Consumers’ avoidance of information on red meat risks: information exposure effects on attitudes and perceived knowledge

References

• Adams, J. S. 1961. “Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance by Seeking Consonant Information.” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1): 74–78. doi:10.1037/h0047029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, Julie, Aine McConnon, Jean Kennedy, Monique Raats, Richard Shepherd, Wim Verbeke, Patrick Wall, and Joop van der Pligt. 2011. “Development of Strategies for Effective Communication of Food Risks and Benefits across Europe: Design and Conceptual Framework of the FoodRisC Project.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 308–316. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndsen, Mariëtte, and Joopvan der Pligt. 2004. “Ambivalence Towards Meat.” Appetite 42 (1): 71–78. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00119-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, Dale E., Judith L. Neidig, and Daena J. Goldsmith. 2004. “Social Support and the Management of Uncertainty for People Living With HIV or AIDS.” Health Communication 16 (3): 305–331.10.1207/S15327027HC1603_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, Donald O., James E. Andrews, J. David Johnson, and Suzanne L. Allard. 2005. “Avoiding versus Seeking: The Relationship of Information Seeking to Avoidance, Blunting, Coping, Dissonance, and Related Concepts.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 93 (3): 353–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, Shelly, Roger Giner-Sorolla, and Serena Chen. 1996. “Beyond Accuracy: Defense and Impression Motives in Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing.” In The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior, edited by James S. Uleman and John A. Bargh, 553–578. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken, Shelly, Akiva Liberman, and Alice H. Eagly. 1989. “Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing within and beyond the Persuasion Context.” In Unintended Thought, edited by J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh, 212–252. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H., and Shelly Chaiken. 1993. The Psychology of Attitude. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gawronski, Bertram. 2012. “Back to the Future of Dissonance Theory: Cognitive Consistency as a Core Motive.” Social Cognition 30 (6): 652–668. doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankonen, Nelli, Pilvikki Absetz, Marja Kinnunen, Ari Haukkala, and Piia Jallinoja. 2013. “Toward Identifying a Broader Range of Social Cognitive Determinants of Dietary Intentions and Behaviors.” Applied Psychology: Health & Well-Being 5 (1): 118–135. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2012.01081.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, William, Dolores Albarracín, Alice H. Eagly, Inge Brechan, Matthew J. Lindberg, and Lisa Merrill. 2009. “Feeling Validated versus Being Correct: A Meta-analysis of Selective Exposure to Information.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (4): 555–588. doi:10.1037/a0015701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, Lee Ann, Sharon Dunwoody, Robert J. Griffin, and Kurt Neuwirth. 2006. “Seeking and Processing Information about Impersonal Risk.” Science Communication 28 (2): 163–194. doi:10.1177/1075547006293916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kleef, Ellen, Lynn J. Frewer, George M. Chryssochoidis, Julie R. Houghton, Sara Korzen-Bohr, Thanassis Krystallis, Jesper Lassen, Uwe Pfenning, and Gene Rowe. 2006. “Perceptions of Food Risk Management Among Key Stakeholders: Results from a Cross-European Study.” Appetite 47 (1): 46–63. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneer, Julia, Sabine Glock, and Diana Rieger. 2012. “Fast and Not Furious?” Social Psychology 43 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttschreuter, Margôt. 2006. “Psychological Determinants of Reactions to Food Risk Messages.” Risk Analysis 26 (4): 1045–1057. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00799.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttschreuter, Margôt, Pieter Rutsaert, Femke Hilverda, Áine Regan, Julie Barnett, and Wim Verbeke. 2014. “Seeking Information about Food-related Risks: The Contribution of Social Media.” Food Quality and Preference 37 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobb, Alexandra, Mario Mazzocchi, and W. B. Traill. 2007. “Modelling Risk Perception and Trust in Food Safety Information within the Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Food Quality and Preference 18 (2): 384–395. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2006.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowin, Aaron. 1967. “Approach and Avoidance: Alternate Modes of Selective Exposure to Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 6 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1037/h0024531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae, C. Neil, Galen V. Bodenhausen, Alan B. Milne, and Jolanda Jetten. 1994. “Out of Mind but Back in Sight: Stereotypes on the Rebound.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (5): 808–817.10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAfee, Alison J., Emeir M. McSorley, Geraldine J. Cuskelly, Bruce W. Moss, Julie M. W. Wallace, Maxine P. Bonham, and Anna M. Fearon. 2010. “Red Meat Consumption: An Overview of the Risks and Benefits.” Meat Science 84 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meertens, Ree M., and René Lion. 2011. “The Effects of Risk‐taking Tendency On Risk Choice and Pre‐ and Post‐decisional Information Selection.” Journal of Risk Research 14 (6): 647–656. doi:10.1080/13669877.2010.547254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micha, Renata, Sarah K. Wallace, and D. Mozaffarian. 2010. “Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Circulation 121: 2271–2283. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, Bhuva, Donald O. Case, and Sylvia L. Edwards. 2011. “The Role of Information Avoidance in Everyday-life Information Behaviors.” Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 48 (1): 1–9.10.1002/meet.145.v48:1
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, C. E., P. H. Tannenbaum, and G. J. Suci. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, An, Qi Sun, Adam M. Bernstein, Matthias B. Schulze, JoAnn E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, and Frank B. Hu. 2012. “Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies.” Archives of Internal Medicine 172 (7): 555–563. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Cueto, Federico J. A., and Wim Verbeke. 2012. “Consumer Implications of the WCRF’s Permanent Update on Colorectal Cancer.” Meat Science 90 (4): 977–978. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, Áine, Áine McConnon, Margôt Kuttschreuter, Pieter Rutsaert, Liran Shan, Zuzzana Pieniak, Julie Barnett, Wim Verbeke, and Patrick Wall. 2014. “The Impact of Communicating Conflicting Risk and Benefit Messages: An Experimental Study on Red Meat Information.” Food Quality and Preference 38: 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhine, Ramon J. 1967. “The 1964 Presidential Election and Curves of Information Seeking and Avoiding.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5 (4): 416–423. doi:10.1037/h0021211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutsaert, Pieter, Julie Barnett, Rui Gaspar, Afrodita Marcu, Zuzanna Pieniak, Beate Seibt, Maria Luisa Lima, David Fletcher, and Wim Verbeke. 2015. “Beyond Information Seeking: Consumers’ Online Deliberation About the Risks and Benefits of Red Meat.” Food Quality and Preference 39: 191–201. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis, Paul M., and Martina Reynolds. 1994. “Thought Suppression and Smoking Cessation.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 32 (2): 193–201. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90112-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, Aaron M., Paul D. Windschitl, and Andrew R. Smith. 2013. “Hope to be Right: Biased Information Seeking Following Arbitrary and Informed Predictions.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49 (1): 106–112. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, Steven, and Aaron C. Kay. 2012. “On the Perpetuation of Ignorance: System Dependence, System Justification, and the Motivated Avoidance of Sociopolitical Information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (2): 264–280. doi:10.1037/a0026272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smerecnik, Chris M. R., Ilse Mesters, Math J. J. M. Candel, Hein De Vries, and Nanne K. De Vries. 2012. “Risk Perception and Information Processing: The Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Self-reported Information Processing.” Risk Analysis 32 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01651.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, Jillian C., Douglas Hausknecht, and Geoffrey N. Soutar. 2000. “Cognitive Dissonance After Purchase: A Multidimensional Scale.” Psychology and Marketing 17 (5): 369–385. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200005)17:5<369:AID-MAR1>3.0.CO;2-G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 755–769. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke, Wim, Lynn J. Frewer, Joachim Scholderer, and Hubert F. De Brabander. 2007. “Why Consumers Behave as They Do with Respect to Food Safety and Risk Information.” Analytica Chimica Acta 586: 2–7. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke, Wim, Federico J. A. Pérez-Cueto, Marcia D. de Barcellos, Athanasios Krystallis, and Klaus G. Grunert. 2010. “European Citizen and Consumer Attitudes and Preferences Regarding Beef and Pork.” Meat Science 84 (2): 284–292. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke, Wim, and Isabelle Vackier. 2004. “Profile and Effects of Consumer Involvement in Fresh Meat.” Meat Science 67 (1): 159–168. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2003.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, Daniel M. 1994. “Ironic Processes of Mental Control.” Psychological Review 101 (1): 34–52. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar