Innovative Output, Productivity and Profitability. A Test Comparing USPTO and EPO Data

References

• Acs , Z. J. and Audretsch , D. B. 1987 . Innovation, market structure, and firm size . Review of Economics and Statistics , 69 (4) : 567 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acs , Z. J. and Audretsch , D. B. 1988 . Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis . American Economic Review , 78 (4) : 678 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acs , Z. J. and Audretsch , D. B. 1991 . Innovation and size at the firm level, . Southern Economic Journal , 57 (3) : 739 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Archibugi , D. 1992 . Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review . Science and Public Policy , 19 (6) : 357 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Archibugi , D. and Coco , A. 2005 . Measuring technological capabilities at the country level: a survey and a menu for choice . Research Policy , 34 (2) : 175 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Arora , A. and Gambardella , A. 1994 . Evaluating technological information and utilizing it: scientific knowledge, technological capability, and external linkages in biotechnology . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 24 (1) : 91 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Arundel , A. 2000 . “ Patents—the Viagra of innovation policy? ” . Internal Report to the Expert Group in the Project “Innovation Policy in a Knowledge‐Based Economy”, MERIT, Maastricht
   Google Scholar
• Barzel , Y. 1989 . Economic Analysis of Property Rights , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blossom Associati . 2007 . Biotecnologie in Italia 2007—Analisi strategica e finanziaria , Milano : Blossom Associati .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , Y. 2007 . The effects of patent regime changes: a case study of the European Patent Office . International Journal of Industrial Organization , 25 (1) : 121 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Denicolò , V. 2007 . Do patents over‐compensate innovators? . Economic Policy , 22 (4) : 679 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Duguet , E. 2006 . Innovation height, spillovers and TFP growth at the firm level: evidence from French manufacturing . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 15 (4/5) : 415 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• EuropaBIO . 2007 . Biotechnology in Europe: 2006 Comparative Study , Brussels : European Association for Bioindustries .
   Google Scholar
• Gambardella , A. 1995 . Science and Innovation: The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry During the 1980s , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J. H. , Hall , B. , Harhoff , D. and Mowery , D. C. 2002 . “ Post‐issue patent “quality control”: a comparative study of US patents re‐examinations and European patent oppositions ” . NBER Working Paper Series No. 8807
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , R. , Huergo , E. , Mairesse , J. and Peters , B. 2006 . Innovation and productivity across four European countries . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 22 (4) : 483 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• Griliches , Z. 1979 . Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth . Bell Journal of Economics , 10 (1) : 92 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , B. and Ziedonis , R. H. 2001 . The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry: 1979–1995 . Rand Journal of Economics , 32 (1) : 101 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Hausman , J. A. , Hall , B. and Griliches , Z. 1984 . Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents–R&D relationship . Econometrica , 52 (4) : 909 – 938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölzl , W. 2007 . Intellectual property rights, innovation and European IPR policy . Austrian Economic Quarterly , 1 : 71 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , A. B. 2000 . The U.S. patent system in transition: policy innovation and the innovation process . Research Policy , 29 (4/5) : 531 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , A. B. and Lerner , J. 2004 . Innovation and Its Discontents. How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It , Princeton, NJ and Oxford : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , A. B and Trajtenberg , M , eds. 2002 . Patents, Citations and Innovations. A Window on the Knowledge Economy , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kleinknecht , A and Bain , D , eds. 1993 . New Concepts in Innovation Output Measurement , New York and London : St Marin's Press and Macmillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohr , M. 2002 . Intellectual Property, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kortum , S. and Lerner , J. 1999 . What is behind the recent surge in patents? . Research Policy , 28 (1) : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanjouw , J. O. and Schankerman , M. 2004 . Patent quality and research productivity: measuring innovation with multiple indicators . Economic Journal , 114 : 441 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mairesse , J. and Sassenou , M. 1991 . R&D and productivity: a survey of econometric studies at the firm level . STI Review , 7 : 131 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• McCalman , P. 2001 . Reaping what you sow: an empirical analysis of international patent harmonization . Journal of International Economics , 55 (1) : 161 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Murmann , J. 2003 . Knowledge and Competitive Advantage. The Coevolution of Firms, Technology, and National Institutions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nesta , L. and Saviotti , P.‐P. 2006 . Firm knowledge and market value in biotechnology . Industrial and Corporate Change , 15 (4) : 625 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• Nooteboom , B. 2000 . Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus , W. D. 1969 . An economic theory of technological change (in theory of innovation) . American Economic Review , 59 (1) : 18 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2004 . Main Science and Technology Indicators , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 2006 . OECD Biotechnology Statistics , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Orsenigo , L. 2001 . The (failed) development of a biotechnology cluster: the case of Lombardy . Small Business Economics , 17 (1/2) : 77 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Pakes , A. and Griliches , Z. 1984 . “ Patents and R&D at the firm level: a first look ” . In R&D, Patents, and Productivity , Edited by: Griliches , Z . 55 – 72 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press for NBER .
   Google Scholar
• Piergiovanni , R. and Santarelli , E. 1996 . Analyzing literature‐based innovation output indicators: the Italian experience . Research Policy , 25 (5) : 689 – 712 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , J. 1996 . “ The value of international patent rights ” . PhD Thesis, Yale University
   Google Scholar
• Schankerman , M. and Pakes , A. 1986 . Estimates of the value of patent rights in European countries during the post‐1950 period . Economic Journal , 96 : 1052 – 1076 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmookler , J. 1966 . Invention and Economic Growth , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scotchmer , S. 2004 . Innovation and Incentives , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tong , X. and Frame , J. D. 1994 . Measuring national technological performance with patent claims data . Research Policy , 23 (2) : 133 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Trajtenberg , M. , Henderson , R. and Jaffe , A. B. 1997 . University versus corporate patents: a window on the basicness of invention . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 5 (1) : 19 – 50 . also in Jaffe, A. B. & Trajtenberg, M. (Eds) (2002), pp. 51–87
   Google Scholar
• Wuyts , S. , Colombo , M. G. , Dutta , S. and Nooteboom , B. 2005 . Empirical tests of optimal cognitive distance . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 58 (2) : 277 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar