SEXUAL PRIVACY AND EARLY SEXUAL DEBUT IN NAIROBI INFORMAL SETTLEMENTSFootnote1

1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 8th Reproductive Health Priorities Conference, 1–4 October, 2002, in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

References

• African Population and Health Research Centre . 2002 . Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements , Nairobi : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ahlberg , B. M. 1994 . Is there a distinct African sexuality? A critical response to Caldwell et al . Africa , 64 ( 2 ) : 220 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amuyunzu , M. 1997 . Community perceptions regarding critical adolescent sexual and reproductive health . International Journal of Health Promotion and Education , 4 ( 4 ) : 16 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Amuyunzu-Nyamongo , M. , Tendo-Wambua , L. , Babishangire , B. , Nyagero , J. , Yitbarek , N. , Matasha , E. and Omurwa , T. 1999 . “ Barriers to behaviour change as a response to STD including HIV/AIDS: The East African experience ” . In Resistances to behaviour change to reduce HIV/AIDS infection in predominantly heterosexual epidemics in third world countries , Edited by: Caldwell , J. and Caldwell , P. 1 – 11 . Canberra : Health Transition Centre, The Australian National University .
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics . 2002 . Economic survey 2002 , Nairobi : The Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. ( 1997 ). Socio-economic causes and consequences of the HIV epidemic in Southern Africa: A case study of Namibia . HIV and Development Programme Issues, Paper No. 31 . New York : UNDP .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , S. , Manderson , L. and Tallo , V. L. 1993 . A manual for the use of focus groups: Methods for social research in disease , Boston : International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries (INFDC) .
   Google Scholar
• Dodoo , F. N. , Sloan , M. and Zulu , E. M. 2003 . “ Space, context and hardship: Socialization of children into sexual activity in Kenyan informal settlements ” . In Fertility and reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa: A collection of microdemographic studies , Edited by: Agyei-Mensah , S. and Casterline , J. B. 147 – 160, chap. 8 . Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Donovan , B. and Ross , M. W. 2000 . Preventing HIV: Determinants of sexual behaviour . Lancet , 355 : 1897 – 1901 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Kenya & United Nations Development Programme . 2001 . Kenya human development report: Addressing social and economic disparities , Nairobi, , Kenya : UNDP .
   Google Scholar
• Green , E. C. 2003 . Faith-based organizations: Contributions to HIV prevention. Harvard Center for population and development studies , Washington, DC : U.S. Agency for International Development .
   Google Scholar
• Heald , S. 1995 . The power of sex: Some reflections on the Caldwell's ‘African Sexuality’ thesis . Africa , 65 ( 4 ) : 489 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre , K. , Brown , L. and Sosler , S. 2001 . ‘It's not what you know but who you knew’: Examining the relationship between behaviour change and AIDS mortality in Africa . AIDS Education & Prevention , 13 ( 2 ) : 160 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magadi , M. , & Ezeh , A. ( 2002 ). Adolescents in Nairobi informal settlements . In APHRC , Population and health dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements (pp. 137 – 170 ). Nairobi : APHRC .
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra , A. , Mathur , S. , Moktan , P. , & Bhadra , R. ( 2000 , March ). Adolescent reproductive health and sexuality in Nepal: Combining quantitative and participatory methodologies . Presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America , Los Angeles .
   Google Scholar
• Matrix Development Consultants . ( 1993 ). Nairobi's informal settlements: An inventory . A report prepared for USAID/REDSO/ESA . Nairobi : USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Mugisha , F. , Arinaitwe-Mugisha , J. , & Hagembe , B. O. N. ( 2003 ). Alcohol, substance and drug abuse among urban informal settlement adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya . International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning , 20 (4) , 231 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Orubuloye , I. O. , Caldwell , J. C. and Caldwell , P. 1997 . Perceived male sexual needs and male sexual behaviour in southwest Nigeria . Social Science and Medicine , 44 ( 8 ) : 1195 – 1207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Gupta , G. ( 2000 , July ). The what, the why and the how? Presented at the 13th International AIDS Conference , Durban, , South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Richters , J. , Hendry , O. and Kippax , S. 2003 . When safe sex isn't safe . Culture, Health and Sexuality , 5 ( 1 ) : 37 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanecki , K. ( 2001 , May ). FOCUS dialogue on HIV/AIDS and youth . Presented at the FOCUS meeting on HIV , Washington, DC .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2002 . Report on the global epidemic , Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• UN-Habitat . 2003 . The challenges of slums: Global report on human settlements 2003 , London and Sterling, VA : Author, Earthscan Publications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . ( 2001 , September ). Road Map towards the implementation of the United Nations millennium declaration: Report of the Secretary General , New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . ( 2003 ). Voices of the poor . Retrieved march 26, 2003 from www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/listen-findings.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zulu , E. M. , Dodoo , F. N. and Ezeh , A. C. 2002 . Sexual risk taking in the informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya, 1993–1998 . Population Studies , 56 : 311 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulu , E. M. , Dodoo , F. N. and Ezeh , A. C. 2003 . “ Urbanization, poverty and sex: Roots of risky sexual behaviours in informal settlement settlements in Nairobi, Kenya ” . In HIV/AIDS in Africa: Mapping the issues , Edited by: Kalipeni , E. , Oppong , J. , Craddock , S. and Ghosh , J. 167 – 174, chap. 12 . Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishers .
   Google Scholar