007. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal, 69 (4), 211–221. doi:10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y
   Google Scholar
• Goodchild, M.F., 2013. Prospects for a space-time GIS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103 (5), 1072–1077. doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.792175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenon, P., 2003. The formal ontology of spatio-temporal reality and its formalization. In: H. W. Guesgen, et al., eds. Foundations and applications of spatio-temporal reasoning, Papers. AAAI Spring Symposium, 24–27 March, Palo Alto, California, 27–34.
   Google Scholar
• Grenon, P. and Smith, B., 2004. SNAP and SPAN: towards dynamic spatial ontology. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 4 (1), 69–104. doi:10.1207/s15427633scc0401_5
   Google Scholar
• Hägerstraand, T., 1970. What about people in regional science? Papers in Regional Science, 24 (1), 7–24. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x
   Google Scholar
• Hall, E.T., 1983. The dance of life. New York: Anchor Press Garden City.
   Google Scholar
• Hallowell, A.I., 2002. Ojibwa ontology, behavior, and world view. Readings in Indigenous Religions, 22, 17–49.
   Google Scholar
• Hawley, K., 2018. Temporal parts. In: E.N. Zalta, ed. The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition) Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/temporal-parts/.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, J.R. and Pan, F., 2004. An ontology of time for the semantic web. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), 3 (1), 66–85. doi:10.1145/1017068.1017073
   Google Scholar
• Hornsby, K., Egenhofer, M.J., and Hayes, P., 1999. Modeling cyclic change. In: P.P. Chen, et al., eds. Advances in conceptual modeling. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 98–109.
   Google Scholar
• Hornsby, K. and Egenhofer, M.J., 2000. Identity-based change: a foundation for spatiotemporal knowledge representation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 14 (3), 207–224. doi:10.1080/136588100240813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingold, T., 2000. The perception of the environment: essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill. London, New York: Routeledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, D. and Tallant, J., 2018. Presentism. In: E.N. Zalta, ed. The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition), Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presentism/.
   Google Scholar
• Janz, B.B., 2011. Philosophical issues in ethnophysiograph: landforms terms, disciplinarity, and the question of method. In: D.M. Mark, et al., eds.. Landscape in language transdisciplinary perspectives. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 101–119.
   Google Scholar
• Kauppinen, T., Väätäinen, J., and Eero, H., 2008. Creating and using geospatial ontology time series in a semantic cultural heritage portal. In: S. Bechhofer, et al., eds. The semantic web: research and applications. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 110–123.
   Google Scholar
• Kitzinger, J., 1994. The methodology of focus groups - The importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health and Illness, 16 (1), 103–121. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, E., 2013. How forests think: toward an anthropology beyond the human. Los Angeles, London: Univ of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, H.-U., 2010. A general methodology for equipping ontologies with time. In: N. Calzolari, et al., eds. Proceedings of the Seventh international conference on language resources and evaluation, LREC’10, 17–23 May, Valletta, Malta, 3165–3172.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, W., 2000. How to produce ontologies: an approach grounded in texts. Geographical Domain and Geographical Information Systems Geo-Info Series, 19, 63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kukutai, T. and Taylor, J., Eds., 2016. Indigenous data sovereignty: toward an Agenda. Acton, Australia: ANU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kwan, M.-P., 2013. Beyond Space (As We Knew It): toward Temporally Integrated Geographies of Segregation, Health, and Accessibility: space–Time Integration in Geography and GIScience. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103 (5), 1078–1086. doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.792177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, M.-P. and Neutens, T., 2014. Space-time research in GIScience. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28 (5), 851–854. doi:10.1080/13658816.2014.889300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LemosDias, T., et al. 2004. Bottom-up development of process-based ontologies. In: M. J. Egenhofer, et al., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on geographic information science, GI Science 2004, Adelphi, MD, 20–23 October, 64–67.
   Google Scholar
• Little Bear, L., 2000. Jagged worldviews colliding. In: M. Battiste, ed. Reclaiming Indigenous voice and vision. Vancouver, Toronto: UBC Press, 77–85.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Pellicer, F.J., et al. 2012. An ontology for the representation of spatiotemporal jurisdictional domains in information retrieval systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26 (4), 579–597. doi:10.1080/13658816.2011.599811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, D.M. and Turk, A.G., 2003. Landscape categories in yindjibarndi: ontology, environment, and language. In: W. Kuhn, M. Worboys, and S. Timpf, eds. Spatial information theory. Foundations of geographic information science. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 28–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, D.M. and Egenhofer, M.J., 1995. Topology of prototypical spatial relations between lines and regions in English and Spanish. In Proceedings, Auto Carto, 12, 245–254.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, D.M., Turk, A.G., and Stea, D., 2007. Progress on Yindjibarndi ethnophysiography. In: S. Winter, et al., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on spatial information theory, COSIT 2007, 19–23 September, Melbourne, Australia, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, D., 2004. Traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable development: towards coexistence. In: M. Blaser, H.A. Feit, and G. McRae, eds. In the way of development: indigenous people, life projects, and globalization. London, New York, Ottawa: Zed Books, International Development Research Centre, 92–110.
   Google Scholar
• Mizen, H., Dolbear, C., and Hart, G., 2005. Ontology ontogeny: understanding how an ontology is created and developed. In: M.A. Rodríguez, et al., eds. GeoSpatial semantics. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 15–29.
   Google Scholar
• Moeran, B., 2009. From participant observation to observant participation. In: S. Ybema, et al., eds. Organizational ethnography: studying the complexity of everyday life. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 139–155.
   Google Scholar
• Moffat, M., 2016. Exploring positionality in an aboriginal research paradigm: a unique perspective. International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education, 5, 763–768. doi:10.20533/ijtie.2047.0533.2016.0096
   Google Scholar
• Moses, E.D., 2013. Dancing with Chikapesh: an examination of Eeyou stories through three generations of storytellers. Montreal: McGill University.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, S., 2014. Co-motion: making space to care for country. Geoforum, 54, 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulrennan, M.E., Mark, R., and Scott, C.H., 2012. Revamping community-based conservation through participatory research. The Canadian Geographer, 56 (2), 243–259. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00415.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murton, B., 2011. Embedded in place ‘Mirror knowledge’ and ‘simultaneous landscapes. In: D.M. Mark, et al., eds. Landscape in language: transdisciplinary perspectives. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 73–100.
   Google Scholar
• Nadasdy, P., 1999. The politics of Tek: power and the “Integration” of knowledge. Anthropology, 36 (1/2), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Nadasdy, P., 2007. The gift in the animal: the ontology of hunting and human-animal sociality. American Ethnologist, 34 (1), 25–43. doi:10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez, R.E. and Sweetser, E., 2006. With the future behind them: convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30 (3), 401–450. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, D., 2005. Geographical information science: time changes everything. Progress in Human Geography, 29 (6), 749–756. doi:10.1191/0309132505ph581pr
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, T. and Swiaczny, F., 2001. Time-integrative geographic information systems: management and analysis of spatio-temporal data. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Peloquin, C. and Berkes, F., 2009. Local knowledge, subsistence harvests, and social- ecological complexity in James Bay. Human Ecology, 37 (5), 533–545. doi:10.1007/s10745-009-9255-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petnga, L. and Austin, M., 2013. Ontologies of time and time-based reasoning for MBSE of cyber-physical systems. Procedia Computer Science, 16, 403–412. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.01.042
   Google Scholar
• Peuquet, D.J., 1994. It’s about time: a conceptual framework for the representation of temporal dynamics in geographic information systems. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84 (3), 441–461. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01869.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, R.J., 2002. Cree narrative: expressing the personal meanings of events. 2nd. Montreal, Kingston, London, Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Preston, S.M., 1999. Meaning and representation: landscape in the oral tradition of the Eastern James Bay Cree. Guelph: The University of Guelph.
   Google Scholar
• Pulsifer, P.L., et al. 2011. Towards an Indigenist data management program: reflections on experiences developing an atlas of sea ice knowledge and use. Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 55 (1), 108–124. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00348.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radu, I., House, L.L.M., and Pashagumskum, E., 2014. Land, life, and knowledge in Chisasibi: intergenerational healing in the bush. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, 3, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Raimond, Y. and Abdallah, S., 2007. The event ontology [WWW Document]. Available from: http://motools.sourceforge.net/event/event.html
   Google Scholar
• Reid, G. and Sieber, R., 2020. Do geospatial ontologies perpetuate Indigenous assimilation? Progress in Human Geography, 44 (2), 216–234. doi:10.1177/0309132518824646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, G. and Sieber, R., forthcoming. Unavoidable expertise, “Technocratic Positionality,” and GIScience: eliciting an Indigenous geospatial ontology with the Eastern Cree in Northern Quebec. Gender, Place, and Culture.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, D.B., 2013. Real-time space-time integration in GIScience and geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103 (5), 1062–1071. doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.792172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodon, T. and Therrien, A., 2017. Quels modèles de développement pour le Québec nordique? Recherches sociographiques, 58 (2), 447–470. doi:10.7202/1042170ar
   Google Scholar
• Schmuck, R., 2006. Practical action research for change 2nd. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, C.H. and Webber, J., 2001. Conflicts between cree hunting and sport hunting: co-management decision making at James Bay. In: C.H. Scott, ed. Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern quebec and labrador. Vancouver, Toronto: UBC Press, 149–174.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, C.H., 2006. Spirit and practical knowledge in the person of the bear among Wemindji Cree hunters. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, 71 (1), 51–66. doi:10.1080/00141840600603178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sider, T., 1997. Four-dimensionalism. The Philosophical Review, 106 (2), 197–231. doi:10.2307/2998357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sider, T., 2006. Quantifiers and temporal ontology. Mind, 115 (457), 75–97. doi:10.1093/mind/fzl075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, L., 2002. Indigenous environmental education for cultural survival. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education (CJEE), 7 (1), 13–25.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. and Mark, D.M., 2003. Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30 (3), 411–427. doi:10.1068/b12821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada, 2016. Census profile Available from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca
   Google Scholar
• Stock, K., et al. 2015. Discovering order in chaos: using a heuristic ontology to derive Spatio-temporal sequences for cadastral data. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 15 (2), 115–141. doi:10.1080/13875868.2015.1004177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. and Corbin, J., 2007. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 3rd. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Svalastog, A.-L. and Eriksson, S., 2010. You can use my name; you don’t have to steal my story–a critique of anonymity in indigenous studies. Developing World Bioethics, 10 (2), 104–110. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2010.00276.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó, Z.G., 2006. Counting across times. Philosophical Perspectives, 20 (1), 399–426. doi:10.1111/j.1520-8583.2006.00113.x
   Google Scholar
• Tuck, E. and McKenzie, M., 2014. Place in research: theory, methodology, and methods. New York, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Turk, A.G., 2011. Exploring philosophy of place: potential for synergy between phenomenology and ethnography. In: D.M. Mark, et al., eds. Landscape in language: transdisciplinary perspectives, culture and language use. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 47–72.
   Google Scholar
• Veland, S., et al. 2014. All strings attached: negotiating relationships of geographic information science. Geographical Research, 52 (3), 296–308. doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verran, H., 2004. A story about doing “The Dreaming.”. Postcolonial Studies: Culture, Politics, Economy, 7 (2), 149–164. doi:10.1080/1368879042000278843
   Google Scholar
• W3C, 2020. Time Ontology in OWL. Available from: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-time/
   Google Scholar
• Wellen, C.C. and Sieber, R.E., 2013. Toward an inclusive semantic interoperability: the case of Cree hydrographic features. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27 (1), 168–191. doi:10.1080/13658816.2012.688975
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Z., et al., 2008. Trajectory ontologies and queries. Transactions in GIS, 12, 75–91. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2008.01137.x
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, M., Nara, A., and Bothwell, J., 2014. Space–time representation and analytics. Annals of GIS, 20 (1), 1–9. doi:10.1080/19475683.2013.862301
   Google Scholar