Progress in risk communication since the 1989 NRC report: response to ‘Four questions for risk communication’ by Roger Kasperson

References

• Becker, J. S., D. Paton, D. M. Johnston, and K. R. Ronan. 2012. “A Model of Household Preparedness for Earthquakes: How Individuals Make Meaning of Earthquake Information and How This Influences Preparedness.” Natural Hazards 64 (1): 107–137.10.1007/s11069-012-0238-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostrom, A. 2003. “Future Risk Communication.” Futures 35: 553–573.10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00100-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budescu, D. V., S. B. Broomell, and H. H. Por. 2009. “Improving Communication of Uncertainty in the Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” Psychological Science 20: 299–308.10.1111/psci.2009.20.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budescu, D. V., H. Por, and S. B. Broomell. 2012. “Effective Communication of Uncertainty in the IPCC Reports.” Climatic Change 113: 181–200.10.1007/s10584-011-0330-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budescu, D. V., H. H. Por, S. B. Broomell, and M. Smithson. 2014. “The Interpretation of IPCC Probabilistic Statements around the World.” Nature Climate Change. Accessed April 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2194
   Google Scholar
• Cole, L. A. 1993. Element of Risk: The Politics of Radon. Washington, DC: AAAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dieckmann, N. F., E. Peters, R. Gregory, and M. Tusler. 2012. “Making Sense of Uncertainty: Advantages and Disadvantages of Providing an Evaluative Structure.” Journal of Risk Research 15 (7): 717–735.10.1080/13669877.2012.666760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff, B. 2009. “Risk Perception and Communication.” In Oxford Textbook of Public Health, Volume 2: The Methods of Public Health, edited by R. Detels, R. Beaglehole, M. A. Lansing, and M. Gulliford, 5th ed., 940–953. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischhoff, B., N. T. Brewer, and J. S. Downs, eds. 2011. Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence-based User’s Guide. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/UCM268069.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman, L. A., W. B. De Bruin, and M. G. Morgan. 2010. “Informed Public Preferences for Electricity Portfolios with CCS and Other Low-carbon Technologies.” Risk Analysis 30 (9): 1399–1410.10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01436.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, R., V. H. M. Visschers, M. Siegrist, and C. Keller. 2011. “How Do People Perceive Graphical Risk Communication? The Role of Subjective Numeracy.” Journal of Risk Research 14 (1): 47–61.10.1080/13669877.2010.488745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2014. IOM Workshop-in-brief: Characterizing Uncertainty in Assessment of Benefits and Risks. Accessed May 1. http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Research/DrugForum/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Research/DrugForum/2014-Feb-13/CharacterizingUncertaintyWIB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Joslyn, S., and J. LeClerc. 2012. “Uncertainty Forecasts Improve Weather Related Decisions and Attenuate the Effects of Forecast Error.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 18: 126–140. doi:10.1037/a0025185.
   Google Scholar
• Joslyn, S., L. Nadav-Greenberg, M. U. Taing, and R. M. Nichols. 2009. “The Effects of Wording on the Understanding and Use of Uncertainty Information in a Threshold Forecasting Decision.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 23: 55–72.10.1002/acp.v23:1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslyn, S., L. Nemec, and S. Savelli. 2013. “The Benefits and Challenges of Predictive Interval Forecasts and Verification Graphics for End Users.” Weather, Climate, and Society 5 (2): 133–147.10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00007.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. 2014. “Four Questions for Risk Communication.” Journal of Risk Research, doi: 10.1080/13669877.2014.900207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klima, K., W. Bruine de Bruin, M. G. Morgan, and I. Grossmann. 2012. “Public Perceptions of Hurricane Modification.” Risk Analysis 32 (7): 1194–1206.10.1111/risk.2012.32.issue-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfstedt, R. E. 2005. Risk Management in Post-trust Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230503946
   Google Scholar
• Löfstedt, R. E., and F. Bouder. 2014. “New Transparency Policies: Risk Communication’s Doom?” Chap. 5 in Effective Risk Communication, edited by J. Àrvai and L. Rivers III, 73–90. Earthscan Risk in Society Series. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, A., and E. Brynjolfsson. 2012. “Big Data: The Management Revolution.” Harvard Business Review 90 (10): 60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComas, K. A. 2006. “Defining Moments in Risk Communication Research: 1996–2005.” Journal of Health Communication 11: 75–91.10.1080/10810730500461091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meertens, R. M., V. M. Van de Gaar, M. Spronken, and N. K. de Vries. 2013. “Prevention Praised, Cure Preferred: Results of between-subjects Experimental Studies Comparing (Monetary) Appreciation for Preventive and Curative Interventions.” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 13 (1): 136.10.1186/1472-6947-13-136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. G., and C. Mellon. 2011. “Certainty, Uncertainty, and Climate Change.” Climatic Change 108 (4): 707–721.10.1007/s10584-011-0184-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. G., H. Dowlatabadi, M. Henrion, D. Keith, R. Lempert, S. McBride, M. Small, and T. Wilbanks. 2009. Best Practice Approaches for Characterizing, Communicating, and Incorporating Scientific Uncertainty in Decision Making. CCSP 5.2, A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5138.
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). 2008. Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, N., and E. M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Oshinsky, David. 2006. “Hell and High Water (Review of Hurricane Katrina Books by Douglas Brinkley and Jed Horne).” New York Times, July 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/books/review/09oshi.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pidgeon, N., R. E. Kasperson, and P. Slovic. 2003. The Social Amplification of Risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511550461
   Google Scholar
• Renn, O. 2008. Risk Governance: Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World. Earthscan Risk in Society Series. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Savelli, S., and S. Joslyn. 2013. “The Advantages of Predictive Interval Forecasts for Non-expert Users and the Impact of Visualizations.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 27 (4): 527–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, J. N., and D. K. Cohen. 2007. “Color Bind: Lessons from the Failed Homeland Security Advisory System.” International Security 32 (2): 121–154.10.1162/isec.2007.32.2.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., T. C. Earle, and H. Gutscher. 2007. Trust in Cooperative Risk Management. Uncertainty and Scepticism in the Public Mind. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Starbird, K., and L. Palen. 2013. “Working and Sustaining the Virtual Disaster Desk.” In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 491–502. New York: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Starbird, K., D. Dailey, A. H. Walker, T. M. Leschine, R. Pavia, and A. Bostrom. 2014. White Paper: Sense making through Twitter during the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill. Durham, NH: Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), University of New Hampshire. Available from the first author, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Teigen, K. H., and W. Brun. 1999. “The Directionality of Verbal Probability Expressions: Effects on Decisions, Predictions, and Probabilistic Reasoning.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 80: 155–190.10.1006/obhd.1999.2857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teigen, K. H., and W. Brun. 2003. “Chapter 7: Verbal Expressions of Uncertainty and Probability.” In Thinking: Psychological Perspectives on Reasoning, Judgment and Decision Making, edited by David Hardman and Laura Macchi, 125–145. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Teigen, K. H., M. Juanchich, and A. H. Riege. 2013. “Improbable Outcomes: Infrequent or Extraordinary?” Cognition 127 (1): 119–139.10.1016/j.cognition.2012.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobler, C., V. H. M. Visschers, and M. Siegrist. 2012. “Addressing Climate Change: Determinants of Consumers’ Willingness to Act and to Support Policy Measures.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 32 (3): 97–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuler, Seth P., and Roger E. Kasperson. 2014. “Social Distrust and its Implications for Risk Communication.” Chap. 6 in Effective Risk Communication, edited by J. Àrvai and L. Rivers III, 91–107. New York: Earthscan risk in society series/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• US DOC (US Department of Commerce). 2013. Service Assessment: Hurricane/Post-tropical Cyclone Sandy, October 22–29, 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Ph.D., Acting Administrator. National Weather Service, Louis W. Uccellini, Assistant Administrator. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/Sandy13.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wogalter, M. S., ed. 2006. Handbook of Warnings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Z. J., A. M. Aloe, and T. H. Feeley. 2014. “Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Communication 64: 20–41. doi:10.1111/jcom.12071.10.1111/jcom.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar