Dis-integrated policy: welfare-to-work participants' experiences of integrating paid work and unpaid family work

References

• Alberta Employment and Immigration . 2008 . Alberta Works policy manual . Retrieved August 3, 2008, fromhttp://employment.alberta.ca/hre
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Family and Social Services . 1993 . Supports for independence policy manual . Edmonton, Alberta : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Human Resources and Employment . 2004 . Income support policy manual . Alberta : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Human Resources and Employment & Alberta Learning (2000–2001) Back on track: A description of labour market programs . Alberta : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Armstong , P. 1997 . “ The welfare state as history ” . In The welfare state in Canada: Past, present and future , Edited by: Blake , R. , Bryden , P. and Strain , F. 52 – 73 . Concord, ON : Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Bailyn , L. 1993 . Breaking the mold: Women, men, and time in the new corporate world , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bajracharya , A. 2007 , March . Nonstandard work in dual-earning families and children's outcomes . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , M. and Tippin , D. 1999 . Poverty, social assistance, and the employability of mothers: Restructuring welfare states , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Banting , K. 2005 . Do we know where we are going? The new social policy in Canada . Canadian Public Policy , 31 ( 4 ) : 421 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , R. and Gareis , K. 2007 . Shift work, parenting behaviour, and children's socioemotional well-being: A within-family study . Journal of Family Issues , 28 ( 6 ) : 727 – 748 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle , K. , Mendelson , M. , Meyer , D. , Millar , J. and Whiteford , P. 2001 . Benefits for children: A four country study , Ottawa : Caledon Institute for Social Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Battle , K. , Mendelson , M. and Torjman , S. 2006 . Towards a new architecture for Canada's Adult Benefits , Ottawa : Caledon .
   Google Scholar
• Beauvais , C. , Jenson , J. 2001 . Two policy paradigms: Family responsibility and investing in children Discussion Paper . Ottawa : CPRN .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , C. 2000 . Women, work and social rights: Canada in historical and comparative perspective , Scarborough, ON : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bielby , D. 1992 . Commitment to work and family . Annual Review of Sociology , 18 : 281 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bihan , B. and Martin , C. 2004 . Atypical working hours: Consequences of child care arrangements . Social Policy & Administration , 38 ( 6 ) : 565 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz , R. , & Williamson , D. 2005 , October 14–15 . Enhancing social policy in Canada: The Gore-tex solution . Presented at the Imagining Public Policy to Meet Women's Economic Security Needs Conference , Vancouver , British Columbia .
   Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz , R.S. and Williamson , D.L. 2006 . “ ‘Come into my life and see how it really is’: Social assistance recipients’ experiences of marginalization and attempts to achieve social inclusion through market citizenship ” . In Life on the margins: Implications for health research , Edited by: Cook , K. and Gilbert , K. 40 – 57 . Frenchs Forest : Pearson Education Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Breitkreuz , R. Williamson , D. , & Raine , K. 2005 , March 16–18 . (Dis)integrating policy: Welfare-to-work participants’ experiences integrating paid work and unpaid family work . Presented at the Community, Work and Family: Change and Transformation Conference , Manchester .
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Council on Social Development 1998 . Estimates of distribution of social assistance cases and recipients by family type, March 1997 . Retrieved September 9, 2002, fromwww.ccsd.ca/98/fs_sadis.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cancian , M. and Meyer , D. 2000 . Work after welfare: Women's work effort, occupation, and economic well-being . Social Work Research , 24 : 69 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaykowski , R. and Powell , L. 1999 . Women and the labour market: Recent trends and policy issues . Canadian Public Policy , 25 : 1 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Connelly , R. 1991 . “ The importance of child care costs to women's decision making ” . In The economics of childcare , Edited by: Blau , D. 87 – 118 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , K. 2000 . Working for welfare: Low-income single-mothers’ experiences and health . Master's thesis, University of Alberta. Dissertation and Thesis, AAT MQ59791v, 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Daly , M. 2000 . Gender division of welfare: The impact of the British and German welfare states , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Devault , M. 1999 . Liberating method: Feminism and social research , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edin , K. 1994 . The myths of dependency and self-sufficiency: Women welfare and low-wage work Working Paper No. 67 . Princeton, NJ : Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University .
   Google Scholar
• Edin , K. and Lein , L. 1996 . Work, welfare and single-mothers’ economic survival strategies . American Sociological Review , 61 : 253 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Elton , D. , Siepper , J. , Azmier , J. and Roach , R. 1997 . Where are they now? Assessing the impact of welfare reform on former recipients, 1993–1996 , Calgary : Canada West Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen , G. 1996 . Welfare states in transition: National adaptations in global economies , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Finn , D. 2005 . Review of book Social citizenship and workfare in the United States and Western Europe: The paradox of inclusion, by J. Handler. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004 . Social Service Review , 79 ( 4 ) : 737 – 741 .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. 1989 . Unruly practices: Power, discourse and gender in contemporary social theory , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frenette , M. and Picot , G. 2003 . Life after welfare: The economic well being of welfare leavers in Canada during the 1990s , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Gazso , A. 2007 . Balancing expectations for employability and family responsibilities while on social assistance: Low-income mothers’ experiences in three Canadian provinces . Family Relations , 56 ( 5 ) : 454 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson , K. 1985 . Hard choices: How women decide about work, career and motherhood , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gorlick , C. and Brethour , G. 1998 . Welfare to work programs: A national inventory , Ottawa, ON : Canadian Council on Social Development .
   Google Scholar
• Gorlick , C. , & Brethour , G. 2001 . Provincial and territorial summaries: Alberta. Welfare to work: Phase 1 & 2 . Canadian Council on Social Development. Retrieved February 21, 2003, fromhttp://publish.uwo.ca/~pomfred/wtw/html/provsum/phase2.html
   Google Scholar
• Government of Alberta 2002 . Child care subsidy . Retrieved May 2004, fromwww.silverbirch.gov.ab.ca/child.html
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada 2007 . National Child Benefit (2004) . Retrieved November 9, 2007, fromhttp://www.nationalchildbenefit.ca/ncb/govtofcan4.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Hagen , J. and Davis , L. 1994 . Women on welfare talk about reform . Public Welfare , 52 : 30 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , W. 2004 . Nonstandard work schedules and child care decisions: Evidence from the NICHD study of early child care . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 19 : 231 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , W. 2007 . Nonstandard work schedules and work–family issues . Back to work–family encyclopedia . Retrieved November 2, 2007, fromhttp://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=4254&area=ALL
   Google Scholar
• Handler , J. 2004 . Social citizenship and workfare in the United States and Western Europe: The paradox of inclusion , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , K. 1996 . Life after welfare: Women, work and repeat dependency . American Sociological Review , 61 : 407 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henly , J. and Lambert , S. 2005 . “ Nonstandard work and child care needs of low-income parents ” . In Work, family, health & well-being , Edited by: Bainchi , S. , Casper , L. and King , R. 473 – 492 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Henly , J. and Lyons , S. 2000 . The negotiation of child care and employment demands among low-income parents . Journal of Social Issues , 56 : 683 – 706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , C. and Duxbury , L. 2001 . The 2001 national work–life conflict study: Report one , Ottawa : Health Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild , A. 1989 . The second shift , New York : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , A. , Brooks-Gunn , J. , Huang , C. and Glassman , M. 2000 . Single mothers in low-wage jobs: Financial strain parenting and preschoolers’ outcomes . Child Development , 71 : 1409 – 1423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenson , J. 2003 . Redesigning the ‘welfare mix’ for families: Policy challenges Discussion Paper F/30 . Ottawa : Canada Policy Research Network .
   Google Scholar
• Jessop , B. 2000 . “ From the KWNS to the SWPR ” . In Rethinking social policy , Edited by: Lewis , G. , Gewirtz , S. and Clarke , J. 171 – 184 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , P. and Bogen , K. 2007 . Nonstandard schedules and young children's behavioral outcomes among working low-income families . Journal of Marriage and Family , 69 : 139 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel J. 1995 The effectiveness of child care subsidies in encouraging the welfare to work transition of low-income single mothers American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 85 271 275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , S. 1993 . Workplace policies as social policy . Social Service Review , 67 ( 2 ) : 237 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , S. , & Henly , J. 2007 . Low-level jobs and work–family studies . Back to work–family encyclopedia . Retrieved November 2, 2007, fromhttp://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=4254&area=ALL
   Google Scholar
• Levly , J. 1999 . Vice into virtue? Progressive politics and welfare reform in continental Europe . Politics and Society , 27 ( 2 ) : 239 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. 2000 . “ Gender and welfare regimes ” . In Rethinking social policy , Edited by: Lewis , G. , Gewirtz , S. and Clarke , J. 37 – 51 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. 2002 . Gender and welfare state change . European Societies , 4 ( 4 ) : 331 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. 2004 . “ Individualization and the need for few forms of family solidarity ” . In Solidarity between the sexes and the generations: Transformations in Europe , Edited by: Knijn , T. and Komter , A. 51 – 67 . Cheltenham, , UK : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. and Hobson , B. 1997 . “ Introduction ” . In Lone mothers in European welfare regimes: Shifting policy logistics , Edited by: Lewis , J. 1 – 20 . London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Litt , J. , Gaddis , B. , Fletcher , C. and Winter , M. 2000 . Leaving welfare: Independence or continued vulnerability? . The Journal of Consumer Affairs , 34 : 82 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , E. and Weisner , T. 2004 . ‘You have to push it – Who's gonna raise your kids?’ Situating child care and care subsidy use in the daily routines of lower income families . Children & Youth Services Review , 26 ( 2 ) : 143 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPherson , C.B. 1964 . The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Lock , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , R. 2003 . Listening to lone mothers: Paid work, family life, and child care in Canada . Journal of Children & Poverty , 9 ( 1 ) : 41 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• McMullin , J. , Davies , L. and Cassidy , G. 2002 . Welfare reform in Ontario: Tough times in mother's lives . Canadian Public Policy , 28 : 297 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , D. 1997 . Cracks in the seams: Durability of child care in JOBS welfare-to-work programs . Journal of Family and Economic Issues , 18 : 370 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos , C. , Tattrie , D. , Miller , C. , Robins , P. , Morris , P. Gyarmati , D. 2002 . Making work pay: Final report on the self-sufficiency project for long-term welfare recipients , Ottawa : Social Research and Demonstration Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , M. and Huberman , A. 1994 . Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods , 2nd edn , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Miranne , K.B. 1998 . Income packaging as a survival strategy for welfare mothers . Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work , 13 : 211 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe , P.A. and Tiller , V.V. 2001 . Commitment to work among welfare-reliant women . Journal of Marriage and Family , 63 : 816 – 828 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Child Benefit . 2003 . 2002 Progress report . Retrieved January 16, 2004, fromhttp://www.nationalchildbenefit.ca
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , J. , Orloff , A. and Shaver , S. 1999 . States, markets, families: Gender, liberalism and social policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oliker , S. 1995 . The proximate contexts of workfare and work: A framework for studying poor women's economic choices . The Sociological Quarterly , 26 : 251 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development . 2005 . Extending opportunities: How active social policy can benefit us all: Summary report . Paris : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Pascall , G. and Lewis , J. 2004 . Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe . Journal of Social Policy , 33 ( 3 ) : 373 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck , J. 2001 . Workfare states , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perry-Jenkins , M. , Goldeberg , A. , Pierce , C. and Sayer , A. 2007 . Shift work, role overload, and the transition to parenthood . Journal of Marriage and Family , 69 : 123 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson , P. 2001 . The new politics of the welfare state . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pleck , J. 1985 . Working wives/working husbands , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Press , J. , Fag , J. and Laughlin , L. 2006 . Taking pressure off families: Child-care subsidies lessen mothers’ work-hour problems . Journal of Marriage and Family , 68 : 155 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presser , H. 2003 . Working in a 24/7 economy: Challenges for American families , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Sainsbury , D. 1996 . Gender, equality and welfare states , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , E. , London , A. and Hurst , A. 2005 . Instability in patchworks of child care when moving from welfare to work . Journal of Marriage and Family , 67 : 370 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seccombe , K. , Battle Walters , K. and James , D. 1999 . Welfare mothers’ welcome reform, urge compassion . Family Relations , 48 : 197 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Shillington , R. 1998 . Social assistance and paid employment in Alberta, 1993–1996 , Edmonton : Population Research Laboratory, University of Alberta .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D.E. 1987 . The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology , Boston : Northeastern University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. 2002 . Commitment to mothering and preference for employment: The voices of women on public assistance with young children . Journal of Children & Poverty , 8 : 51 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , L. , Romero , D. , Wood , P. , Wampler , N. , Chavkin , W. and Wise , P. 2002 . Employment barriers among welfare recipients and applicants with chronically ill children . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1453 – 1457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , B. 2001 . The ins and outs of welfare-to-work: Women as they enter and exit a nursing assistant employment and training program . Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare , 28 ( 3 ) : 157 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 1999 . Work absence rates, 1987 to 1998 Catalogue No. 71-535-MPB, No. 10 . Ottawa : Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2001a , July 6 . Labour force survey . The Daily . 1 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2001b , September 26 . Employment, earnings and hours . The Daily , 1 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2004a . Persons in low income before tax, by prevalence in percent . Retrieved November 16, 2007, http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/famil41a-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2004b . Low income cutoffs from 1994–2003 and low income measures from 1992–2001 Catalogue No. 75F0002MIE – No. 002 . Ottawa : Ministry of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2004c . Reasons for part-time work by sex and age group . Retrieved October 6, 2004, fromwww.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/labor63b.htm
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2004d . Women in Canada: Work chapter updates Catalogue No. 89F0133XIE . Ottawa : Ministry of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2004e , May 26 . Family income . The Daily , 1 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1998 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory , 2nd edn , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Strazdins , L. , Clements , M. , Korda , R. , Broom , D. and D'Souza , R. 2006 . Unsocial work? Nonstandard work schedules, family relationships, and children's well-being . Journal of Marriage and Family , 68 : 394 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. 1993 . Doing critical ethnography , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Vosko , L. 1999 . “ Workfare temporaries: Workfare and the rise of the temporary employment relationship in Ontario ” . In Citizens or consumers: Social policy in a market society , Edited by: Broad , D. and Antony , W. 184 – 204 . Halifax : Fernwood Books .
   Google Scholar
• Voydanoff , P. 2004 . The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation . Journal of Marriage and Family , 66 : 398 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , D. 2003 . Social policy and solidarity. Orphans of the new model of social cohesion . Canadian Journal of Sociology , 28 ( 1 ) : 51 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , L. 2001 . Child care, women's labour market participation and labour market policy effectiveness in Canada . Canadian Public Policy , 27 : 385 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. and Salkie , F. 2005 . Welfare reforms in Canada: Implications for the well-being of pre-school children in poverty . Journal of Children & Poverty , 11 ( 1 ) : 55 – 76 .
   Google Scholar