Parents’ work schedules and time spent with children

References

• Barley, S. R., Meyerson, D. E., & Grodal, S. (2010). E-mail as a source and symbol of stress. Organization Science, 22(4), 887–906. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1100.0573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, R. J. D. (2015). Raising the race: Black career Women redefine marriage, motherhood, and community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37(4), 401–414. doi: 10.1353/dem.2000.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, S. M. (2009). What gives when mothers are employed? Parental time allocation in dual-earner and single-earner two-parent families. In R. Crane & J. Hill (Eds.), Handbook of families and work: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 305–330). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milkie, M. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Blair-Loy, M. (2009). Work without end? Scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers. Work and Occupations, 36(4), 279–317. doi: 10.1177/0730888409343912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, D. M., & Robins, P. K. (1988). Child-care costs and family labor supply. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 70(3), 374–381. doi: 10.2307/1926774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2012). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment (Working Paper Carlson).
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Kacmar, K. M. (2010). The relationship of schedule flexibility and outcomes via the work-family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4), 330–355. doi: 10.1108/02683941011035278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesley, N. (2005). Blurring boundaries? Linking technology Use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1237–1248. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00213.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesley, N., & Flood, S. (2017). Signs of Change? At-home and breadwinner parents' housework and child-care time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(2), 511–534. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, R. (1992). Self-employment and providing child care. Demography, 29(1), 17–29. doi: 10.2307/2061360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2011). The role of Non-standard work Status in parental caregiving for young children. Eastern Economic Journal, 37, 248–269. doi: 10.1057/eej.2010.45
   Google Scholar
• Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2015). If you’re happy and you know it: How do mothers and fathers in the US really feel about caring for their children? Feminist Economics, 21(1), 1–34. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2014.970210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coser, L. A. (1974). Greedy institutions: Patterns of undivided commitment. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Economic Advisors. (2014). Work-Life balance and the economics of workplace flexibility. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/updated_workplace_flex_report_final_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? Gender and Society, 20, 259–281. doi: 10.1177/0891243205285212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L., & Powell, A. (2011). Non-standard work schedules, work-family balance and the gendered division of childcare. Work, Employment and Society, 25(2), 274–291. doi: 10.1177/0950017011398894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L., Powell, A., & Smyth, C. (2014). Towards intensive parenting? Changes in the composition and determinants of mothers’ and fathers’ time with children 1992–2006. The British Journal of Sociology, 65(3), 555–579. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. D., Goodman, W. B., Pirretti, A. E., & Almeida, D. M. (2008). Nonstandard work schedules, perceived family well-being, and daily stressors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(4), 991–1003. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00541.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. D., Lawson, K. M., Almeida, D. M., Kelly, E. L., King, R. B., Hammer, L., … McHale, S. M. (2015). Parents’ daily time with their children: A workplace intervention. Pediatrics, 135(5), 875–882. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, K. A., & Pettigrew, R. N. (2012). The effect of work arrangements on perception of work-family balance. Community, Work & Family, 15(4), 403–423. doi: 10.1080/13668803.2012.724832
   Google Scholar
• Fiorini, M., & Keane, M. P. (2014). How the allocation of children’s time affects cognitive and noncognitive development. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(4), 787–836. doi: 10.1086/677232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, S. M., & Genadek, K. R. (2016). Time for each other: Work and family constraints among couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(1), 142–164. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, S., King, M., Ruggles, S., & Warren, J. R. (2015). Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey (Version 4.0) [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, L., Han, W., Ruhm, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Time for children: Trends in the employment patterns of parents, 1967–2009. Demography, 50, 25–49. doi: 10.1007/s13524-012-0138-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson, K., & Jacobs, J. A. (2001). Changing the structure and culture of work: Work and family conflict, work flexibility, and gender equity in the modern workplace. In R. Hertz & N. L. Marshall (Eds.), Working families: The transformation of the American home (pp. 207–226). Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091–1119. doi: 10.1257/aer.104.4.1091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work & Family, 12(3), 327–338. doi: 10.1080/13668800902966331
   Google Scholar
• Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henly, J. R., & Lambert, S. J. (2014). Unpredictable work timing in retail jobs. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 67(3), 986–1016. doi: 10.1177/0019793914537458
   Google Scholar
• Henly, J. R., Shaefer, H. L., & Waxman, E. (2006). Nonstandard work schedules: Employer-and employee-driven flexibility in retail jobs. Social Service Review, 80(4), 609–634. doi: 10.1086/508478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, J. E., Jacob, J. I., Shannon, L. L., Brennan, R. T., Blanchard, V. L., & Martinengo, G. (2008). Exploring the relationship of workplace flexibility, gender, and life stage to family-to-work conflict, and stress and burnout. Community, Work and Family, 11(2), 165–181. doi: 10.1080/13668800802027564
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R., Tranby, E., Kelly, E., & Moen, P. (2013). Relieving the time squeeze? Effects of a white-collar workplace change on parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(4), 1014–1029. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofferth, S., Flood, S. M., & Sobek, M. (2015). American Time Use Survey data extract system (Version 2.5) [Machine-readable database]. College Park: Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, and Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Hofferth, S. L. (2003). Race/ethnic differences in father involvement in Two-parent families. Journal of Family Issues, 24(2), 185–216. doi: 10.1177/0192513X02250087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie, P., Wicks, J., Fitzgerald, J., Dalenberg, D., & Connelly, R. (2006). Mothers’ time spent in care of their children and market work: A simultaneous with attitudes as instruments. Applied Economics Letters, 13, 503–506. doi: 10.1080/13504850500400546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsin, A., & Felfe, C. (2014). When does time matter? Maternal employment, children’s time with parents, and child development. Demography, 51(5), 1867–1894. doi: 10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. W., & Padavic, I. (2015). Hours, scheduling and flexibility for women in the US Low-Wage Labour Force. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(1), 67–86. doi: 10.1111/gwao.12069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. P., & Osberg, L. (2004). Nobody to play with? The implications of leisure coordination. Contributions to Economic Analysis, 271, 113–145. doi: 10.1016/S0573-8555(04)71005-6
   Google Scholar
• Kalil, A., Ryan, R., & Corey, M. (2012). Diverging destinies: Maternal education and the developmental gradient in time with children. Demography, 49(4), 1361–1383. doi: 10.1007/s13524-012-0129-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalleberg, A. L. (2011). ‘Good jobs.’ Bad jobs: The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2007). Rethinking the clockwork of work: Why schedule control may pay off at work and at home. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 487–506. doi: 10.1177/1523422307305489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D.,  …  Mierzwa, F. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 485–516. doi: 10.1177/0003122414531435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., & Tranby, E. (2011). Changing workplaces to reduce work-family conflict schedule control in a white-collar organization. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 265–290. doi: 10.1177/0003122411400056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendig, S. M., & Bianchi, S. M. (2008). Single, cohabitating, and married mothers’ time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 1228–1240. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00562.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel, J. (1998). Child care costs as a barrier to employment for single and married mothers. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(2), 287–299. doi: 10.1162/003465398557384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel, J., & Connelly, R. (2007). Mothers’ time choices. Journal of Human Resources, 42(3), 643–681. doi: 10.3368/jhr.XLII.3.643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R. B., Karuntzos, G., Casper, L. M., Moen, P., Davis, K. D., Berkman, L., … Kossek, E. E. (2012). Work–family balance issues and work–leave policies. In R. Gatchel & I. Z. Schultz (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health and wellness (pp. 323–339). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4839-6_15
   Google Scholar
• Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy Use and practice, Job control, and work–family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. (2013, December 13). Best Buy ends flexible work program for its corporate employees. StarTribune.com. Retrieved from http://www.startribune.com/no-13-best-buy-ends-flexible-work-program-for-its-corporate-employees/195156871/
   Google Scholar
• Meier, A., & Musick, K. (2014). Variation in associations between family dinners and adolescent well-being. Journal of marriage and family, 76(1), 13–23. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milkie, M. A., Mattingly, M. J., Nomaguchi, K. M., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). The time squeeze: Parental statuses and feelings about time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(3), 739–761. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00050.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milkie, M. A., Raley, S. B., & Bianchi, S. M. (2009). Taking on the second shift: Time allocations and time pressures of U.S. parents with preschoolers. Social Forces, 88(2), 487–517. doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musick, K., Meier, A., & Flood, S. (2016). How parents fare: Mothers’ and fathers’ subjective well-being in time with children. American Sociological Review, 81(5), 1069–1095. doi: 10.1177/0003122416663917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1988). Time With children: The impact of couples’ work-time commitments. Social Forces, 67, 59–85. doi: 10.1093/sf/67.1.59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan, M. C., & Glass, J. L. (2012). Hard truth about telecommuting. Monthly Labour Review, 135, 38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepitone, J. (2013, February 25). Marissa Mayer ends Yahoo’s work-from-home policy. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2013/02/25/technology/yahoo-work-from-home/
   Google Scholar
• Perlow, L. A. (2012). Sleeping with your smartphone: How to break the 24/7 habit and change the way you work. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perlow, L. A., & Kelly, E. L. (2014). Toward a model of work redesign for better work and better life. Work and Occupations, 41(1), 111–134. doi: 10.1177/0730888413516473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2015). Raising kids and running a household: How working parents share the load. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2015/11/2015-11-04_working-parents_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Presser, H. B. (1989). Can we make time for children? The economy, work schedules, and child care: Population Association of America, 1989 presidential address. Demography, 26, 523–543. doi: 10.2307/2061256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presser, H. B. (2003). Working in a 24/7 economy: Challenges for American families. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Price, J. (2008). Parent-child quality time: Does birth order matter? Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 240–265. doi: 10.1353/jhr.2008.0023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raley, S., Bianchi, S. M., & Wang, W. (2012). When do fathers care? Mothers’ economic contribution and fathers’ involvement in child care. American Journal of Sociology, 117(5), 1422–1459. doi: 10.1086/663354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. A. (2010). The rug rat race. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring, 129–176. doi: 10.1353/eca.2010.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport, B., & Bourdais, C. L. (2008). Parental time and working schedules. Journal of Population Economics, 21, 903–932. doi: 10.1007/s00148-007-0147-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeters, A., Van Der Lippe, T., & Kluwer, E. S. (2009). Parental work demands and the frequency of child-related routine and interactive activities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1193–1204. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00663.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeters, A., Van Der Lippe, T., & Kluwer, E. S. (2010). Work characteristics and parent-child relationship quality: The mediating role of temporal involvement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1317–1328. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00767.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, J. F., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Changes in children's time with parents: United States, 1981–1997. Demography, 38, 423–436. doi: 10.1353/dem.2001.0031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, L., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1–43. doi: 10.1086/386270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. (2013). Tobit or not Tobit? Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 38(3), 263–290.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, N. (2002). The package deal: Marriage, work and fatherhood in men’s lives. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wight, V. R., Raley, S. B., & Bianchi, S. M. (2008). Time for children, one’s spouse and oneself among parents who work nonstandard hours. Social Forces, 87(1), 243–271. doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 136–154. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar