418
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Warning dissemination and public response in China’s new warning system: evidence from a strong convective event in Qingdao City

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 67-91 | Received 23 Oct 2020, Accepted 22 Feb 2021, Published online: 28 Mar 2021

References

  • Aisha, T., S. Wok, A. M. Manaf, and R. Ismail. 2015. “Exploring the Use of Social Media During the 2014 Flood in Malaysia.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 211: 931–937. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.123.
  • Arlikatti, S., M. Lindell, and C. Prater. 2007. “Perceived Stakeholder Role Relationships and Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 25 (3): 218.
  • Armaş, I., and E. Avram. 2009. “Perception of Flood Risk in Danube Delta, Romania.” Natural Hazards 50 (2): 269–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9337-0.
  • Ash, K., R. Schumann, III, and G. Bowser. 2014. “Tornado Warning Trade-Offs: Evaluating Choices for Visually Communicating Risk.” Weather, Climate, and Society 6 (1): 104–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00021.1.
  • Baker, E. 1991. “Hurricane Evacuation Behavior.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 9 (2): 287–310.
  • Barnes, L., E. Gruntfest, M. Hayden, D. Schultz, and C. Benight. 2007. “False Alarms and Close Calls: A Conceptual Model of Warning Accuracy.” Weather and Forecasting 22 (5): 1140–1147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF1031.1.
  • Bean, H., B. F. Liu, S. Madden, J. Sutton, M. M. Wood, and D. S. Mileti. 2016. “Disaster Warnings in Your Pocket: How Audiences Interpret Mobile Alerts for an Unfamiliar Hazard.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 24 (3): 136–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12108.
  • Bean, H., M. Wood, D. Mileti, B. Liu, J. Sutton, and S. Madden. 2014. “Comprehensive Testing of Imminent Threat Public Messages for Mobile Devices.” In Report to the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. College Park, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
  • Brooks, H. E., C. A. Doswell, III, X. Zhang, A. M. Chernokulsky, E. Tochimoto, B. Hanstrum, E. de, et al. 2019. “A Century of Progress in Severe Convective Storm Research and Forecasting.” Meteorological Monographs 59: 18.1–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0026.1.
  • Cao, Y., B. Boruff, and I. McNeill. 2017a. “Effective Communication of Household Wildfire Risk through WebGIS: Considerations in Content, Representation and Design.” The University of Western Australia.
  • Cao, Y., B. J. Boruff, and I. M. McNeill. 2017b. “Towards Personalised Public Warnings: harnessing Technological Advancements to Promote Better Individual Decision-Making in the Face of Disasters.” International Journal of Digital Earth 10 (12): 1231–1222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1302007.
  • Cao, Y., B. J. Boruff, and I. M. McNeill. 2016. “Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Evaluating the Effectiveness of Maps for Delivering Wildfire Warning Information.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 19: 179–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.012.
  • Casteel, M. A. 2018. “An Empirical Assessment of Impact Based Tornado Warnings on Shelter in Place Decisions.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 30: 25–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.01.036.
  • Cochran, E. S., and A. L. Husker. 2019. “How Low Should we Go When Warning for Earthquakes?” Science (New York, N.Y.) 366 (6468): 957–958. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz6601.
  • Demuth, J. 2018. “Explicating Experience: Development of a Valid Scale of past Hazard Experience for Tornadoes.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 38 (9): 1921–1943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12983.
  • Dow, K., and S. Cutter. 2000. “Public Orders and Personal Opinions: Household Strategies for Hurricane Risk Assessment.” Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards 2 (4): 143–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00014-6.
  • Esteban, M., V. Tsimopoulou, T. Mikami, N. Y. Yun, A. Suppasri, and T. Shibayama. 2013. “Recent Tsunamis Events and Preparedness: Development of Tsunami Awareness in Indonesia, Chile and Japan.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 5: 84–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.07.002.
  • Gregg, C. E., B. F. Houghton, D. Paton, R. Lachman, J. Lachman, D. M. Johnston, and S. Wongbusarakum. 2006. “Natural Warning Signs of Tsunamis: human Sensory Experience and Response to the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand.” Earthquake Spectra 22 (3_suppl): 671–691. _suppl):doi:https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2206791.
  • Gregg, C., B. Houghton, D. Paton, D. Johnston, D. Swanson, and B. Yanagi. 2007. “Tsunami Warnings: Understanding in Hawai ‘i.” Natural Hazards 40 (1): 71–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0005-y.
  • Gustafsod, P. 1998. “Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives.” Risk Analysis 18 (6): 805–811. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01123.x.
  • Han, Z., I. Y. Sun, and R. Hu. 2017. “Social Trust, Neighborhood Cohesion, and Public Trust in the Police in China.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40 (2): 380–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2016-0096.
  • Hjorth, L., and K. Kim. 2011. “The Mourning After: A Case Study of Social Media in the 3.11 Earthquake Disaster in Japan.” Television & New Media 12 (6): 552–559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476411418351.
  • Hu, X., X. Zhang, and J. Wei. 2019. “Public Attention to Natural Hazard Warnings on Social Media in China.” Weather, Climate, and Society 11 (1): 183–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-17-0039.1.
  • Huang, S., M. Lindell, and C. Prater. 2016. “Who Leaves and Who Stays? A Review and Statistical Meta-Analysis of Hurricane Evacuation Studies.” Environment and Behavior 48 (8): 991–1029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515578485.
  • Jiguang Big Data. 2019. “2019 Report of the social media industry in China.” https://www.jiguang.cn/reports/381.
  • Kim, G., A. Martel, D. Eisenman, M. Prelip, A. Arevian, K. L. Johnson, and D. Glik. 2019. “Wireless Emergency Alert Messages: Influences on Protective Action Behaviour.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 27 (4): 374–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12278.
  • Lachman, R., M. Tatsuoka, and W. Bonk. 1961. “Human Behavior During the Tsunami of May 1960.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 133 (3462): 1405–1409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3462.1405.
  • Li, H., C. Fan, J. Jia, S. Wang, and L. Hao. 2009. “Public Risk Perception and Emergency Management in Sudden Disasters–a Study on the 5·12 Earthquake in Wenchuan.” Management World 2009 (6): 52–60. (In Chinese)
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. 1987. “Warning Mechanisms in Emergency Response Systems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5 (2): 137–153.
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lindell, M. K. 2017. “Communicating Imminent Risk.” In Handbook of Disaster Research, edited by H. Rodríguez, J. Trainor, and W. Donner, 449–477. New York: Springer.
  • Lindell, M. K., S. Huang, H. Wei, and C. Samuelson. 2016. “Perceptions and Expected Immediate Reactions to Tornado Warning Polygons.” Natural Hazards 80 (1): 683–707. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1990-5.
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. Perry. 2012. “The Protective Action Decision Model: theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 32 (4): 616–632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x.
  • Lindell, M. K., C. Prater, C. Gregg, E. Apatu, S. Huang, and H. Wu. 2015. “Households' Immediate Responses to the 2009 American Samoa Earthquake and Tsunami.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 12: 328–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.03.003.
  • Liu, T., and B. J. Bates. 2009. “What's behind Public Trust in News Media: A Comparative Study of America and China.” Chinese Journal of Communication 2 (3): 307–329 (In Chinese) doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750902826632.
  • Martin, I. M., H. Bender, and C. Raish. 2007. “What Motivates Individuals to Protect Themselves from Risks: The Case of Wildland Fires.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 27 (4): 887–900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00930.x.
  • McNeill, I., P. Dunlop, T. Skinner, and D. Morrison. 2015. “Predicting Delay in Residents’ Decisions on Defending v. evacuating through Antecedents of Decision Avoidance.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 24 (2): 153–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12213.
  • McNeill, I. M., P. D. Dunlop, J. B. Heath, T. C. Skinner, and D. L. Morrison. 2013. “Expecting the Unexpected: predicting Physiological and Psychological Wildfire Preparedness from Perceived Risk, Responsibility, and Obstacles.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 33 (10): 1829–1843. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12037.
  • Mileti, D., and P. O'Brien. 1992. “Warnings during Disaster: Normalizing Communicated Risk.” Social Problems 39 (1): 40–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3096912.
  • Mileti, D., and L. Peek. 2000. “The Social Psychology of Public Response to Warnings of a Nuclear Power Plant Accident.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 75 (2/3): 181–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00179-5.
  • Mileti, D., and J. Sorensen. 1990. Communication of Emergency Public Warnings: A Social Science Perspective and State-of-the-Art Assessment. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Lab.
  • Ministry Of Industry And Information Technology. 2018. The Annual Report of China’s Wireless Management. Beijing: National Office for Wireless Management.
  • Na, B. 2018. “TV Viewing Report for the First Half Year of 2018.” Northern Media Studies 1 (4): 14–19. (In Chinese)
  • Nakayachi, K., J. S. Becker, S. H. Potter, and M. Dixon. 2019. “ Residents' Reactions to Earthquake Early Warnings in Japan.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 39 (8): 1723–1740. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13306.
  • Nigg, J. 1995. “Risk Communication and Warning Systems.” In Natural Risk and Civil Protection, edited by T. Horlick-Jones, A. Amendola, and R. Casale, 369–382. London: E & FN Spon.
  • Perry, R., and M. Greene. 1983. Citizen Response to Volcanic Eruptions: The Case of Mt. St. Helens. New York: Irvington.
  • Perry, R., and M. K. Lindell. 1997. “Aged Citizens in the Warning Phase of Disasters: Re-Examining the Evidence.” International Journal of Aging & Human Development 44 (4): 257–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.2190/RT3X-6MEJ-24AQ-03PT.
  • Perry, R. W., M. K. Lindell, and M. R. Greene. 1982. “Crisis Communications: Ethnic Differentials in Interpreting and Acting on Disaster Warnings.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 10 (1): 97–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1982.10.1.97.
  • Perry, S. 2007. “Tsunami Warning Dissemination in Mauritius.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 35 (4): 399–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880701611060.
  • Potter, S. H., P. V. Kreft, P. Milojev, C. Noble, B. Montz, A. Dhellemmes, R. J. Woods, and S. Gauden-Ing. 2018. “The Influence of Impact-Based Severe Weather Warnings on Risk Perceptions and Intended Protective Actions.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 30: 34–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.03.031.
  • Schmidlin, T. W., and P. S. King. 1995. “Risk Factors for Death in the 27 March 1994 Georgia and Alabama Tornadoes.” Disasters 19 (2): 170–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00367.x.
  • Sharma, U., and A. Patt. 2012. “Disaster Warning Response: The Effects of Different Types of Personal Experience.” Natural Hazards 60 (2): 409–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0023-2.
  • Shaw, R., and M. Gupta. 2009. “Information, Education, and Communication for Urban Risk Reduction.” In Urban Risk Reduction: An Asian Perspective (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Volume 1), edited by Rajib Shaw, Hari Srinivas and Anshu Sharma, 55–75. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Simmons, K., and D. Sutter. 2009. “False Alarms, Tornado Warnings, and Tornado Casualties.” Weather, Climate, and Society 1 (1): 38–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/2009WCAS1005.1.
  • Smith, C., and D. Kain. 2010. “Making Sense of Hurricanes: Public Discourse and Perceived Risk of Extreme Weather.” Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines4: 180–196.
  • Spahn, H., M. Hoppe, H. Vidiarina, and B. Usdianto. 2010. “Experience from Three Years of Local Capacity Development for Tsunami Early Warning in Indonesia: challenges, Lessons and the Way Ahead.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10 (7): 1411–1429. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1411-2010.
  • Spong, D. 2019. “New Media and the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami.”
  • Starbird, K., L. Palen, A. Hughes, , and S. Vieweg. 2010. “Chatter on the Red: what Hazards Threat Reveals about the Social Life of Microblogged Information.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Georgia.
  • Sun, J., and J. Bai. 2016. “The Construction and Application of the National Emergency Warning Information Publishing System.” China Emergency Management 1 (6): 77–79. (In Chinese)
  • Thompson, M. A., J. M. Lindsay, and G. S. Leonard. 2017. “More than Meets the Eye: Volcanic Hazard Map Design and Visual Communication.” In Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication, edited by C. J. Fearnley, D. K. Bird, K. Haynes, W. J. McGuire, G. Jolly, 621–640. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Thomson, R., N. Ito, H. Suda, F. Lin, Y. Liu, Hayasaka Ryo, Isochi Ryuzo, and Wang Zian. 2012. “Trusting Tweets: The Fukushima Disaster and Information Source Credibility on Twitter.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference, Vancouver, Canada.
  • United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). 2004. Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives (Vol. 1). Geneva: United Nations Publications.
  • United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). 2005. “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.” Paper Presented at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, January 18–22.
  • United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). 2015. “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.” Paper Presented at the Third UN World Conference, Sendai, Japan.
  • Ushiyama, M., and N. Atsuo. 2010. “Report of Filed Survey on Evacuation Behavior in 2010 Chilean Earthquake.” Tsunami Engineering 27: 73–81.
  • Vermeulen, K. 2014. “Understanding Your Audience: How Psychologists Can Help Emergency Managers Improve Disaster Warning Compliance.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 11 (3): 309–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0055.
  • Vultee, F., and D. Vultee. 2011. “What we Tweet about When we Tweet about Disasters: The Nature and Sources of Microblog Comments during Emergencies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 29 (3): 221–242.
  • Wang, F., J. Wei, S. Huang, M. K. Lindell, Yue Ge, and Hung-Lung Wei. 2018. “Public Reactions to the 2013 Chinese H7N9 Influenza Outbreak: perceptions of Risk, Stakeholders, and Protective Actions.” Journal of Risk Research 21 (7): 809–833. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247377.
  • Wei, J., D. Zhao, F. Yang, S. Du, and D. Marinova. 2010. “Timing Crisis Information Release via Television.” Disasters 34 (4): 1013–1030. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01180.x.
  • Wei, J., W. Zhu, D. Marinova, and F. Wang. 2017. “Household Adoption of Smog Protective Behavior: A Comparison between Two Chinese Cities.” Journal of Risk Research 20 (7): 846–867. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121904.
  • Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis. 2004. At Risk: natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
  • Wood, M. M., D. S. Mileti, H. Bean, B. F. Liu, J. Sutton, and S. Madden. 2018. “Milling and Public Warnings.” Environment and Behavior 50 (5): 535–566. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916517709561.
  • Yun, N. Y., and M. Hamada. 2015. “Evacuation Behavior and Fatality Rate during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (3): 1237–1265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1193/082013EQS234M.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.