References
- Abreu, M., and V. Grinevich. 2013. “The Nature of Academic Entrepreneurship in the UK: Widening the Focus on Entrepreneurial Activities.” Research Policy 42 (2): 40822. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.005.
- Afuah, A., and C. L. Tucci. 2012. “Crowdsourcing as a Solution to Distant Search.” Academy of Management Review 37 (3): 355–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0146.
- Alexander, A. T., K. Miller, and S. Fielding. 2015. “Open for Business: Universities, Entrepreneurial Academics and Open Innovation.” International Journal of Innovation Management 19 (6): 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919615400137.
- Alperin, J. P., C. M. Nieves, L. A. Schimanski, G. E. Fischman, M. T. Niles, and E. C. McKiernan. 2019. “Meta-Research: How Significant are the Public Dimensions of Faculty Work in Review, Promotion and Tenure Documents?” ELife 8: e42254. doi:https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42254.
- Altshuler, J. S., E. Balogh, A. D. Barker, S. L. Eck, S. H. Friend, G. S. Ginsburg, R. S. Herbst, S. J. Nass, C. M. Streeter, and J. A. Wagner. 2010. “Opening up to Precompetitive Collaboration.” Science Translational Medicine 2 (52): 52cm26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001515.
- Anderson, J. V. 1994. “Creativity and Play: A Systematic Approach to Managing Innovation.” Business Horizons 37 (2): 80–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(94)90037-X.
- Andreoli-Versbach, P., and F. Mueller-Langer. 2014. “Open Access to Data: An Ideal Professed but Not Practised.” Research Policy 43 (9): 1621–1633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.008.
- Apuzzo, M., and D. D. Kirkpatrick. 2020. “Covid-19 Changed How the World Does Science, Together.” New York Times.
- Arazy, O., J. Daxenberger, H. Lifshitz-Assaf, O. Nov, and I. Gurevych. 2016. “Turbulent Stability of Emergent Roles: The Dualistic Nature of Self-organizing Knowledge Coproduction.” Information Systems Research 27 (4): 792–812. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2016.0647.
- Arza, V., and M. Fressoli. 2017. “Systematizing Benefits of Open Science Practices.” Information Services & Use 37 (4): 463–474. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-170861.
- Aschhoff, B., and C. Grimpe. 2014. “Contemporaneous Peer Effects, Career Age and the Industry Involvement of Academics in Biotechnology.” Research Policy 43 (2): 367–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.11.002.
- Attard, J., F. Orlandi, S. Scerri, and S. Auer. 2015. “A Systematic Review of Open Government Data Initiatives.” Government Information Quarterly 32 (4): 399418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.006.
- Azagra-Caro, J. M. 2007. “What Type of Faculty Member Interacts with What Type of Firm? Some Reasons for the Delocalisation of University–industry Interaction.” Technovation 27 (11): 704–715. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.05.003.
- Azagra-Caro, J. M., N. Carayol, and P. Llerena. 2006. “Patent Production at a European Research University: Exploratory Evidence at the Laboratory Level.” Journal of Technology Transfer 31 (2): 257–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-005-6110-3.
- Bahlai, C., L. J. Bartlett, K. R. Burgio, A. M. V. Fournier, C. N. Keiser, T. Poisot, and K. S. Whitney. 2019. “Open Science Isn’t Always Open to All Scientists.” American Scientist 107 (2): 78–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1511/2019.107.2.78.
- Baldini, N., R. Grimaldi, and M. Sobrero. 2007. “To Patent or Not to Patent? A Survey of Italian Inventors on Motivations, Incentives, and Obstacles to University Patenting.” Scientometrics 70 (2): 333–354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-0206-5.
- Baldwin, C., and E. Von Hippel. 2011. “Modeling a Paradigm Shift: From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation.” Organization Science 22 (6): 1399–1417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0618.
- Bammer, G. 2008. “Enhancing Research Collaborations: Three Key Management Challenges.” Research Policy 37 (5): 875–887. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.03.004.
- Banal-Estañol, A., I. Macho-Stadler, and D. Pérez-Castrillo. 2019. “Evaluation in Research Funding Agencies: Are Structurally Diverse Teams Biased Against?” Research Policy 48 (7): 1823–1840. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.04.008.
- Batey, M., and A. Furnham. 2006. “Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality: A Critical Review of the Scattered Literature.” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 132 (4): 355–429. doi:https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.132.4.355-430.
- Becerril-García, A., E. Aguado-López, K. Batthyány, R. Melero, F. Beigel, G. V. Cuartas, G. Banzato, C. Rozemblum, C. A. García, and O. Gallardo. 2019. AmeliCA: A Community-driven Sustainable Framework for Open Knowledge in Latin America and the Global South. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; CLACSO; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Universidad de Antioquia.
- Becher, T., and S. Parry. 2005. “The Endurance of the Disciplines.” In Governing Knowledge, edited by I. Bleiklie and M. Henkel, 133–144. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Beck, S., M. Mahdad, K. Beukel, and M. Poetz. 2019. “The Value of Scientific Knowledge Dissemination for Scientists—A Value Capture Perspective.” Publications 7 (3): 54. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030054.
- Beck, S., T.-M. Brasseur, M. Poetz, and H. Sauermann. 2020. “What Is the Problem? Crowdsourcing Research Questions in Science.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3598181
- Bercovitz, J., and M. Feldman. 2008. “Academic Entrepreneurs: Organizational Change at the Individual Level.” Organization Science 19 (1): 69–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0295.
- Bergen, D. 2009. “Play as the Learning Medium for Future Scientists, Mathematicians, and Engineers.” American Journal of Play 1 (4): 413–428.
- Berman, E. P. 2011. Creating the Market University: How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine. New York, USA: Princeton University Press.
- Bigliardi, B., F. Galati, and C. Verbano. 2013. “Evaluating Performance of University Spin-off Companies: Lessons from Italy.” Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 8 (2): 178–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242013000200015.
- Blasco, A., M. G. Endres, R. A. Sergeev, A. Jonchhe, N. J. Maximilian Macaluso, R. Narayan, T. Natoli, J. H. Paik, B. Briney, and W. Chunlei. 2019. “Advancing Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research through Open Innovation Competitions.” PloS One 14 (9): e0222165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222165.
- Boehm, D. N., and T. Hogan. 2014. “‘A Jack of All Trades’: The Role of PIs in the Establishment and Management of Collaborative Networks in Scientific Knowledge Commercialisation.” Journal of Technology Transfer 39 (1): 134–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9273-8.
- Bogers, M., A.-K. Zobel, A. Afuah, E. Almirall, S. Brunswicker, L. Dahlander, L. Frederiksen, A. Gawer, M. Gruber, and S. Haefliger. 2017. “The Open Innovation Research Landscape: Established Perspectives and Emerging Themes across Different Levels of Analysis.” Industry and Innovation 24 (1): 8–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1240068.
- Bogers, M., H. Chesbrough, and C. Moedas. 2018. “Open Innovation: Research, Practices, and Policies.” California Management Review 60 (2): 5–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125617745086.
- Bonney, R., H. Ballard, R. Jordan, E. McCallie, T. Phillips, J. Shirk, and C. C. Wilderman. 2009. Public Participation in Scientific Research: Defining the Field and Assessing Its Potential for Informal Science Education. A CAISE Inquiry Group Report. Washington, DC.
- Borgman, C. L. 2015. Big Data, Little Data, No Data: Scholarship in the Networked World. Cambridge, USA: MIT press.
- Bornmann, L. 2013. “What Is Societal Impact of Research and How Can It Be Assessed? A Literature Survey.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64 (2): 217–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22803.
- Borrás, S., and J. Edler. 2014. The Governance of Socio-technical Systems: Explaining Change. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Bos, N., A. Zimmerman, J. Olson, J. Yew, J. Yerkie, E. Dahl, and G. Olson. 2007. “From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (2): 652–672. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00343.x.
- Bowker, G. C., J. Elyachar, M. Kornberger, A. Mennicken, P. Miller, J. R. Nucho, and N. Pollock. 2019. “Introduction to Thinking Infrastructures.” In Thinking Infrastructures, edited by M. Kornberger, G. C. Bowker, J. Elyachar, A. Mennicken, P. Miller, J. R. Nucho, and N. Pollock, 1–13, Wagon Lane, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
- Bozeman, B. 2000. “Technology Transfer and Public Policy: A Review of Research and Theory.” Research Policy 29 (4–5): 627–655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1.
- Bozeman, B., and J. Youtie. 2017. The Strength in Numbers: The New Science of Team Science. New York, USA: Princeton University Press.
- Brembs, B., K. Button, and M. Munafò. 2013. “Deep Impact: Unintended Consequences of Journal Rank.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (291): 1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291.
- Bresnahan, T. F., and M. Trajtenberg. 1995. “General Purpose technologies‘Engines of Growth’?” Journal of Econometrics 65 (1): 83–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T.
- Breunig, K. J., T. H. Aas, and K. M. Hydle. 2014. “Incentives and Performance Measures for Open Innovation Practices.” Measuring Business Excellence 18 (1): 45–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-10-2013-0049.
- Bromham, L., R. Dinnage, and X. Hua. 2016. “Interdisciplinary Research Has Consistently Lower Funding Success.” Nature 534 (7609): 684–687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18315.
- Brown, R. R., A. Deletic, and T. H. F. Wong. 2015. “Interdisciplinarity: How to Catalyse Collaboration.” Nature 525 (7569): 315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/525315a.
- Bultitude, K., D. McDonald, and S. Custead. 2011. “The Rise and Rise of Science Festivals: An International Review of Organised Events to Celebrate Science.” International Journal of Science Education, Part B 1 (2): 165–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2011.588851.
- Burns, T. W., D. J. O’Connor, and S. M. Stocklmayer. 2003. “Science Communication: A Contemporary Definition.” Public Understanding of Science 12 (2): 183–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625030122004.
- Bush, V. 1945. Science, the Endless Frontier; a Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development.
- Callon, M., P. Lascoumes, and Y. Barthe. 2009. Acting in an Uncertain World. Cambridge, USA: MIT press.
- Carayannis, E. G., E. M. Rogers, K. Kurihara, and M. M. Allbritton. 1998. “High-technology Spin-offs from Government R&D Laboratories and Research Universities.” Technovation 18 (1): 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(97)00101-6.
- Chaguturu, R. 2014. Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery: Strategies for Public and Private Partnerships. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
- Chan, L., A. Okune, R. Hillyer, A. Posada, and D. Albornoz. 2019. Contextualizing Openness: Situating Open Science. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press.
- Chassanoff, A., and M. Altman. 2020. “Curation as “Interoperability with theFuture”: Preserving Scholarly Research Software in Academic Libraries.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 71 (3): 325–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24244.
- Chesbrough, H., and M. Bogers. 2014. “Explicating Open Innovation: Clarifying an Emerging Paradigm for Understanding Innovation.” In New Frontiers in Open Innovation, edited by H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, and J. West, 3–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chesbrough, H. 2020. Open Innovation Results: Going beyond the Hype and Getting down to Business. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chesbrough, H. W. 2003. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston, USA: Harvard Business Press.
- Clark, B. R. 1987. The Academic Life. Small Worlds, Different Worlds. A Carnegie Foundation Special Report. New York, USA: Princton University Press.
- Clarysse, B., V. Tartari, and A. Salter. 2011. “The Impact of Entrepreneurial Capacity, Experience and Organizational Support on Academic Entrepreneurship.” Research Policy 40 (8): 1084–1093. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.010.
- Cocos, M., and B. Lepori. 2020. “What We Know about Research Policy Mix.” Science and Public Policy 47 (2): 235–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz061.
- Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal. 1990. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1): 128–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553.
- Cohen, W. M., H. Sauermann, and P. Stephan. 2020. “Not in the Job Description: The Commercial Activities of Academic Scientists and Engineers.” Management Science in press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3535.
- Cohen, W. M., R. R. Nelson, and J. P. Walsh. 2002. “Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D.” Management Science 48 (1): 1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.1.14273.
- Conceição, C. P., P. Ávila, A. R. Coelho, and A. F. Costa. 2020. “European Action Plans for Science–Society Relations: Changing Buzzwords, Changing the Agenda.” Minerva 58 (1): 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-019-09380-7.
- Cooper, S., F. Khatib, A. Treuille, J. Barbero, J. Lee, M. Beenen, A. Leaver-Fay, D. Baker, and Z. Popović. 2010. “Predicting Protein Structures with a Multiplayer Online Game.” Nature 466 (7307): 756–760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09304.
- Curral, L. A., R. H. Forrester, J. F. Dawson, and M. A. West. 2001. “It’s What You Do and the Way that You Do It: Team Task, Team Size, and Innovation-related Group Processes.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 10 (2): 187–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000627.
- Czarnitzki, D., C. Grimpe, and M. Pellens. 2015. “Access to Research Inputs: Open Science versus the Entrepreneurial University.” Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (6): 1050–1063. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9392-0.
- D’Este, P., and M. Perkmann. 2011. “Why Do Academics Engage with Industry? the Entrepreneurial University and Individual Motivations.” Journal of Technology Transfer 36 (3): 316–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9153-z.
- D’Este, P., and P. Patel. 2007. “University–industry Linkages in the UK: What are the Factors Underlying the Variety of Interactions with Industry?” Research Policy 36 (9): 1295–1313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.05.002.
- D’Ippolito, B., and C.-C. Rüling. 2019. “Research Collaboration in Large Scale Research Infrastructures: Collaboration Types and Policy Implications.” Research Policy 48 (5): 1282–1296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.01.011.
- Dahlander, L., and D. M. Gann. 2010. “How Open Is Innovation?” Research Policy 39 (6): 699–709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.013.
- Dasgupta, P., and P. A. David. 1994. “Toward a New Economics of Science.” Research Policy 23 (5): 487–521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)01002-1.
- Davies, S. R. 2008. “Constructing Communication: Talking to Scientists about Talking to the Public.” Science Communication 29 (4): 413–434. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008316222.
- Davies, S. R., and M. Horst. 2015. “Crafting the Group: Care in Research Management.” Social Studies of Science 45 (3): 371–393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312715585820.
- Davis, L., M. T. Larsen, and P. Lotz. 2011. “Scientists’ Perspectives Concerning the Effects of University Patenting on the Conduct of Academic Research in the Life Sciences.” Journal of Technology Transfer 36 (1): 14–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9142-2.
- Dawson, E. 2018. “Reimagining Publics and (Non) Participation: Exploring Exclusion from Science Communication through the Experiences of Low-income, Minority Ethnic Groups.” Public Understanding of Science 27 (7): 772–786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662517750072.
- de Rijcke, S., P. F. Wouters, A. D. Rushforth, T. P. Franssen, and B. Hammarfelt. 2016. “Evaluation Practices and Effects of Indicator Use—a Literature Review.” Research Evaluation 25 (2): 161–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvv038.
- de Wit-de Vries, E., W. A. Dolfsma, H. J. van der Windt, and M. P. Gerkema. 2019. “Knowledge Transfer in University–industry Research Partnerships: A Review.” Journal of Technology Transfer 44 (4): 1236–1255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9660-x.
- Delvenne, P., and H. Macq. 2019. “Breaking Bad with the Participatory Turn? Accelerating Time and Intensifying Value in Participatory Experiments.” Science as Culture 29 (2): 245–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2019.1668369.
- Derrick, G. E., R. Faria, P. Benneworth, D. Budtz-Petersen, and G. Sivertsen. 2018. “Towards Characterising Negative Impact: Introducing Grimpact.” Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (STI 2018), Leiden, Netherlands.
- Dietz, J. S., and B. Bozeman. 2005. “Academic Careers, Patents, and Productivity: Industry Experience as Scientific and Technical Human Capital.” Research Policy 34 (3): 349–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.008.
- Ding, W., and E. Choi. 2011. “Divergent Paths to Commercial Science: A Comparison of Scientists’ Founding and Advising Activities.” Research Policy 40 (1): 69–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.011.
- Ding, W. W. 2011. “The Impact of Founders’ Professional-education Background on the Adoption of Open Science by For-profit Biotechnology Firms.” Management Science 57 (2): 257–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1278.
- Ding, W. W., F. Murray, and T. E. Stuart. 2006. “Gender Differences in Patenting in the Academic Life Sciences.” Science 313 (5787): 665–667. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124832.
- Dobusch, L., and M. Heimstädt. 2019. “Predatory Publishing in Management Research: A Call for Open Peer Review.” Management Learning 50 (5): 607–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507619878820.
- Dorland, J., C. Clausen, and M. S. Jørgensen. 2019. “Space Configurations for Empowering University-community Interactions.” Science and Public Policy 46 (5): 689–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz022.
- Druilhe, C., and E. Garnsey. 2003. “Do Academic Spin-off Companies Differ and Does It Matter?” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Conference, Durham, UK.
- Dubinsky, E. 2014. “A Current Snapshot of Institutional Repositories: Growth Rate, Disciplinary Content and Faculty Contributions.” Journal of Librarianship & Scholarly Communication 2 (3): eP1167. doi:https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1167.
- Durant, J. R., G. A. Evans, and G. P. Thomas. 1989. “The Public Understanding of Science.” Nature 340 (6228): 11–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/340011a0.
- Egelie, K. J., H. T. Lie, C. Grimpe, and S. Roger. 2019. “Access and Openness in Biotechnology Research Collaborations between Universities and Industry.” Nature Biotechnology 37 (12): 1413–1419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0324-7.
- Eitzel, M., J. Cappadonna, C. Santos-Lang, R. Duerr, S. E. West, A. Virapongse, C. Kyba, A. Bowser, C. Cooper, and A. Sforzi. 2017. “Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2 (1): 1–20.
- Ejermo, O., and H. Toivanen. 2018. “University Invention and the Abolishment of the Professor’s Privilege in Finland.” Research Policy 47 (4): 814–825. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.001.
- Elman, C., D. Kapiszewski, and A. Lupia. 2018. “Transparent Social Inquiry: Implications for Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 21 (1): 29–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-091515-025429.
- English, P. B., M. J. Richardson, and C. Garzón-Galvis. 2018. “From Crowdsourcing to Extreme Citizen Science: Participatory Research for Environmental Health.” Annual Review of Public Health 39 (1): 335–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013702.
- Ensley, M. D., and K. M. Hmieleski. 2005. “A Comparative Study of New Venture Top Management Team Composition, Dynamics and Performance between University-based and Independent Start-ups.” Research Policy 34 (7): 1091–1105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.008.
- Etzkowitz, H., and L. Leydesdorff. 2000. “The Dynamics of Innovation: From NationalSystems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University–industry–government Relations.” Research Policy 29 (2): 109–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
- European Commision. 2013. Options for Strengthening Responsible Research and Innovation. Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- European Commision. “Trends for Open Access to Publications.” European Commision. Accessed 20 June 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/goals-research-andinnovation-policy/open-science/open-science-monitor/trends-open-accesspublications_en
- Evans, J. A., and J. Reimer. 2009. “Open Access and Global Participation in Science.” Science 323 (5917): 1025. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154562.
- Faraj, S., S. L. Jarvenpaa, and A. Majchrzak. 2011. “Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities.” Organization Science 22 (5): 1224–1239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0614.
- Fayard, A.-L., E. Gkeredakis, and N. Levina. 2016. “Framing Innovation Opportunities while Staying Committed to an Organizational Epistemic Stance.” Information Systems Research 27 (2): 302–323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2016.0623.
- Fecher, B., S. Friesike, M. Hebing, and S. Linek. 2017. “A Reputation Economy: How Individual Reward Considerations Trump Systemic Arguments for Open Access to Data.” Palgrave Communications 3 (1): 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.51.
- Felin, T., and T. R. Zenger. 2014. “Closed or Open Innovation? Problem Solving and the Governance Choice.” Research Policy 43 (5): 914–925. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.09.006.
- Fell, M. J. 2019. “The Economic Impacts of Open Science: A Rapid Evidence Assessment.” Publications 7 (3): 46–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7030046.
- Feller, I., and M. Feldman. 2010. “The Commercialization of Academic Patents: Black Boxes, Pipelines, and Rubik’s Cubes.” Journal of Technology Transfer 35 (6): 597–616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9123-5.
- Finholt, T. A. 2002. “Collaboratories.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 36 (1): 73–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440360103.
- Fini, R., R. Grimaldi, and M. Sobrero. 2009. “Factors Fostering Academics to Start up New Ventures: An Assessment of Italian Founders’ Incentives.” Journal of Technology Transfer 34 (4): 380–402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9093-z.
- Fischer, F., I. Kollar, S. Ufer, B. Sodian, H. Hussmann, R. Pekrun, B. Neuhaus, B. Dorner, S. Pankofer, and M. Fischer. 2014. “Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation: Advancing an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda in Education.” Frontline Learning Research 2 (3): 28–45.
- Fleming, L., and O. Sorenson. 2004. “Science as a Map in Technological Search.” Strategic Management Journal 25 (8‐9): 909–928. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.384.
- Fortunato, S., C. T. Bergstrom, K. Börner, J. A. Evans, D. Helbing, S. Milojević, A. M. Petersen, F. Radicchi, R. Sinatra, and B. Uzzi. 2018. “Science of Science.” Science 359 (6379): eaao0185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0185.
- Frankenhuis, W. E., and D. Nettle. 2018. “Open Science Is Liberating and Can Foster Creativity.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13 (4): 439–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618767878.
- Franssen, T., W. Scholten, L. K. Hessels, and S. de Rijcke. 2018. “The Drawbacks of Project Funding for Epistemic Innovation: Comparing Institutional Affordances and Constraints of Different Types of Research Funding.” Minerva 56 (1): 11–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-017-9338-9.
- Franza, R. M., K. P. Grant, and W. A. Spivey. 2012. “Technology Transfer Contracts between R&D Labs and Commercial Partners: Choose Your Words Wisely.” Journal of Technology Transfer 37 (4): 577–587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9191-6.
- Franzoni, C., and H. Sauermann. 2014. “Crowd Science: The Organization of Scientific Research in Open Collaborative Projects.” Research Policy 43 (1): 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.07.005.
- Fritsch, M., and S. Krabel. 2012. “Ready to Leave the Ivory Tower?: Academic Scientists’ Appeal to Work in the Private Sector.” Journal of Technology Transfer 37 (3): 271–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9174-7.
- Füller, J., K. Hutter, J. Hautz, and K. Matzler. 2017. “The Role of Professionalism in Innovation Contest Communities.” Long Range Planning 50 (2): 243–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2015.12.017.
- Furman, J. L., and S. Stern. 2011. “Climbing Atop the Shoulders of Giants: The Impact of Institutions on Cumulative Research.” American Economic Review 101 (5): 1933–1963. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.5.1933.
- Ganna, A., K. J. H. Verweij, M. G. Nivard, R. Maier, R. Wedow, A. S. Busch, A. Abdellaoui, S. Guo, J. F. Sathirapongsasuti, and P. Lichtenstein. 2019. “Large-scale GWAS Reveals Insights into the Genetic Architecture of Same-sex Sexual Behavior.” Science 365 (6456): eaat7693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693.
- Geuna, A., and A. Muscio. 2009. “The Governance of University Knowledge Transfer: A Critical Review of the Literature.” Minerva 47 (1): 93–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-009-9118-2.
- Gibbons, M., C. Limoges, H. Nowotny, S. Schwartzmann, P. Scrott, and M. Trow. 1994. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
- Gläser, J., and G. Laudel. 2016. “Governing Science: How Science Policy Shapes Research Content.” European Journal of sociology/Archives Européennes De Sociologie 57 (1): 117–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975616000047.
- Godin, B., and D. Vinck. 2017. Critical Studies of Innovation: Alternative Approaches to the Pro-innovation Bias. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Godin, B., and Y. Gingras. 2000. “What Is Scientific and Technological Culture and How Is It Measured? A Multidimensional Model.” Public Understanding of Science 9 (1): 43–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/9/1/303.
- Goldstein, H., E. M. Bergman, and G. Maier. 2013. “University MissionCreep? Comparing EU and US Faculty Views of University Involvement in Regional Economic Development and Commercialization.” Annals of Regional Science 50 (2): 453–477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0513-5.
- Grimaldi, R., M. Kenney, D. S. Siegel, and M. Wright. 2011. “30 Years after Bayh–Dole: Reassessing Academic Entrepreneurship.” Research Policy 40 (8): 104557. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.04.005.
- Grimpe, C., and H. Fier. 2010. “Informal University Technology Transfer: A Comparison between the United States and Germany.” Journal of Technology Transfer 35 (6): 637–650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9140-4.
- Grimpe, C., and U. Kaiser. 2010. “Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (8): 1483–1509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00946.x.
- Grossman, R. L., A. Heath, M. Murphy, M. Patterson, and W. Wells. 2016. “A Case for Data Commons: Toward Data Science as A Service.” Computing in Science & Engineering 18 (5): 10–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2016.92.
- Gruber, M., D. Harhoff, and K. Hoisl. 2013. “Knowledge Recombination across Technological Boundaries: Scientists Vs. Engineers.” Management Science 59 (4): 83751. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1572.
- Gruber, M., I. C. MacMillan, and J. D. Thompson. 2008. “Look before You Leap: Market Opportunity Identification in Emerging Technology Firms.” Management Science 54 (9): 1652–1665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1080.0877.
- Gruber, M., I. C. MacMillan, and J. D. Thompson. 2013. “Escaping the Prior Knowledge Corridor: What Shapes the Number and Variety of Market Opportunities Identified before Market Entry of Technology Start-ups?” Organization Science 24 (1): 280–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0721.
- Guerrero, M., D. Urbano, and A. Fayolle. 2016. “Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness: Evidence from European Entrepreneurial Universities.” Journal of Technology Transfer 41 (1): 105–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9377-4.
- Guinan, E., K. J. Boudreau, and K. R. Lakhani. 2013. “Experiments in Open Innovation at Harvard Medical School: What Happens When an Elite Academic Institution Starts to Rethink How Research Gets Done?” MIT Sloan Management Review 54 (3): 45.
- Hackett, E. J. 2005. “Essential Tensions: Identity, Control, and Risk in Research.” Social Studies of Science 35 (5): 787–826. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312705056045.
- Haeussler, C., and H. Sauermann. 2020. “Division of Labor in Collaborative Knowledge Production: The Role of Team Size and Interdisciplinarity.” Research Policy 49 (6): 103987. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103987.
- Haeussler, C., and J. A. Colyvas. 2011. “Breaking the Ivory Tower: Academic Entrepreneurship in the Life Sciences in UK and Germany.” Research Policy 40 (1): 4154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.012.
- Haeussler, C., L. Jiang, J. Thursby, and M. Thursby. 2014. “Specific and General Information Sharing among Competing Academic Researchers.” Research Policy 43 (3): 465–475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.017.
- Hallonsten, O. 2016. “Use and Productivity of Contemporary, Multidisciplinary Big Science.” Research Evaluation 25 (4): 486–495.
- Hartley, S., S. Raman, A. Smith, and B. Nerlich. 2018. Science and the Politics of Openness: Here Be Monsters. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
- Hazelkorn, E. 2015. Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education: The Battle for World-class Excellence. 2nd ed. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Heck, R., O. Vuculescu, J. J. Sørensen, J. Zoller, M. G. Andreasen, M. G. Bason, P. Ejlertsen, O. Elíasson, P. Haikka, and J. S. Laustsen. 2018. “Remote Optimization of an Ultracold Atoms Experiment by Experts and Citizen Scientists.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (48): E11231–E7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716869115.
- Heigl, F., B. Kieslinger, K. T. Paul, J. Uhlik, and D. Daniel. 2019. “Opinion: Toward an International Definition of Citizen Science.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (17): 8089–8092. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903393116.
- Heinström, J. 2003. “Five Personality Dimensions and Their Influence on Information Behaviour.” Information Research 9 (1): 1–24.
- Henkel, M. 2005. “Academic Identity and Autonomy in a Changing Policy Environment.” Higher Education 49 (1–2): 155–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-004-2919-1.
- Heradio, R., L. De La Torre, D. Galan, F. J. Cabrerizo, E. Herrera-Viedma, and S. Dormido. 2016. “Virtual and Remote Labs in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis.” Computers & Education 98 (6): 14–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.010.
- Himmelstein, D. S., A. R. Romero, J. G. Levernier, T. A. Munro, S. R. McLaughlin, B. G. Tzovaras, and C. S. Greene. 2018. “Sci-Hub Provides Access to Nearly All Scholarly Literature.” ELife 7: e32822. doi:https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32822.
- Hoegl, M., K. Weinkauf, and H. G. Gemuenden. 2004. “Interteam Coordination, Project Commitment, and Teamwork in Multiteam R&D Projects: A Longitudinal Study.” Organization Science 15 (1): 38–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1030.0053.
- Holbrook, J. B. 2005. “Assessing the Science–society Relation: The Case of the US National Science Foundation’s Second Merit Review Criterion.” Technology in Society 27 (4): 437–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.08.001.
- Horwitz, S. K., and I. B. Horwitz. 2007. “The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-analytic Review of Team Demography.” Journal of Management 33 (6): 987–1015. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308587.
- Hossain, M. A., Y. K. Dwivedi, and N. P. Rana. 2016. “State-ofthe-art in Open Data Research: Insights from Existing Literature and a Research Agenda.” Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 26 (1–2): 14–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1124007.
- Huisman, J., and M. Seeber. 2019. “Higher Education Developments and the Effects on Science.” In Handbook on Science and Public Policy, edited by D. Simon, S. Kuhlmann, J. Stamm, and W. Canzler. Gent, pp. 227-242, Belgium: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Husemann, M., R. Rogers, S. Meyer, and J. C. Habel. 2017. ““Publicationism” and Scientists’ Satisfaction Depend on Gender, Career Stage and the Wider Academic System.” Palgrave Communications 3 (1): 1–10.
- Huutoniemi, K., J. T. Klein, H. Bruun, and J. Hukkinen. 2010. “Analyzing Interdisciplinarity: Typology and Indicators.” Research Policy 39 (1): 7988. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.09.011.
- Huyghe, A., and M. Knockaert. 2015. “The Influence of Organizational Culture and Climate on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Research Scientists.” Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (1): 138–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9333-3.
- Jacob, M., M. Lundqvist, and H. Hellsmark. 2003. “Entrepreneurial Transformations in the Swedish University System: The Case of Chalmers University of Technology.” Research Policy 32 (9): 1555–1568. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00024-6.
- Jensen, J., H. Mohr, M. Gajdacz, S. Z. Ahmed, J. H. Czarkowski, C. Weidner, J. Rafner, J. J. Sørensen, K. Mølmer, and J. F. Sherson. 2020. “Crowdsourcing Human Common Sense for Quantum Control.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2004.03296. arxiv.org/pdf/2004.03296.pdf
- Jeppesen, L. B., and L. Frederiksen. 2006. “Why Do Users Contribute to Firm-hosted User Communities? the Case of Computer-controlled Music Instruments.” Organization Science 17 (1): 45–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0156.
- Jones, B. F., S. Wuchty, and B. Uzzi. 2008. “Multi-university Research Teams: Shifting Impact, Geography, and Stratification in Science.” Science 322 (5905): 125962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158357.
- Kaplan, S., J. Milde, and R. S. Cowan. 2017. “Symbiont Practices in Boundary Spanning: Bridging the Cognitive and Political Divides in Interdisciplinary Research.” Academy of Management Journal 60 (4): 1387–1414. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0809.
- Kauffman, S., and S. Levin. 1987. “Towards a General Theory of Adaptive Walks on Rugged Landscapes.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 128 (1): 11–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(87)80029-2.
- Kenney, M., and W. R. Goe. 2004. “The Role of Social Embeddedness in Professorial Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at UC Berkeley and Stanford.” Research Policy 33 (5): 691–707. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2003.11.001.
- Kidwell, M. C., L. B. Lazarević, E. Baranski, T. E. Hardwicke, S. Piechowski, L.-S. Falkenberg, C. Kennett, A. Slowik, C. Sonnleitner, and C. Hess-Holden. 2016. “Badges to Acknowledge Open Practices: A Simple, Low-cost, Effective Method for Increasing Transparency.” PLoS Biology 14 (5): e1002456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002456.
- Kim, Y., and M. Adler. 2015. “Social Scientists’ Data Sharing Behaviors: Investigating the Roles of Individual Motivations, Institutional Pressures, and Data Repositories.” International Journal of Information Management 35 (4): 408–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.04.007.
- Kittur, A., L. Yu, T. Hope, J. Chan, H. Lifshitz-Assaf, K. Gilon, F. Ng, R. E. Kraut, and D. Shahaf. 2019. “Scaling up Analogical Innovation with Crowds and AI.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (6): 1870–1877. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807185116.
- Knöchelmann, M. 2019. “Open Science in the Humanities, Or: Open Humanities?” Publications 7 (4): 65–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7040065.
- Kraut, R., C. Egido, and J. Galegher. 1988. “Patterns of Contact and Communication in Scientific Research Collaboration.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work, Portland Oregon USA.
- Kropp, C., and J. Wagner. 2010. “Knowledge on Stage: Scientific Policy Advice.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 35 (6): 812–838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243909357912.
- Kuhlmann, S., and A. Rip. 2018. “Next-generation Innovation Policy and Grand Challenges.” Science and Public Policy 45 (4): 448–454. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy011.
- Kukutai, T., and J. Taylor. 2016. Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. Vol. 38. Australia: Anu Press.
- Lakhani, K. R., H. Lifshitz-Assaf, and M. L. Tushman. 2013. “Open Innovation and Organizational Boundaries: Task Decomposition, Knowledge Distribution and the Locus of Innovation.” In Handbook of Economic Organization, edited by A. Grandori, pp. 355-382. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Lakhani, K. R., L. B. Jeppesen, P. A. Lohse, and J. A. Panetta. 2007. The Value of Openess in Scientific Problem Solving. Division of Research, Boston, USA: Harvard Business School.
- Lakhani, K. R., and R. G. Wolf. 2003. “Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/open Source Software Projects.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=443040
- Lam, A. 2010. “From ‘Ivory Tower Traditionalists’ to ‘Entrepreneurial scientists’?Academic Scientists in Fuzzy University—industry Boundaries.” Social Studies of Science 40 (2): 307–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312709349963.
- Lam, A. 2011. “What Motivates Academic Scientists to Engage in ResearchCommercialization: ‘Gold’, ‘Ribbon’ or ‘Puzzle’?” Research Policy 40 (10): 1354–1368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.09.002.
- Lam, A. 2015. “Academic Scientists and Knowledge Commercialization: Self-determination and Diverse Motivations.” In Isabell M. Welpe, Jutta Wollersheim, Stefanie Ringelhan, Margit Osterloh (Eds.), Incentives and Performance, 173–187. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Larivière, V., S. Haustein, and K. Börner. 2015. “Long-distance Interdisciplinarity Leads to Higher Scientific Impact.” PloS One 10 (3): e0122565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122565.
- Larivière, V., S. Haustein, and P. Mongeon. 2015. “The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era.” PloS One 10 (6): e0127502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127502.
- Laursen, K., and A. Salter. 2006. “Open for Innovation: The Role of Openness in Explaining Innovation Performance among UK Manufacturing Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 27 (2): 131–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.507.
- Lawson, C. 2013. “Academic Patenting: The Importance of Industry Support.” Journal of Technology Transfer 38 (4): 509–535. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9266-7.
- Lazear, E. P. 2004. “Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship.” American Economic Review 94 (2): 208–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041301425.
- Leahey, E., C. M. Beckman, and T. L. Stanko. 2017. “Prominent but Less Productive: The Impact of Interdisciplinarity on Scientists’ Research.” Administrative Science Quarterly 62 (1): 105–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216665364.
- Ledford, H. 2015. “How to Solve the World’s Biggest Problems.” Nature 525 (7569): 308–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/525308a.
- Lee, H.-F., and M. Miozzo. 2015. “How Does Working on University–industry Collaborative Projects Affect Science and Engineering Doctorates’ Careers? Evidence from a UK Research-based University.” Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (2): 293317.
- Lee, Y. S. 2000. “The Sustainability of University-industry Research Collaboration: An Empirical Assessment.” Journal of Technology Transfer 25 (2): 111–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007895322042.
- Leisyte, L., and J. R. Dee. 2012. “Understanding Academic Work in a Changing Institutional Environment.” In Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, edited by J. Smart and M. Paulsen, 123–206. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Lengwiler, M. 2008. “Participatory Approaches in Science and Technology: Historical Origins and Current Practices in Critical Perspective.” Science, Technology & Human Values 33 (2): 186–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243907311262.
- Lenoir, T., and C. Lecuyer. 1997. “Instrument Makers and Discipline Builders: The Case of NMR.” In Instituting Science: The Cultural Production of Scientific Disciplines, edited by T. Lenoir, 239-294. Stanford, USA: Standford University Press.
- Levin, N., and S. Leonelli. 2017. “How Does One “Open” Science? Questions of Value in Biological Research.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 42 (2): 280–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243916672071.
- Levinthal, D. A. 1997. “Adaptation on Rugged Landscapes.” Management Science 43 (7): 934–950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.7.934.
- Lewis, J. M., S. Ross, and T. Holden. 2012. “The How and Why of Academic Collaboration: Disciplinary Differences and Policy Implications.” Higher Education 64 (5): 693–708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9521-8.
- Lifshitz-Assaf, H. 2018. “Dismantling Knowledge Boundaries at NASA: The Critical Role of Professional Identity in Open Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 63 (4): 746–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839217747876.
- Lifshitz-Assaf, H., S. Lebovitz, and L. Zalmanson. 2020. “Minimal and Adaptive Coordination: How Hackathons’ Projects Accelerate Innovation without Killing It.” Academy of Management Journal in press. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0712.
- Lilien, G. L., P. D. Morrison, K. Searls, M. Sonnack, and E. von Hippel. 2002. “Performance Assessment of the Lead User Idea-generation Process for New Product Development.” Management Science 48 (8): 1042–1059. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.8.1042.171.
- Lindau Guidelines. 2020. “Guideline Goals.” Accessed 19 June 2020. http://www.lindauguidelines.org/goals.html
- Linek, S. B., B. Fecher, S. Friesike, and M. Hebing. 2017. “Data Sharing as Social Dilemma: Influence of the Researcher’s Personality.” PloS One 12 (8): e0183216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183216.
- Link, A. N., D. S. Siegel, and B. Bozeman. 2017. “An Empirical Analysis of the Propensity of Academics to Engage in Formal University Technology Transfer.” In Universities and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, edited by D. B. Audretsch and A. N. Link, 641–655. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Lissoni, F., P. Llerena, M. McKelvey, and B. Sanditov. 2008. “Academic Patenting in Europe: New Evidence from the KEINS Database.” Research Evaluation 17 (2): 87–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.3152/095820208X287171.
- Llopis, O., and P. D’Este. 2016. “Beneficiary Contact and Innovation: The Relation between Contact with Patients and Medical Innovation under Different Institutional Logics.” Research Policy 45 (8): 1512–1523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.004.
- Lynch, C. A. 2003. “Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age.” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 3 (2): 327–336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2003.0039.
- Majchrzak, A., and A. Malhotra. 2020. Unleashing the Crowd: Collaborative Solutions to Wicked Business and Societal Problems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
- Mak, R. H., M. G. Endres, J. H. Paik, R. A. Sergeev, H. Aerts, C. L. Williams, K. R. Lakhani, and E. C. Guinan. 2019. “Use of Crowd Innovation to Develop an Artificial Intelligence–based Solution for Radiation Therapy Targeting.” JAMA Oncology 5 (5): 654–661. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0159.
- Manafò, E., L. Petermann, V. Vandall-Walker, and P. Mason-Lai. 2018. “Patient and Public Engagement in Priority Setting: A Systematic Rapid Review of the Literature.” PloS One 13 (3): e0193579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193579.
- Maniadis, Z., and F. Tufano. 2017. “The Research Reproducibility Crisis and Economics of Science.” The Economic Journal 127 (605): F200–F8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12526.
- Maxwell, J. W., E. Hanson, L. Desai, C. Tiampo, K. O’Donnell, A. Ketheeswaran, M. Sun, E. Walter, and E. Michelle. 2019. Mind the Gap: A Landscape Analysis of Open Source Publishing Tools and Platforms. Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21428/6bc8b38c.2e2f6c3f.
- Mazzucato, M. 2018. “Mission-oriented Innovation Policies: Challenges and Opportunities.” Industrial and Corporate Change 27 (5): 803–815. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty034.
- Merton, R. K. 1968. “The Matthew Effect in Science.” Science 159 (3810): 56–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.159.3810.56.
- Miller, J. D. 1998. “The Measurement of Civic Scientific Literacy.” Public Understanding of Science 7 (3): 203–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/7/3/001.
- Miller, R. C. 1982. “Varieties of Interdisciplinary Approaches in the Social Sciences: A 1981 Overview.” Issues in Interdisciplinary Studies 1 (1): 1–37.
- Mingers, J., and L. Leydesdorff. 2015. “A Review of Theory and Practice in Scientometrics.” European Journal of Operational Research 246 (1): 1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.04.002.
- Mintzberg, H. 1993. Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations. USA: Prentice-Hall.
- Mirowski, P. 2018. “The Future (S) of Open Science.” Social Studies of Science 48 (2): 171–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312718772086.
- Mishra, A., P. N. Schofield, and T. M. Bubela. 2016. “Sustaining Large-scale Infrastructure to Promote Pre-competitive Biomedical Research: Lessons from Mouse Genomics.” New Biotechnology 33 (2): 280–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2015.10.002.
- Mokyr, J. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. USA: Princeton University Press.
- Molas-Gallart, J., and P. Tang. 2011. “Tracing ‘Productive Interactions’ to Identify Social Impacts: An Example from the Social Sciences.” Research Evaluation 20 (3): 219–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.3152/095820211X12941371876706.
- Moog, P., A. Werner, S. Houweling, and U. Backes-Gellner. 2015. “The Impact of Skills, Working Time Allocation and Peer Effects on the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Scientists.” Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (3): 493–511. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9347-x.
- Moore, S. 2018. “Towards a Sociology of Institutional Transparency: Openness, Deception and the Problem of Public Trust.” Sociology 52 (2): 416–430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516686530.
- Moray, N., and B. Clarysse. 2005. “Institutional Change and Resource Endowments to Science-based Entrepreneurial Firms.” Research Policy 34 (7): 1010–1027. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.016.
- Mosey, S., M. Wright, and B. Clarysse. 2012. “Transforming Traditional University Structures for the Knowledge Economy through Multidisciplinary Institutes.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 36 (3): 587–607. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bes008.
- Mote, J., G. Jordan, J. Hage, W. Hadden, and A. Clark. 2016. “Too Big to Innovate? Exploring Organizational Size and Innovation Processes in Scientific Research.” Science and Public Policy 43 (3): 332–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scv045.
- Moutinho, P., S. Figueiredo, M. Fontes, and M. M. Godinho. 2007. “Do Individual Factors Matter? A Survey of Scientists’ Patenting in Portuguese Public Research Organisations.” Scientometrics 70 (2): 355–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-0207-4.
- Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, B. N. Sampat, and A. A. Ziedonis. 2001. “The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by US Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980.” Research Policy 30 (1): 99–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00100-6.
- Muhonen, R., P. Benneworth, and J. Olmos-Peñuela. 2020. “From Productive Interactions to Impact Pathways: Understanding the Key Dimensions in Developing SSH Research Societal Impact.” Research Evaluation 29 (1): 34–47.
- Murillo, L., R. Felipe, K. Pietari, L. P. Priego, J. Wareham, and A. Katz. 2019. Open Hardware Licences: Parallels and Contrasts: Open Science Monitor Case Study. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
- Mustar, P., M. Wright, and B. Clarysse. 2008. “University Spin-off Firms: Lessons from Ten Years of Experience in Europe.” Science and Public Policy 35 (2): 67–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.3152/030234208X282862.
- National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Nature editorial. 2018. “The Best Research Is Produced When Researchers and Communities Work Together.” Nature 562 (7). doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0369-7.
- Newman, G., A. Wiggins, A. Crall, E. Graham, S. Newman, and K. Crowston. 2012. “The Future of Citizen Science: Emerging Technologies and Shifting Paradigms.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (6): 298–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/110294.
- Nielsen, M. 2011. Reinventing Discovery: How Online Tools are Transforming Science. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
- Nightingale, P., and A. Scott. 2007. “Peer Review and the Relevance Gap: Ten Suggestions for Policy-makers.” Science and Public Policy 34 (8): 543–553. doi:https://doi.org/10.3152/030234207X254396.
- Nosek, B. A., C. R. Ebersole, A. C. DeHaven, and D. T. Mellor. 2018. “The Preregistration Revolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (11): 2600–2606. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114.
- Nosek, B. A., G. Alter, G. C. Banks, D. Borsboom, S. D. Bowman, S. Breckler, S. Buck, C. D. Chambers, G. Chin, and G. Christensen. 2015. “Promoting an Open Research Culture.” Science 348 (6242): 1422–1425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2374.
- Nowotny, H., P. Scott, and M. Gibbons. 2006. “Re-thinking Science: Mode 2 in Societal Context.” In Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters. A Comparative Systems Approach across the United States, Europe and Asia, edited by E. G. Carayannis and D. F. J. Campbell, 39–51. London: Praeger Publishers.
- Nowviskie, B. 2011. “Where Credit Is Due: Preconditions for the Evaluation of Collaborative Digital Scholarship.” Profession 2011 (1): 169–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1632/prof.2011.2011.1.169.
- O’Kane, C., V. Mangematin, W. Geoghegan, and C. Fitzgerald. 2015. “University Technology Transfer Offices: The Search for Identity to Build Legitimacy.” Research Policy 44 (2): 421–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.08.003.
- Oliver, K., A. Kothari, and N. Mays. 2019. “The Dark Side of Coproduction: Do the Costs Outweigh the Benefits for Health Research?” Health Research Policy and Systems 17 (33): 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0432-3.
- Olmos-Peñuela, J., P. Benneworth, and E. Castro-Martínez. 2016. “Does It Take Two to Tango? Factors Related to the Ease of Societal Uptake of Scientific Knowledge.” Science and Public Policy 43 (6): 751–762.
- Open Science Collaboration. 2015. “Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science.” Science 349 (6251): aac4716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716.
- Owen, R., P. Macnaghten, and J. Stilgoe. 2012. “Responsible Research and Innovation: From Science in Society to Science for Society, with Society.” Science and Public Policy 39 (6): 751–760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs093.
- Owen-Smith, J., and W. W. Powell. 2001. “To Patent or Not: Faculty Decisions and Institutional Success at Technology Transfer.” Journal of Technology Transfer 26 (12): 99–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007892413701.
- Pearce, J. M. 2012. “Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-source Hardware.” Science 337 (6100): 1303–1304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228183.
- Penfield, T., M. J. Baker, R. Scoble, and M. C. Wykes. 2014. “Assessment, Evaluations, and Definitions of Research Impact: A Review.” Research Evaluation 23 (1): 21–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvt021.
- Pénin, J., and T. Burger-Helmchen. 2011. “Crowdsourcing of Inventive Activities: Definition and Limits.” International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 5 (2): 246–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2011.043068.
- Perkmann, M., and H. Schildt. 2015. “Open Data Partnerships between Firms and Universities: The Role of Boundary Organizations.” Research Policy 44 (5): 1133–1143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.006.
- Perkmann, M., and K. Walsh. 2008. “Engaging the Scholar: Three Types of Academic Consulting and Their Impact on Universities and Industry.” Research Policy 37 (10): 1884–1891. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.009.
- Perkmann, M., R. Fini, J.-M. Ross, A. Salter, C. Silvestri, and V. Tartari. 2015. “Accounting for Universities’ Impact: Using Augmented Data to Measure Academic Engagement and Commercialization by Academic Scientists.” Research Evaluation 24 (4): 380–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvv020.
- Perkmann, M., V. Tartari, M. McKelvey, E. Autio, A. Broström, P. D’Este, R. Fini, A. Geuna, R. Grimaldi, and A. Hughes. 2013. “Academic Engagement and Commercialisation: A Review of the Literature on University–industry Relations.” Research Policy 42 (2): 423–442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007.
- Phillips, L. 2011. The Promise of Dialogue: The Dialogic Turn in the Production and Communication of Knowledge. Vol. 12. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.
- Piaget, J. 1972. “The Epistemology of Interdisciplinary Relationships.” In Interdisciplinarity: Problems of Teaching and Research in Universities, edited by L. Apostel, G. Berger, A. Briggs, and G. Michaud, 127–139. Paris: OECD.
- Piezunka, H., and L. Dahlander. 2015. “Distant Search, Narrow Attention: How Crowding Alters Organizations’ Filtering of Suggestions in Crowdsourcing.” Academy of Management Journal 58 (3): 856–880. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0458.
- Piwowar, H., J. Priem, V. Larivière, J. P. Alperin, L. Matthias, B. Norlander, A. Farley, J. West, and S. Haustein. 2018. “The State of OA: A Large-scale Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Open Access Articles.” PeerJ 6 (2): e4375. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4375.
- Plantin, J.-C. 2019. “Data Cleaners for Pristine Datasets: Visibility and Invisibility of Data Processors in Social Science.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 44 (1): 52–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243918781268.
- Poetz, M. K., and M. Schreier. 2012. “The Value of Crowdsourcing: Can Users Really Compete with Professionals in Generating New Product Ideas?” Journal of Product Innovation Management 29 (2): 245–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00893.x.
- Poliakoff, E., and T. L. Webb. 2007. “What Factors Predict Scientists’ Intentions to Participate in Public Engagement of Science Activities?” Science Communication 29 (2): 242–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547007308009.
- Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput, and L. Smith-Doerr. 1996. “Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1): 116–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2393988.
- Priego, P., L. Pujol, and J. D. Wareham. 2019. “Open Targets: Pre-competitive Collaborative Research in Life Sciences.” Academy of Management Proceedings 79 (1): 11674. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.11674abstract.
- Proctor, R. N., and L. Schiebinger. 2008. Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford, USA: Standford University Press.
- Pronk, T. E. 2019. “The Time Efficiency Gain in Sharing and Reuse of Research Data.” Data Science Journal 18 (1): 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2019-010.
- Pujol, L., and J. Wareham. 2019. REANA: Reproducible Research Data Analysis Platform. Open Science Monitor Case Study Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/reana.pdf
- Puschmann, C. 2014. “(Micro) Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints of New Forms of Scholarly Communication.” In Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the Internet Is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing, edited by S. Bartling and S. Friesike, 89–106. Germany: SpringerOpen.
- Raffaelli, R., M. A. Glynn, and M. Tushman. 2019. “Frame Flexibility: The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Framing in Innovation Adoption by Incumbent Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 40 (7): 1013–1039. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3011.
- Rafner, J., Z. Grujić, C. Bach, J. A. Bærentzen, B. Gervang, R. Jia, S. Leinweber, M. Misztal, and J. Sherson. 2019. “Geometry of Turbulent Dissipation and the Navier-Stokes Regularity Problem, 1-9.” arXiv Preprint. arXiv:1909.10408. arxiv.org/pdf/1909.10408.pdf
- Rafols, I., and M. Meyer. 2010. “Diversity and Network Coherence as Indicators of Interdisciplinarity: Case Studies in Bionanoscience.” Scientometrics 82 (2): 263–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0041-y.
- Rasmussen, E., and M. Wright. 2015. “How Can Universities Facilitate Academic Spinoffs? an Entrepreneurial Competency Perspective.” Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (5): 782–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9386-3.
- Renault, C. S. 2006. “Academic Capitalism and University Incentives for Faculty Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Technology Transfer 31 (2): 227–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-005-6108-x.
- Roach, M., and H. Sauermann. 2010. “A Taste for Science? PhD Scientists’ Academic Orientation and Self-selection into Research Careers in Industry.” Research Policy 39 (3): 422–434. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.004.
- Ross-Hellauer, T. 2017. “What Is Open Peer Review? A Systematic Review.” F1000Research 6 (588): 1–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11369.1.
- Rothaermel, F. T., and W. Boeker. 2008. “Old Technology Meets New Technology: Complementarities, Similarities, and Alliance Formation.” Strategic Management Journal 29 (1): 47–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.634.
- Rouder, J. N. 2016. “The What, Why, and How of Born-open Data.” Behavior Research Methods 48 (3): 1062–1069. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0630-z.
- Rousi, A. M., and M. Laakso. 2020. “Journal Research Data Sharing Policies: A Study of Highly-cited Journals in Neuroscience, Physics, and Operations Research.” Scientometrics in press, 124: 131-152.
- Rowhani-Farid, A., A. Aldcroft, and A. G. Barnett. 2020. “Did Awarding Badges Increase Data Sharing in BMJ Open? A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Royal Society Open Science 7 (3): 191818. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191818.
- Rushforth, A., T. Franssen, and S. de Rijcke. 2019. “Portfolios of Worth: Capitalizing on Basic and Clinical Problems in Biomedical Research Groups.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 44 (2): 209–236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243918786431.
- Salazar, M. R., T. K. Lant, S. M. Fiore, and E. Salas. 2012. “Facilitating Innovation in Diverse Science Teams through Integrative Capacity.” Small Group Research 43 (5): 527–558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496412453622.
- Sauermann, H., K. Vohland, V. Antoniou, B. Balázs, C. Göbel, K. Karatzas, P. Mooney, J. Perelló, M. Ponti, and R. Samson. 2020. “Citizen Science and Sustainability Transitions.” Research Policy 49 (5): 103978. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103978.
- Sauermann, H., and P. Stephan. 2013. “Conflicting Logics? A Multidimensional View of Industrial and Academic Science.” Organization Science 24 (3): 889–909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0769.
- Schartinger, D., C. Rammer, and J. Fröhlich. 2006. “Knowledge Interactions between Universities and Industry in Austria: Sectoral Patterns and Determinants.” In Innovation, Networks, and Knowledge Spillovers, edited by M. M. Fischer, 13566. Berlin: Springer.
- Scheliga, K., S. Friesike, C. Puschmann, and B. Fecher. 2018. “Setting up Crowd Science Projects.” Public Understanding of Science 27 (5): 515–534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516678514.
- Schroyer, T. 1984. “On Finalization in Science.” Theory and Society 13 (5): 715–723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00160915.
- SciNote. Accessed 19 June 2020. https://www.scienceathome.org/education/scinote-researchtool/
- Seeber, M., M. Cattaneo, M. Meoli, and P. Malighetti. 2019. “Self-citations as Strategic Response to the Use of Metrics for Career Decisions.” Research Policy 48 (2): 478–491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.12.004.
- Shah, S. K., and C. C. M. Mody. 2014. Creating a Context for Entrepreneurship: Examining How Users’ Technological and Organizational Innovations Set, Governing Knowledge Commons. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
- Shane, S., and R. Khurana. 2003. “Bringing Individuals Back In: The Effects of Career Experience on New Firm Founding.” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (3): 519–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/12.3.519.
- Shane, S. A. 2004. Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Shirk, J. L., H. L. Ballard, C. C. Wilderman, T. Phillips, A. Wiggins, R. Jordan, E. McCallie, et al. 2012. “Public Participation in Scientific Research: A Framework for Deliberate Design.” Ecology & Society 17 (2): 207–227. doi:https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04705-170229.
- Shore, C. 2008. “Audit Culture and Illiberal Governance: Universities and the Politics of Accountability.” Anthropological Theory 8 (3): 278–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499608093815.
- Siedlok, F., P. Hibbert, and N. Beech. 2014. “Learning Practices and Interpretative Modes in Collaborative Contexts.” Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Philadelphia, USA.
- Siegel, D. S., D. Waldman, and A. Link. 2003. “Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Relative Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study.” Research Policy 32 (1): 27–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00196-2.
- Silvertown, J. 2009. “A New Dawn for Citizen Science.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 (9): 467–471. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.017.
- Simon, D., S. Kuhlmann, J. Stamm, and W. Canzler. 2019. “Introduction: Science and Public Policy - Relations in Flux.” In Handbook on Science and Public Policy, edited by D. Simon, S. Kuhlmann, J. Stamm, and W. Canzler, 1-10. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Somech, A., and A. Drach-Zahavy. 2013. “Translating Team Creativity to Innovation Implementation: The Role of Team Composition and Climate for Innovation.” Journal of Management 39 (3): 684–708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310394187.
- Sorokowski, P., E. Kulczycki, A. Sorokowska, and K. Pisanski. 2017. “Predatory Journals Recruit Fake Editor.” Nature News 543 (7646): 481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/543481a.
- Sovacool, B. K. 2010. “The Importance of Open and Closed Styles of Energy Research.” Social Studies of Science 40 (6): 903–930. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312710373842.
- Stephan, P. E. 1996. “The Economics of Science.” Journal of Economic Literature 34 (3): 1199–1235.
- Stephan, P. E., and A. El-Ganainy. 2007. “The Entrepreneurial Puzzle: Explaining the Gender Gap.” Journal of Technology Transfer 32 (5): 475–487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-007-9033-3.
- Stevens, A. J. 2004. “The Enactment of Bayh–Dole.” Journal of Technology Transfer 29 (1): 93–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTT.0000011183.40867.52.
- Stilgoe, J., S. J. Lock, and J. Wilsdon. 2014. “Why Should We Promote Public Engagement with Science?” Public Understanding of Science 23 (1): 4–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662513518154.
- Stokes, D. E. 2011. Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. Washington, D.C., USA: Brookings Institution Press.
- Strasser, B., J. Baudry, D. Mahr, G. Sanchez, and E. Tancoigne. 2019. ““Citizen Science”? Rethinking Science and Public Participation.” Science & Technology Studies 32 (2): 52–76.
- Suber, P. 2012. Open Access. Cambridge, USA: MIT Press.
- Suess-Reyes, J., K. Hyslop, S. Beck, and M. Poetz. 2020. “May the Force Be with Them: Exploring Strategies to Overcome Challenges of Co-Created Citizen Science.” Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Vancouver.
- Tahamtan, I., and L. Bornmann. 2020. “Altmetrics and Societal Impact Measurements: Match or Mismatch? A Literature Review.” El profesional de la información (EPI) 29 (1): 1–29.
- Tartari, V., and A. Salter. 2015. “The Engagement Gap: Exploring Gender Differences in University–Industry Collaboration Activities.” Research Policy 44 (6): 1176–1191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.014.
- Tartari, V., M. Perkmann, and A. Salter. 2014. “In Good Company: The Influence of Peers on Industry Engagement by Academic Scientists.” Research Policy 43 (7): 1189–1203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.02.003.
- Tartari, V., and S. Breschi. 2012. “Set Them Free: Scientists’ Evaluations of the Benefits and Costs of University–industry Research Collaboration.” Industrial and Corporate Change 21 (5): 1117–1147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts004.
- Teasley, S., and S. Wolinsky. 2001. “Scientific Collaborations at a Distance.” Science 292 (5525): 2254–2255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061619.
- Tenopir, C., N. M. Rice, S. Allard, L. Baird, J. Borycz, L. Christian, B. Grant, R. Olendorf, and R. J. Sandusky. 2020. “Data Sharing, Management, Use, and Reuse: Practices and Perceptions of Scientists Worldwide.” PloS One 15 (3): e0229003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229003.
- Thompson, N., and D. Hanley. 2018. “Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial.” Paper presented at the DRUID Annual Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Thune, T. 2010. “The Training of “Triple Helix Workers”? Doctoral Students in University– Industry–government Collaborations.” Minerva 48 (4): 463–483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-010-9158-7.
- Thursby, J. G., C. Haeussler, M. C. Thursby, and L. Jiang. 2018. “Prepublication Disclosure of Scientific Results: Norms, Competition, and Commercial Orientation.” Science Advances 4 (5): eaar2133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2133.
- Thursby, J. G., and M. C. Thursby. 2004. “Are Faculty Critical? Their Role in University– Industry Licensing.” Contemporary Economic Policy 22 (2): 162–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byh012.
- Tinati, R., M. Luczak-Roesch, E. Simperl, and W. Hall. 2017. “An Investigation of Player Motivations in Eyewire, a Gamified Citizen Science Project.” Computers in Human Behavior 73: 527–540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.074.
- Torres-Olave, B., A. M. Brown, L. F. Carrera, and C. Ballinas. 2020. “Not Waving but Striving: Research Collaboration in the Context of Stratification, Segmentation, and the Quest for Prestige.” Journal of Higher Education 91 (2): 275–299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2019.1631074.
- Trouille, L., C. J. Lintott, and L. F. Fortson. 2019. “Citizen Science Frontiers: Efficiency, Engagement, and Serendipitous Discovery with Human-machine Systems.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (6): 1902–1909. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807190116.
- Trowler, P. 2014. “Depicting and Researching Disciplines: Strong and Moderate Essentialist Approaches.” Studies in Higher Education 39 (10): 1720–1731. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.801431.
- Trumbull, D. J., R. Bonney, D. Bascom, and A. Cabral. 2000. “Thinking Scientifically during Participation in a Citizen‐science Project.” Science Education 84 (2): 265–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(200003)84:2<265::AID-SCE7>3.0.CO;2-5.
- Tsai, K. C. 2012. “Play, Imagination, and Creativity: A Brief Literature Review.” Journal of Education and Learning 1 (2): 15–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v1n2p15.
- Tucci, C. L., A. Afuah, and G. Viscusi. 2018. Creating and Capturing Value through Crowdsourcing. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
- Tuertscher, P., R. Garud, and A. Kumaraswamy. 2014. “Justification and Interlaced Knowledge at ATLAS, CERN.” Organization Science 25 (6): 1579–1608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2013.0894.
- Tyfield, D., R. Lave, S. Randalls, and C. Thorpe. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of Science. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
- Uzzi, B., S. Mukherjee, M. Stringer, and B. Jones. 2013. “Atypical Combinations and Scientific Impact.” Science 342 (6157): 468–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240474.
- Vaish, R., S. S. Gaikwad, G. Kovacs, A. Veit, R. Krishna, I. A. Ibarra, C. Simoiu, M. Wilber, S. Belongie, and S. Goel. 2017. “Crowd Research: Open and Scalable University Laboratories.” Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Québec City, Canada.
- Van Noorden, R. 2015. “Interdisciplinary Research by the Numbers.” Nature 525 (7569): 306–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/525306a.
- Vedel, J. B., and A. Irwin. 2017. “‘This Is What We Got, What Would You Like?’: Aligning and Unaligning Academic-industry Relations.” Social Studies of Science 47 (3): 417–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716689346.
- Vicente-Sáez, R., and C. Martínez-Fuentes. 2018. “Open Science Now: A Systematic Literature Review for an Integrated Definition.” Journal of Business Research 88 (7): 428–436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043.
- Von Hippel, E., and G. Von Krogh. 2003. “Open Source Software and the “Privatecollective” Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science.” Organization Science 14 (2): 209–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992.
- VSNU, NFU, KNAW, NWO, and ZonMw. 2019. “Room for Everyone’s Talent: Towards a New Balance in the Recognition and Rewards of Academics.” https://www.nwo.nl/binaries/content/documents/nwo- en/common/documentation/application/nwo/policy/position-paper-2018-recognitionand-rewards/9±recognition±and±rewards±position±paper.pdf
- Wajcman, J. 2015. Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
- Waldrop, M. M. 2013. “Education Online: The Virtual Lab.” Nature News 499 (7458): 268–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/499268a.
- Walsh, J. P., Y.-N. Lee, and L. Tang. 2019. “Pathogenic Organization in Science: Division of Labor and Retractions.” Research Policy 48 (2): 444–461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.09.004.
- Wedlin, L., and M. Nedeva. 2015. Toward European Science: Dynamics and Policy of an Evolving European Research Space. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- West, S. E., and R. M. Pateman. 2016. “Recruiting and Retaining Participants in Citizen Science: What Can Be Learned from the Volunteering Literature?” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 1 (2): 1–10.
- Whitley, R. 2011. “Changing Governance and Authority Relations in the Public Sciences.” Minerva 49 (4): 359–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-011-9182-2.
- Wiggins, A., and K. Crowston. 2011. “From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 44th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS), Hawaii.
- Wilkinson, M. D., M. Dumontier, I. J. Aalbersberg, G. Appleton, M. Axton, A. Baak, N. Blomberg, J.-W. Boiten, L. B. da Silva Santos, and P. E. Bourne. 2016. “The FAIR Guiding Principles for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship.” Scientific Data 3: 160018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
- Williams, K. J., J. M. Cooks, M. May, J. Peranteau, E. Reifsnider, and M. A. Hargraves. 2010. “Walk Together Children with No Wasted Steps: Community-academic Partnering for Equal Power in NIH Proposal Development.” Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action 4 (4): 263–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.2010.0013.
- Willinsky, J. 2005. “The Unacknowledged Convergence of Open Source, Open Access, and Open Science.” First Monday 10 (8). doi:https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v10i8.1265.
- Woelfle, M., P. Olliaro, and M. H. Todd. 2011. “Open Science Is a Research Accelerator.” Nature Chemistry 3 (10): 745–748. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1149.
- Wooten, J. O., and K. T. Ulrich. 2015. “The Impact of Visibility in Innovation Tournaments: Evidence from Field Experiments.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2214952
- World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use. Vol. 489. Geneva, Switzerland: WIPO.
- Wright, M., A. Lockett, B. Clarysse, and M. Binks. 2006. “University Spin-out Companies and Venture Capital.” Research Policy 35 (4): 481–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.01.005.
- Wu, L., D. Wang, and J. A. Evans. 2019. “Large Teams Develop and Small Teams Disrupt Science and Technology.” Nature 566 (7744): 378–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9.
- Wuchty, S., B. F. Jones, and B. Uzzi. 2007. “The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge.” Science 316 (5827): 1036–1039. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136099.
- Wuyts, S., M. G. Colombo, S. Dutta, and B. Nooteboom. 2005. “Empirical Tests of Optimal Cognitive Distance.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 58 (2): 277–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.03.019.
- Yamada, Y. 2018. “How to Crack Pre-registration: Toward Transparent and Open Science.” Frontiers in Psychology 9 (1831): 1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01831.
- Zastrow, M. 2020. “Open Science Takes on the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Nature 581 (7806): 10910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01246-3.
- Zucker, L. G., M. R. Darby, and J. S. Armstrong. 2002. “Commercializing Knowledge: University Science, Knowledge Capture, and Firm Performance in Biotechnology.” Management Science 48 (1): 138–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.138.14274.