939
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Dispute and morality in the perception of societal risks: extending the psychometric model

, &
Pages 299-325 | Received 09 Sep 2014, Accepted 08 Apr 2015, Published online: 26 May 2015

References

  • Alhakami, A. S., and P. Slovic. 1994. “A Psychological Study of the Inverse Relationship between Perceived Risk and Perceived Benefit.” Risk Analysis 14 (6): 1085–1096. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00080.x.
  • Baayen, R. H., D. J. Davidson, and D. M. Bates. 2008. “Mixed-effects Modeling with Crossed Random Effects for Subjects and Items.” Journal of Memory and Language 59 (4): 390–412. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005.
  • Bobko, P., P. L. Roth, and M. A. Buster. 2007. “The Usefulness of Unit Weights in Creating Composite Scores: A Literature Review, Application to Content Validity, and Meta-analysis.” Organizational Research Methods 10 (4): 689–709. doi:10.1177/1094428106294734.
  • Böhm, G. 2003. “Emotional Reactions to Environmental Risks: Consequentialist versus Ethical Evaluation.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 23 (2): 199–212. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00114-7.
  • Böhm, G., and W. Brun. 2008. “Intuition and Affect in Risk Perception and Decision Making.” Judgment and Decision Making 3 (1): 1–4.
  • Böhm, G., and H.-R. Pfister. 2000. “Action Tendencies and Characteristics of Environmental Risks.” Acta Psychologica 104 (3): 317–337. doi:10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00035-4.
  • Böhm, G., and H.-R. Pfister. 2001. “Mental Representation of Global Environmental Risks.” Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 9 ( Special Issue: Environmental risks: Perception, Evaluation, and Management): 1–30.10.1016/S0196-1152(01)80022-3
  • Böhm, G., and H.-R. Pfister. 2005. “Consequences, Morality, and Time in Environmental Risk Evaluation.” Journal of Risk Research 8 (6): 461–479. doi:10.1080/13669870500064143.
  • Böhm, G., and C. Tanner. 2012. “Risk Perception.” In Environmental Psychology: An Introduction, edited by Linda Steg, E. Agnes van den Berg, and J. I. M. de Groot, 15–26. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Boholm, A. 1998. “Comparative Studies of Risk Perception: A Review of Twenty Years of Research.” Journal of Risk Research 1 (2): 135–163. doi:10.1080/136698798377231.
  • Borgida, E., and R. E. Nisbett. 1977. “The Differential Impact of Abstract vs. Concrete Information on Decisions.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 7 (3): 258–271. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00750.x.
  • Bostrom, A., R. E. O’Connor, G. Böhm, D. Hanss, O. Bodi, F. Ekström, P. Halder, et al. 2012. “Causal Thinking and Support for Climate Change Policies: International Survey Findings.” Global Environmental Change 22 (1): 210–222. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.012.
  • Bronfman, N. C., L. A. Cifuentes, M. L. deKay, and H. H. Willis. 2007. “Accounting for Variation in the Explanatory Power of the Psychometric Paradigm: The Effects of Aggregation and Focus.” Journal of Risk Research 10 (4): 527–554. doi:10.1080/13669870701315872.
  • Burns, W. J., E. Peters, and P. Slovic. 2012. “Risk Perception and the Economic Crisis: A Longitudinal Study of the Trajectory of Perceived Risk.” Risk Analysis 32 (4): 659–677. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01733.x.
  • Cialdini, R. B. 2001. “The Science of Persuasion.” Scientific American 284 (2): 76–81.10.1038/scientificamerican0201-76
  • van Dijk, E., and M. Zeelenberg. 2003. “The Discounting of Ambiguous Information in Economic Decision Making.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 16 (5): 341–352. doi:10.1002/bdm.450.
  • Ding, D., E. Maibach, X. Zhao, C. Roser-Renouf, and A. Leiserowitz. 2011. “Support for Climate Policy and Societal Action Are Linked to Perceptions about Scientific Agreement.” Nature Climate Change 1: 462–466. doi:10.1038/nclimate1295.
  • Ericson, R. V., and A. Doyle, eds. 2003. Risk and Morality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Feinberg, M., and R. Willer. 2013. “The Moral Roots of Environmental Attitudes.” Psychological Science 24 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1177/0956797612449177.
  • Fischhoff, B., P. Slovic, S. Lichtenstein, S. Read, and B. Combs. 1978. “How Safe is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes towards Technological Risks and Benefits.” Policy Sciences 9 (2): 127–152. doi:10.1007/BF00143739.
  • Ganzach, Y., S. Ellis, A. Pazy, and T. Ricci-Siag. 2008. “On the Perception and Operationalization of Risk Perception.” Judgment and Decision Making 3 (4): 317–324.
  • Gardner, G. T., and L. C. Gould. 1989. “Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology.” Risk Analysis 9 (2): 225–242. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1989.tb01243.x.
  • Goszczynska, M., M. Tyszka, and P. Slovic. 1991. “Risk Perception in Poland: A Comparison with Three Other Countries.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 4 (3): 179–193. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960040305.
  • Greene, J. D. 2013. Moral Tribes. New York: Penguin Press.
  • Gregory, R., and R. Mendelsohn. 1993. “Perceived Risk, Dread, and Benefits.” Risk Analysis 13 (3): 259–264. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01077.x.
  • de Groot, J. I. M., and L. Steg. 2010. “Morality and Nuclear Energy: Perceptions of Risks and Benefits, Personal Norms, and Willingness to Take Action Related to Nuclear Energy.” Risk Analysis 30 (9): 1363–1373. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01419.x.
  • Guber, D. L. 2013. “A Cooling Climate for Change? Party Polarization and the Politics of Global Warming.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (1): 93–115. doi:10.1177/000276421246336.
  • Hallett, T. 2003. “Emotional Feedback and Amplification in Social Interaction.” The Sociological Quarterly 44 (4): 705–726. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00532.x.
  • Hanselmann, M., and C. Tanner. 2008. “Taboos and Conflicts in Decision Making: Sacred Values, Decision Difficulty, and Emotions.” Judgment and Decision Making 3 (1): 51–63.
  • Hermand, D., E. Mullet, and L. Rompteaux. 1999. “Societal Risk Perception among Children, Adolescents, Adults, and Elderly People.” Journal of Adult Development 6 (2): 137–143. doi:10.1023/A:1021676909857.
  • Hinman, G. W., E. A. Rosa, R. R. Kleinhesselink, and T. C. Lowinger. 1993. “Perceptions of Nuclear and Other Risks in Japan and the United States.” Risk Analysis 13 (4): 449–455. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00745.x.
  • Jolliffe, I. T. 2002. Principal Component Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
  • Kahan, D. M., H. Jenkins-Smith, and D. Braman. 2011. “Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus.” Journal of Risk Research 14 (2): 147–174. doi:10.1080/13669877.2010.511246.
  • Kahan, D. M., E. Peters, M. Wittlin, P. Slovic, L. L. Ouellette, D. Braman, and G. Mandel. 2012. “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks.” Nature Climate Change 2 (10): 732–735. doi:10.1038/nclimate1547.
  • Kellstedt, P. M., S. Zahran, and A. Vedlitz. 2008. “Personal Efficacy, the Information Environment, and Attitudes toward Global Warming and Climate Change in the United States.” Risk Analysis 28 (1): 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01010.x.
  • Kpanake, L., B. Chauvin, and E. Mullet. 2008. “Societal Risk Perception among African Villagers without Access to the Media.” Risk Analysis 28 (1): 193–202. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01008.x.
  • Kraus, N. N., and P. Slovic. 1988. “Taxonomic Analysis of Perceived Risk: Modeling Individual and Group Perceptions within Homogeneous Hazard Domains.” Risk Analysis 8 (3): 435–455. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb00508.x.
  • Kutner, M. H., C. J. Nachtsheim, and J. Neter. 2004. Applied Linear Regression Models. 5th ed. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Lazo, J. K., J. C. Kinnell, and A. Fisher. 2000. “Expert and Layperson Perceptions of Ecosystem Risk.” Risk Analysis 20 (2): 179–194. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.202019.
  • Lee, K. M. 2004. “The Multiple Source Effect and Synthesized Speech.” Human Communication Research 30 (2): 182–207. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00730.x.
  • Lewandowsky, S., G. E. Gignac, and S. Vaughan. 2013. “The Pivotal Role of Perceived Scientific Consensus in Acceptance of Science.” Nature Climate Change 3: 399–404. doi:10.1038/nclimate1720.
  • Little, R. J. A. 1988. “A Test of Missing Completely at Random for Multivariate Data with Missing Values.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 83 (404): 1198–1202. doi:10.2307/2290157.
  • Macri, D., and E. Mullet. 2007. “Cross-national Validation of an Eight-factor Model of Societal Risk Perception.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 13 (6): 1352–1358. doi:10.1080/10807030701655848.
  • McDaniels, T., L. J. Axelrod, N. S. Cavanagh, and P. Slovic. 1997. “Perception of Ecological Risk to Water Environments.” Risk Analysis 17 (3): 341–352. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00872.x.
  • McDaniels, T., L. J. Axelrod, and P. Slovic. 1995. “Characterizing Perception of Ecological Risk.” Risk Analysis 15 (5): 575–588. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00754.x.
  • Monin, B., and D. M. Oppenheimer. 2005. “Correlated Averages vs. Averaged Correlations: Demonstrating the Warm Glow Heuristic beyond Aggregation.” Social Cognition 23 (3): 257–278. doi:10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.257.
  • Nisbet, M. C., and R. K. Goidel. 2007. “Understanding Citizen Perceptions of Science Controversy: Bridging the Ethnographic Survey Research Divide.” Public Understanding of Science 16 (4): 421–440. doi:10.1177/0963662506065558.
  • Nisbett, R. E., and L. Ross. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Pidgeon, N., and B. Fischhoff. 2011. “The Role of Social and Decision Sciences in Communicating Uncertain Climate Risks.” Nature Climate Change 1 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1038/nclimate1080.
  • Portell, M., R. M. Gil, J. M. Losilla, and J. Vives. 2014. “Characterizing Occupational Risk Perception: The Case of Biological, Ergonomic and Organizational Hazards in Spanish Healthcare Workers.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 17 (51): 1–12. doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.55.
  • Rabinovich, A., and T. A. Morton. 2012. “Unquestioned Answers or Unanswered Questions: Beliefs about Science Guide Responses to Uncertainty in Climate Change Risk Communication.” Risk Analysis 32 (6): 992–1002. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01771.x.
  • Roeser, S. 2010. “Intuitions, Emotions and Gut Reactions in Decisions about Risks: Towards a Different Interpretation of ‘Neuroethics’.” Journal of Risk Research 13 (2): 175–190. doi:10.1080/13669870903126275.
  • Rolfe-Redding, J., E. W. Maibach, L. Feldman, and A. Leiserowitz. 2011. Republicans and Climate Change: An Audience Analysis of Predictors for Belief and Policy Preferences ( Working Paper). Yale University. Accessed February 5, 2015. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2026002
  • von Roten, F. C. 2006. “Do We Need a Public Understanding of Statistics?” Public Understanding of Science 15 (2): 243–249. doi:10.1177/0963662506061883.
  • Rozin, P., L. Lowery, S. Imada, and J. Haidt. 1999. “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity).” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (4): 574–586. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574.
  • Savadori, L., S. Savio, E. Nicotra, R. Rumiati, M. Finucane, and P. Slovic. 2004. “Expert and Public Perception of Risk from Biotechnology.” Risk Analysis 24 (5): 1289–1299. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00526.x.
  • Schachter, S., and J. Singer. 1962. “Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State.” Psychological Review 69 (5): 379–399. doi:10.1037/h0046234.
  • Shenk, C. E., and A. E. Fruzzetti. 2011. “The Impact of Validating and Invalidating Responses on Emotional Reactivity.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 30 (2): 163–183. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.163.
  • Shweder, R. A., N. C. Much, M. Mahapatra, and L. Park. 1997. “The ‘Big Three’ of Morality (Autonomy, Community, Divinity) and the ‘Big Three’ Explanation of Suffering.” In Morality and Health, edited by A. Brandt and P. Rozin, 119–169. New York: Routledge.
  • Siegrist, M., C. Keller, and H. A. L. Kiers. 2005. “A New Look at the Psychometric Paradigm of Perception of Hazards.” Risk Analysis 25 (1): 211–222. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2005.00580.x.
  • Siegrist, M., C. Keller, and H. A. L. Kiers. 2006. “Lay People's Perception of Food Hazards: Comparing Aggregated Data and Individual Data.” Appetite 47 (3): 324–332. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.05.012.
  • Sjöberg, L. 2000. “Factors in Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis 20 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00001.
  • Sjöberg, L. 2006. “As Time Goes by: The Beginnings of Social and Behavioural Science Risk Research.” Journal of Risk Research 9 (6): 601–604. doi:10.1080/13669870600799911.
  • Sjöberg, L., and E. Winroth. 1986. “Risk, Moral Value of Actions, and Mood.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 27 (1): 191–208. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1986.tb01197.x.
  • Slovic, P. 1987. “Perception of Risk.” Science 236 (4799): 280–285. doi:10.1126/science.3563507.
  • Slovic, P., ed. 2000a. The Perception of Risk. London: Earthscan.
  • Slovic, P. 2000b. “Perception of Risk.” In The Perception of Risk, edited by Paul Slovic, 220–231. London: Earthscan.
  • Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1985. “Characterizing Perceived Risk.” In Perilous Progress: Managing the Hazards of Technology, edited by Robert W. Kates, Christoph Hohenemser, and Jeanne X. Kasperson, 91–125. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Smith, J. R., and M. A. Hogg. 2008. “Social Identity and Attitudes.” In Attitudes and Attitude Change, edited by W. D. Crano and R. Prislin, 337–360. New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Snijders, T. A. B., and R. J. Bosker. 2012. Multilevel Analysis. An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Stallen, P. J. M., R. Geerts, and H. K. Vrijling. 1996. “Three Conceptions of Quantified Societal Risk.” Risk Analysis 16 (5): 635–644. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb00813.x.
  • Terpstra, T., J. M. Gutteling, G. D. Geldof, and L. J. Kappe. 2006. “The Perception of Flood Risk and Water Nuisance.” Water Science & Technology 54 (6): 431–439. doi:10.2166/wst.2006.573.
  • Utts, J. 2003. “What Educated Citizens Should Know about Statistics and Probability.” The American Statistician 57 (2): 74–79. doi:10.1198/0003130031630.
  • Willis, H. H., M. L. DeKay, B. Fischhoff, and M. G. Morgan. 2005. “Aggregate, Disaggregate, and Hybrid Analyses of Ecological Risk Perceptions.” Risk Analysis 25 (2): 405–428. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00599.x.
  • Yates, F. J., and E. R. Stone. 1992a. “The Risk Construct.” In Risk-taking Behavior, edited by F. J. Yates, 1–25. New York: Wiley.
  • Yates, F. J., and E. R. Stone. 1992b. “Risk Appraisal.” In Risk-taking Behavior, edited by F. J. Yates, 49–85. New York Wiley.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.