Network Capital, Social Capital and Knowledge Flow: How the Nature of Inter-organizational Networks Impacts on Innovation

References

• Adler , P. S. and Kwon , S. W. 2002 . Social capital: prospects for a new concept . Academy of Management Review , 27 ( 1 ) : 17 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkermans , D. , Castaldi , C. and Los , B. 2009 . Do “liberal market economies” really innovate more radically than “coordinated market economies”? Hall and Soskice reconsidered . Research Policy , 38 ( 1 ) : 181 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson , M. and Karlsson , C. 2007 . Knowledge in regional economic growth: the role of knowledge accessibility . Industry and Innovation , 14 ( 2 ) : 129 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Arthur , B. 1989 . Competing technologies and lock-in by historical events: the dynamics of allocation under increasing returns . Economic Journal , 99 ( 394 ) : 116 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asheim , B. , Isaksen , A. , Nauwelaers , C. and Tödtling , F. , eds. 2003 . Regional Innovation Policy for Small-medium Enterprises , London : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Athreye , S. 2004 . “ Agglomeration and growth: a study of the Cambridge hi-tech cluster ” . In Building High-tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond , Edited by: Bresnahan , T. and Gambardella , A. 121 – 159 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. , Malmberg , A. and Maskell , P. 2004 . Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation . Progress in Human Geography , 28 ( 1 ) : 31 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterink , M. , Wubben , E. , Klerkx , L. and Omta , O. 2010 . Orchestrating innovation networks: the case of innovation brokers in the agri-food sector . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 22 ( 1 ) : 47 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman , C. M. , Haunschild , P. R. and Phillips , D. J. 2004 . Friends or strangers? Firm-specific uncertainty, market uncertainty, and network partner selection . Organization Science , 15 ( 3 ) : 259 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , G. G. 2005 . Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness . Strategic Management Journal , 26 ( 3 ) : 287 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belussi , F. and Sedita , R. 2012 . Industrial districts as open learning systems: combining emergent and deliberate knowledge structures . Regional Studies , 2 ( 46 ) : 165 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergenholtz , C. and Waldstrøm , C. 2011 . Inter-organizational network studies: a literature review . Industry and Innovation , 18 ( 6 ) : 539 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi , A. and Rossi , C. 2006 . Comparing motivations of individual programmers and firms to take part in the open source movement: from community to business . Knowledge Technology and Policy , 18 ( 4 ) : 40 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Borgatti , S. P. and Foster , P. C. 2003 . The network paradigm in organizational research: a review and typology . Journal of Management , 29 ( 6 ) : 991 – 1013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma , R. A. 2005 . Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment . Regional Studies , 39 : 61 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1986 . “ The forms of capital ” . In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education , Edited by: Richardson , J. G. 241 – 258 . New York : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Broekel , T. and Boschma , R. 2012 . Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox . Journal of Economic Geography , 2 ( 12 ) : 409 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Brökel , T. and Binder , M. 2007 . The regional dimension of knowledge transfers: a behavioral approach . Industry and Innovation , 14 ( 2 ) : 151 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Burt , R. S. 1992 . Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cantner, U., Conti, E. and Meder, A. (2009) Networks and innovation: the role of social assets in explaining firms' innovative capacity. Jena Economic Research Papers 2009-040, Friedrich Schiller University and the Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Capello , R. and Faggian , A. 2005 . Collective learning and relational capital in local innovation processes . Regional Studies , 39 ( 1 ) : 75 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casson , M. and Della Giusta , M. 2007 . Entrepreneurship and social capital: analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective . International Small Business Journal , 25 ( 3 ) : 220 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell , R. B. 1966 . The scree test for the number of factors . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 1 ( 2 ) : 245 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesbrough , H. 2003 . Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , W. M. and Levinthal , D. A. 1990 . Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation . Administrative Science Quarterly , 35 ( 1 ) : 128 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. S. 1988 . Social capital in the creation of human capital . American Journal of Sociology , 94 ( Supplement ) : S95 – S120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo , M. , Laursen , K. , Magnusson , M. and Rossi-Lamastra , C. 2011 . Organizing inter- and intra-firm networks: what is the impact on innovation performance? . Industry and Innovation , 18 ( 6 ) : 531 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. 2004 . “ Regional innovation systems—an evolutionary approach ” . In Regional Innovation Systems: The Role of Governance in a Globalised World , Edited by: Cooke , P. , Heidenreich , M. and Braczyk , H. 1 – 18 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. , Heidenreich , M. and Braczyk , H. , eds. 2004 . Regional Innovation Systems: The Role of Governance in a Globalised World , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta , P. 2005 . The economics of social capital . The Economic Record , 81 ( S1 ) : S2 – S21 .
   Google Scholar
• Davenport , S. 2005 . Exploring the role of proximity in SME knowledge-acquisition . Research Policy , 34 ( 5 ) : 683 – 701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doloreux , D. 2004 . Regional innovation systems in Canada: a comparative study . Regional Studies , 38 ( 5 ) : 479 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drejer , I. and Lund Vinding , A. 2007 . Searching near and far: determinants of innovative firms' propensity to collaborate across geographical distance . Industry and Innovation , 14 ( 3 ) : 259 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Drucker , P. F. 1989 . The New Realities: In Government and Politics/In Economics and Business/In Society and World View , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Dunning , J. H. 2000 . “ Regions, globalization, and the knowledge economy: the issues stated ” . In Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge-based Economy , Edited by: Dunning , J. H. 7 – 41 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , J. H. and Singh , H. 1998 . The relational view: co-operative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage . Academy of Management Review , 23 ( 4 ) : 660 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , L. , King , C. and Juda , A. I. 2007 . Small worlds and regional innovation . Organization Science , 18 ( 6 ) : 938 – 954 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley , M. W. and Edwards , B. 1999 . Is it time to disinvest in social capital . Journal of Public Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 141 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch , M. and Schwirten , C. 1999 . Enterprise-university cooperation and the role of public research institutions in regional innovation systems . Industry and Innovation , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Gargiulo , M. and Benassi , M. 1999 . “ The dark side of social capital ” . In Corporate Social Capital and Liability , Edited by: Th , R. , Leenders , A. J. and Gabbay , S. M. 298 – 322 . Boston : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Gargiulo , M. and Benassi , M. 2000 . Trapped in your own net? Network cohesion structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital . Organization Science , 11 ( 2 ) : 183 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnsey , E. and Heffernan , P. 2005 . High-technology clustering through spin-out and attraction: the Cambridge case . Regional Studies , 39 ( 8 ) : 1127 – 1144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertler , M. S. and Levitte , Y. M. 2005 . Local nodes in global networks: the geography of knowledge flows in biotechnology . Industry and Innovation , 12 ( 4 ) : 487 – 507 .
   Google Scholar
• Gertler , M. S. and Wolfe , D. 2004 . “ Ontario's regional innovation system ” . In Regional Innovation Systems: The Role of Governance in a Globalised World , Edited by: Cooke , P. , Heidenreich , M. and Braczyk , H. 107 – 147 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Giuliani , E. 2007 . The selective nature of knowledge networks in clusters: evidence from the wine industry . Journal of Economic Geography , 7 ( 2 ) : 139 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. and Ibert , O. 2006 . Bad company? The ambiguity of personal knowledge networks . Journal of Economic Geography , 6 ( 3 ) : 251 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , R. and Baden-Fuller , C. 2004 . A knowledge accessing theory of strategic alliances . Journal of Management Studies , 41 ( 1 ) : 61 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati , R. 1999 . Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation . Strategic Management Journal , 20 ( 5 ) : 397 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati , R. 2007 . Managing Network Resources: Alliances, Affiliations, and Other Relational Assets , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , P. A. and Soskice , D. , eds. 2001 . Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hauser , C. , Tappeiner , G. and Walde , J. 2007 . The learning region: the impact of social capital and weak ties on innovation . Regional Studies , 41 ( 1 ) : 75 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite , J. and Hesterly , W. S. 2001 . The evolution of firm networks: from emergence to early growth of the firm . Strategic Management Journal , 22 ( 3 ) : 275 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber , F. 2011 . On the role and interrelationship of spatial, social and cognitive proximity: personal knowledge relationships of R&D workers in the Cambridge information technology cluster . Regional Studies , doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.569539
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. 2000 . The Business of Networks: Inter-firm Interaction, Institutional Policy and the TEC Experiment , Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. 2001 . Inter-firm network policies and firm performance: evaluating the impact of initiatives in the United Kingdom . Research Policy , 30 ( 3 ) : 443 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. 2010 . Forms of network resource: knowledge access and the role of interfirm networks . International Journal of Management Reviews , 12 ( 3 ) : 335 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. 2011 . The growth of knowledge-intensive business services: innovation, markets and networks . European Planning Studies , 19 ( 8 ) : 1459 – 1480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. and Izushi , H. 2007 . Competing for Knowledge: Creating, Connecting and Growing , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. and Strakova , L. 2011 . Knowledge-based economic development in emerging regions: policy issues and implications in the Balkan Peninsula . Regional Studies , doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.583912
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. and Thompson , P. 2010 . UK Competitiveness Index 2010 , Cardiff : Centre for International Competitiveness .
   Google Scholar
• Hutcheson , G. and Sofroniou , N. 1999 . The Multivariate Social Scientist , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Inkpen , A. C. and Tsang , E. W. K. 2005 . Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer . Academy of Management Review , 30 ( 1 ) : 146 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland , R. D. , Hitt , M. A. and Vaidyanath , D. 2002 . Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage . Journal of Management , 28 ( 3 ) : 413 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer , S. , Kitson , M. and Toh , B. 2005 . Social capital, economic growth and regional development . Regional Studies , 39 ( 8 ) : 1015 – 1040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , H. F. 1960 . The application of electronic computers to factor analysis . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 ( 1 ) : 141 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , H. F. 1974 . An index of factorial simplicity . Psychometrika , 39 ( 1 ) : 31 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , D. and Schwartz , D. 2009 . Networking strategies of young biotechnology firms in Israel . Annals of Regional Science , 43 : 599 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeble , D. , Lawson , C. , Moore , B. and Wilkinson , F. 1999 . Collective learning processes, networking and “institutional thickness” in the Cambridge region . Regional Studies , 33 ( 4 ) : 319 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , P. 1999 . The Handbook of Psychological Testing , 2nd edn , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Knoben , J. 2009 . Localized inter-organizational linkages, agglomeration effects, and the innovative performance of firms . Annals of Regional Science , 43 : 757 – 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoben , J. and Oerlemans , L. A. G. 2006 . Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration . International Journal of Management Reviews , 8 ( 2 ) : 71 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut , B. 2000 . The network as knowledge: generative rules and the emergence of structure . Strategic Management Journal , 21 ( 3 ) : 405 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostova , T. and Roth , K. 2003 . Social capital in multinational corporations and a micromacro model of its formation . Academy of Management Review , 28 ( 2 ) : 297 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krätke , S. 2010 . Regional knowledge networks: a network analysis approach to the interlinking of knowledge resources . European Urban and Regional Studies , 17 ( 1 ) : 83 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labianca , G. and Brass , D. J. 2006 . Exploring the social ledger: negative relationships and negative asymmetry in social networks in organizations . Academy of Management Review , 31 ( 3 ) : 596 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie , D. 2006 . The competitive advantage of interconnected firms: an extension of the resource-based view . Academy of Management Review , 31 ( 3 ) : 638 – 658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , C. and Lorenz , E. 1999 . Collective learning, tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity . Regional Studies , 33 ( 4 ) : 305 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner , C. and Dowling , M. 2003 . Firm networks: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, S. S. (2005) The strength of performative ties: three essays on knowledge, social networks, and exchange. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, PA
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenthaler , U. 2005 . External commercialization of knowledge: review and research agenda . International Journal of Management Reviews , 7 ( 4 ) : 231 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , N. 2001 . “ Building a network theory of social capital ” . In Social Capital: Theory and Research , Edited by: Lin , N. , Cook , K. and Burt , R. S. 3 – 29 . New Brunswick and London : Aldine Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Lissoni , F. 2001 . Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: the case of Brescia mechanical cluster . Research Policy , 30 ( 9 ) : 1479 – 1500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke , E. A. 1999 . Some reservations about social capital . Academy of Management Review , 24 ( 1 ) : 8 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentzen , A. 2008 . Knowledge networks in local and global space . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 20 ( 6 ) : 533 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , M. 2007 . Social capital and localised learning: proximity and place in technological and institutional dynamics . Urban Studies , 44 ( 4 ) : 799 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzoni , G. and Lipparini , A. 1999 . The leverage of interfirm relationships as a distinctive organizational capability: a longitudinal study . Strategic Management Journal , 20 ( 4 ) : 317 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhaven , R. , Koka , B. and Prescott , J. E. 1998 . Networks in transition: how industry events (re)shape interfirm relationships . Strategic Management Journal , 19 ( 5 ) : 439 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggioni , M. and Uberti , T. E. 2009 . Knowledge networks across Europe: which distance matters? . Annals of Regional Science , 43 : 691 – 720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki , E. J. 2007 . Cities and regions competing in the global economy: knowledge and local development policies . Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy , 25 ( 5 ) : 638 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancinelli , S. and Mazzanti , M. 2009 . Innovation, networking and complementarity: evidence on SME performances for a local economic system in North-Eastern Italy . Annals of Regional Science , 43 : 567 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield , E. 1995 . Academic research underlying industrial innovations: sources, characteristics, and financing . Review of Economics and Statistics , 77 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield , E. and Lee , J. -Y. 1996 . The modern university: contributor to industrial innovation and recipient of industrial R&D support . Research Policy , 25 ( 7 ) : 1047 – 1058 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March , J. G. 1991 . Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning . Organization Science , 2 ( 1 ) : 71 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell , P. and Lorenzen , M. 2004 . The cluster as market organization . Urban Studies , 41 ( 5/6 ) : 991 – 1009 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes , J. 2011 . Dimensions of proximity and knowledge bases: innovation between spatial and non-spatial factors . Regional Studies , doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.552493
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , I. and Ebers , M. 2006 . Dynamics of social capital and their performance implications: lessons from biotechnology start-ups . Administrative Science Quarterly , 51 ( 2 ) : 262 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvily , B. and Marcus , A. 2005 . Embedded ties and the acquisition of competitive capabilities . Strategic Management Journal , 26 ( 11 ) : 1033 – 1055 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvily , B. and Zaheer , A. 1999 . Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities . Strategic Management Journal , 20 ( 12 ) : 1133 – 1156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadyen , M. A. and Cannella , A. A. 2004 . Social capital and knowledge creation: diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange relationships . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 5 ) : 735 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher , K. and Rogers , M. 2004 . Network density and R&D spillovers . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization , 53 ( 2 ) : 237 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge , P. M. and Contractor , N. S. 2003 . Theories of Communication Networks , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mowery , D. , Oxley , J. and Silverman , B. 1996 . Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer . Strategic Management Journal , 17 ( Winter Special Issue ) : 77 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahapiet , J. and Ghoshal , S. 1998 . Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage . Academy of Management Review , 23 ( 2 ) : 242 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) . 1999 . The Knowledge-based Economy: A Set of Facts and Figures , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , H. S. , Chung , M. H. and Labianca , G. 2004 . Group social capital and group effectiveness: the role of informal socializing ties . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 6 ) : 860 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , C. 1997 . Sustainable competitive advantage: combining institutional and resource-based views . Strategic Management Journal , 18 ( 9 ) : 697 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith , J. and Powell , W. W. 2004 . Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: the effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community . Organizational Science , 15 ( 1 ) : 5 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palazzo , G. 2005 . Postnational constellations of innovativeness: a cosmopolitan approach . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 17 ( 1 ) : 55 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittaway , L. , Roberston , M. , Munir , K. , Denyer , D. and Neely , A. 2004 . Networking and innovation: a systematic review of the evidence . International Journal of Management Reviews , 5/6 ( 3/4 ) : 137 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podolny , J. M. and Page , K. L. 1998 . Network forms of organization . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) : 57 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M. E. 1998 . On Competition , Cambridge, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , A. 1998 . Social capital: its origins and application in modern sociology . Annual Review of Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Ringsberg , T. and Reihlen , M. 2008 . Towards a socio-cognitive approach to knowledge transfer . Journal of Management Studies , 45 ( 5 ) : 912 – 935 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutten , R. and Boekema , F. , eds. 2007 . The Learning Region: Foundations, State of the Art, Future , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Rutten , R. , Westlund , H. and Boekema , F. 2010 . The spatial dimension of social capital . European Planning Studies , 18 ( 6 ) : 863 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman , N. and Saives , A. -L. 2005 . Indirect networks: an intangible resource for biotechnology innovation . R&D Management , 35 ( 2 ) : 203 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammarra , A. and Biggiero , L. 2008 . Heterogeneity and specificity of inter-firm knowledge flows in innovation networks . Journal of Management Studies , 45 ( 4 ) : 800 – 829 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxenian , A. 2005 . From brain drain to brain circulation: transnational communities and regional upgrading in India and China . Studies in Comparative International Development , 40 ( 2 ) : 35 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seely Brown , J. and Duguid , P. 2001 . Knowledge and organization: a social practice perspective . Organizational Science , 12 ( 2 ) : 198 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearmur , R. 2011 . Innovation, regions and proximity: from neo-regionalism to spatial analysis . Regional Studies , 9 ( 45 ) : 1225 – 1243 .
   Google Scholar
• Storper , M. 1997 . The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart , T. E. 2000 . Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: a study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry . Strategic Management Journal , 21 ( 8 ) : 791 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teece , D. J. 1998 . Capturing value from knowledge assets: the new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets . California Management Review , 40 ( 3 ) : 55 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, A., Santos, P. and Oliveira Brochado, A. (2006) Does proximity really matter in international R&D cooperative projects?. paper presented at the European Network on Industrial Policy (EUNIP) 9th International Conference, Limerick, Ireland, 20–22 June
   Google Scholar
• Ter Wal , A. and Boschma , R. 2011 . Co-evolution of firms, industries and networks in space . Regional Studies , 45 ( 7 ) : 919 – 933 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , P. 2010 . Co-operative ties and innovation: some new evidence for UK manufacturing . Research Policy , 39 : 762 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torre , A. 2008 . On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission . Regional Studies , 42 ( 6 ) : 869 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trippl , M. , Tödtling , F. and Lengauer , L. 2009 . Knowledge sourcing beyond buzz and pipelines: evidence from the Vienna software sector . Economic Geography , 85 ( 4 ) : 443 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , W. P. 2000 . Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of intraorganizational linkages . Strategic Management Journal , 21 ( 9 ) : 925 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , W. P. and Ghoshal , S. 1998 . Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks . Academy of Management Journal , 41 ( 4 ) : 464 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tura , T. and Harmaakorpi , V. 2005 . Social capital in building regional innovation capability . Regional Studies , 39 ( 8 ) : 1111 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzi , B. 1997 . Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness . Administrative Science Quarterly , 42 ( 1 ) : 35 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Geenhuizen , M. 2008 . Knowledge networks of young innovators in the urban economy: biotechnology as a case study . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 20 ( 2 ) : 161 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hippel , E. 1987 . Cooperation between rivals: informal know-how trading . Research Policy , 16 ( 6 ) : 291 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hippel , E. 2001 . Learning from open source software . Sloan Management Review , 42 ( 4 ) : 82 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , J. , Lechner , C. and Kellermanns , F. W. 2007 . Knowledge transfer between and within alliance partners: private versus collective benefits of social capital . Journal of Business Research , 60 ( 7 ) : 698 – 710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts , H. D. , Wood , A. M. and Wardle , P. 2006 . Owner-managers, clusters and local embeddedness: small firms in the Sheffield (UK) metal-working cluster . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 18 ( 3 ) : 185 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund , H. and Bolton , R. 2003 . Local social capital and entrepreneurship . Small Business Economics , 21 ( 2 ) : 77 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund , H. and Nilsson , E. 2005 . Measuring enterprises' investments in social capital: a pilot study . Regional Studies , 39 ( 8 ) : 1079 – 1094 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , O. E. 1993 . Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization . Journal of Law and Economics , 36 ( 1 ) : 453 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , D. and Gertler , M. 2004 . Clusters from the inside and out: local dynamics and global linkages . Urban Studies , 41 ( 5/6 ) : 1071 – 1093 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yli-Renko , H. , Autio , E. and Sapienza , H. J. 2001 . Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms . Strategic Management Journal , 22 ( 6/7 ) : 587 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaheer , A. and Bell , G. 2005 . Benefiting from network position: firm capabilities, structural holes, and performance . Strategic Management Journal , 26 ( 9 ) : 809 – 825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar