Comparing social constructions of wildfire risk across media, government, and participatory discourse in a Colorado fireshed

References

• Abatzoglou, John T., and A. Park Williams. 2016. “Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire across Western US Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (42): 11770–11775. https://doi-org/libproxy.uoregon.edu/10.1073/pnas.1607171113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, Jesse, Katherine Wollstein, and Emily Jane Davis. 2018. “State Lines, Fire Lines, and Lines of Authority: Rangeland Fire Management and Bottom-Up Cooperative Federalism.” Land Use Policy 75: 252–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.038.
   Google Scholar
• Absher, James D., Jerry J. Vaske, and Courtney L. Peterson. 2017. “Community Wildfire Protection Plans in Colorado.” Journal of Forestry 116 (1): 25–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.2016-053R3.
   Google Scholar
• Addington, Robert, N., Gregory H. Aplet, Mike A. Battaglia, Jennifer S. Briggs, Peter M. Brown, Antony S. Cheng, Yvette Dickinson, et al. 2018. “Principles and Practices for the Restoration of Ponderosa Pine and Dry Mixed-Conifer Forests of the Colorado Front Range.” United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/rmrs/gtr/rmrs_gtr373.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich, Howard and Diane Herker. 1977. “Boundary Spanning Roles and Organization Structure.” Academy of Management Review 2 (2): 217–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4409044.
   Google Scholar
• Amendola, Aniello. 2002. “Recent Paradigms for Risk Informed Decision Making.” Safety Science 40 (1–4): 17–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(01)00039-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Deb, Philip Chubb, and Monika Djerf-Pierre. 2018. “Fanning the Blame: Media Accountability, Climate and Crisis on the Australian ‘Fire Continent’.” Environmental Communication 12 (7): 928–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1424008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahro, Bernard, Klaus H. Barber, Joseph W. Sherlock, and Donald A. Yasuda. 2007. “Stewardship and Fireshed Assessment: A Process for Designing a Landscape Fuel Treatment Strategy.” In Restoring Fire-Adapted Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 2005 National Silviculture Workshop, June 6–10, 2005, Tahoe City, CA, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-203, edited by R. F. Powers, 41–54. Albany, CA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Bainbridge, Jason, and Chris Galloway. 2010. “Communicating Catastrophe: Blame, Black Saturday and Newspaper Constructions of Bushfire Risk.” Media International Australia 137 (1): 100–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1013700112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour, Rosaline S. 2001. “Checklists for Improving Rigour in Qualitative Research: A Case of the Tail Wagging the Dog?” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 322 (7294): 1115–1117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, Martin W. 2000. “Classical Content Analysis: A Review.” In Qualitative Researching with Text, Image, and Sound: A Practical Handbook, edited by M. W. Bauer and G. Gaskell, 131–151. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Alison. 2007. “Forest Policy Up in Smoke: Fire Suppression in the United States.” Bozeman, MT: Property and Environment Research Center. https://www.perc.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Forest_Policy_Up_in_Smoke.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boeije, Hennie. 2002. “A Purposeful Approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the Analysis of Qualitative Interviews.” Quality and Quantity 36 (4): 391–409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, Richard E. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Calkin, David C., Mark A. Finney, Alan A. Ager, Matthew P. Thompson, and Krista M. Gebert. 2011. “Progress towards and Barriers to Implementation of a Risk Framework for US Federal Wildland Fire Policy and Decision Making.” Forest Policy and Economics 13 (5): 378–389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, David E., Matthew P. Thompson, and Mark A. Finney. 2015. “Negative Consequences of Positive Feedbacks in US Wildfire Management.” Forest Ecosystems 2 (1): 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0033-8.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, John L., Charles Quincy, Jordan Osserman, and Ove K. Pedersen. 2013. “Coding In-Depth Semistructured Interviews: Problems of Unitization and Intercoder Reliability and Agreement.” Sociological Methods & Research 42 (3): 294–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113500475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Antony S., and Lisa Dale. 2020. “Achieving Adaptive Governance of Forest Wildfire Risk Using Competitive Grants: Insights from the Colorado Wildfire Risk Reduction Grant Program.” Review of Policy Research 37 (5): 1–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12379.
   Google Scholar
• Chilvers, Jason, and Jacquelin Burgess. 2008. “Power Relations: The Politics of Risk and Procedure in Nuclear Waste Governance.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40 (8): 1881–1900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a40334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Bernard C. 1963. Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Communities Committee, National Association of Counties, National Association of State Foresters, Society of American Foresters, and Western Governor’s Association.et al 2004. “Preparing a Community Wildfire Protection Plan: A Handbook for Wildand-Urban Interface Communities.” https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/documents/resources/communities/cwpphandbook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Coop, Jonathan D., Sean A. Parks, Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Shelley D. Crausbay, Philip E. Higuera, Matthew D. Hurteau, Alan Tepley, et al. 2020. “Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes.” BioScience 70 (8): 659–673. https://doi-org/libproxy.uoregon.edu/10.1093/biosci/biaa061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W. 2012. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Crow, Deserai A., John Berggren, Lydia A. Lawhon, Elizabeth A. Koebele, Adrianne Kroepsch, and Juhi Huda. 2017. “Local Media Coverage of Wildfire Disasters: An Analysis of Problems and Solutions in Policy Narratives.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35 (5): 849–871. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16667302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva, Nathália Thaís Cosmo, Urbano Fra.Paleo, and José Ambrósio Ferreira Neto. 2019. “Conflicting Discourses on Wildfire Risk and the Role of Local Media in the Amazonian and Temperate Forests.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10 (4): 529–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00243-z.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Emily Jane, Cassandra Moseley, Max Nielsen-Pincus, and Pamela J. Jakes. 2014. “The Community Economic Impacts of Large Wildfires: A Case Study from Trinity County.” Society & Natural Resources 27 (9): 983–993. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.905812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Emily Jane, Eric M. White, Lee K. Cerveny, David Seesholtz, Meagan L. Nuss, and Donald R. Ulrich. 2017. “Comparison of USDA Forest Service and Stakeholder Motivations and Experiences in Collaborative Federal Forest Governance in the Western United States.” Environmental Management 60 (5): 908–921. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0913-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Emily Jane, Lee K. Cerveny, Donald R. Ulrich, and Meagan L. Nuss. 2018. “Making and Breaking Trust in Forest Collaborative Groups.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 40: 211–231.
   Google Scholar
• Doerr, Stefan H., and Cristina Santín. 2016. “Global Trends in Wildfire and Its Impacts: Perceptions versus Realities in a Changing World.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1696): 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0345.
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, Norman. 2013. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. New York: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, Paige A., and Susan Charnley. 2012. “Risk and Cooperation: Managing Hazardous Fuel in Mixed Ownership Landscapes.” Environmental Management 49 (6): 1192–1207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9848-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, Paige A., Thomas A. Spies, Toddi A. Steelman, Cassandra Moseley, Bart R. Johnson, John D. Bailey, Alan A. Ager, et al. 2016. “Wildfire Risk as a Socioecological Pathology.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14 (5): 276–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeger, William E., and Mimi L. Becker. 2010. “Decision Processes for Multijurisdictional Planning and Management: Community Wildfire Protection Planning in Oregon.” Society & Natural Resources 23 (4): 351–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802120067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin, Todd. 2003. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Matthew, Alexandra Paige Fischer, and Alan Ager. 2019. “A Social-Ecological Network Approach for Understanding Wildfire Risk Governance.” Global Environmental Change 54: 113–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, Anders. 2015. “Communication, Media and the Social Construction of the Environment.” In The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication, edited by Anders Hansen and Robert Cox, 26–38. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, Colin C. 2005. “Wildland Fire Hazard and Risk: Problems, Definitions, and Context.” Forest Ecology and Management 211 (1–2): 73–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Tianhua, Claire M. Belcher, Byron B. Lamont, and Sim L. Lim. 2016. “A 350-Million-Year Legacy of Fire Adaptation among Conifers.” Journal of Ecology 104 (2): 352–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12513.
   Google Scholar
• Huber‐Stearns, Heidi R., Courtney Schultz, and Antony S. Cheng. 2019. “A Multiple Streams Analysis of Institutional Innovation in Forest Watershed Governance.” Review of Policy Research 36 (6): 781–804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12359.
   Google Scholar
• Jakes, Pamela J., Kristen C. Nelson, Sherry A. Enzler, Sam Burns, Antony S. Cheng, Victoria Sturtevant, Daniel R. Williams, et al. 2011. “Community Wildfire Protection Planning: Is the Healthy Forests Restoration Act’s Vagueness Genius?” International Journal of Wildland Fire 20 (3): 350–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, Barbara. 2017. Discourse Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kasperson, Jeanne X., and Roger E. Kasperson. 2005. “Social Contours of Risk: Publics.” Risk Communication and the Social Amplification of Rise. Sterling, VA: Earthscan LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Kates, James. 2010. “Naming the Forest Fire: Journalists Define the ‘Red Demon,’ 1871-1933.” Media History Monographs 12 (2): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kimmerer, Robin W., and Frank Lake. 2001. “The Role of Indigenous Burning in Land Management.” Journal of Forestry 99 (11): 36–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/99.11.36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurasaki, Karen S. 2000. “Intercoder Reliability for Validating Conclusions Drawn from Open-Ended Interview Data.” Field Methods 12 (3): 179–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X0001200301.
   Google Scholar
• Kroepsch, Adrianne, Elizabeth A. Koebele, Deserai A. Crow, John Berggren, Juhi Huda, and Lydia A. Lawhon. 2018. “Remembering the Past, Anticipating the Future: Community Learning and Adaptation Discourse in Media Commemorations of Catastrophic Wildfires in Colorado.” Environmental Communication 12 (1): 132–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1371053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollinga, Peter P. 2010. “Boundary Work and the Complexity of Natural Resources Management.” Crop Science 50: S-1–S-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morehouse, Barbara J., and John Sonnett. 2010. “Narratives of Wildfire: Coverage in Four U.S. Newspapers, 1999-2003.” Organization & Environment 23 (4): 379–397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026610385901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, Max A., Enric Batllori, Ross A. Bradstock, A. Malcolm Gill, John Handmer, Paul F. Hessburg, Justin Leonard, et al. 2014. “Learning to Coexist with Wildfire.” Nature 515 (7525): 58–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissey, Elizabeth R. 1974. “Sources of Error in the Coding of Questionnaire Data.” Sociological Methods & Research 3 (2): 209–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/004912417400300204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan, Donald P. 2009. “The Network Governance of Crisis Response: Case Studies of Incident Command Systems.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 (4): 895–915. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Wildfire Coordinating Group. n.d. “Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP).” National Wildfire Coordinating Group Glossary. https://www.nwcg.gov/term/glossary/community-wildfire-protection-plan-cwpp
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, Sofia, and Ann Enander. 2020. “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t’: Media Frames of Responsibility and Accountability in Handling a Wildfire.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 28 (1): 69–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, Malcolm P., Scott L. Stephens, Brandon M. Collins, James K. Agee, Gregory H. Aplet, Jerry F. Franklin, and Peter Z. Fule. 2015. “ Environmental Science. Reform Forest Fire Management.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 349 (6254): 1280–1281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, Todd. 2008. “Property as Interorganizational Discourse: Rights in the Politics of Public Spaces.” Communication Theory 18 (2): 210–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00320.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, Cliodhna, and Helene Joffe. 2020. “Intercoder Reliability in Qualitative Research: Debates and Practical Guidelines.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19: 160940691989922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Mahony, Siobhán, and Beth A. Bechky. 2008. “Boundary Organizations: Enabling Collaboration among Unexpected Allies.” Administrative Science Quarterly 53 (3): 422–459. doi:https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.53.3.422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paveglio, Travis, Todd Norton, and Matthew S. Carroll. 2011. “Fanning the Flames? Media Coverage during Wildfire Events and Its Relation to Broader Societal Understandings of the Hazard.” Human Ecology Review 18 (1): 41–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radeloff, Volker C., Roger B. Hammer, Susan I. Stewart, Jeremy S. Fried, Sherry S. Holcomb, and Jason F. McKeefry. 2005. “The Wildland–Urban Interface in the United States.” Ecological Applications 15 (3): 799–805. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radeloff, Volker C., David P. Helmers, H. Anu Kramer, Miranda H. Mockrin, Patricia M. Alexandre, Avi Bar-Massada, Van Butsic, et al. 2018. “Rapid Growth of the US Wildland-Urban Interface Raises Wildfire Risk.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (13): 3314–3319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718850115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Race, Margaret S. 2008. “Evaluation of the Public Review Process and Risk Communication at High-Level Biocontainment Laboratories.” Applied Biosafety 13 (1): 45–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/153567600801300107.
   Google Scholar
• Renn, Ortwin. 2006. “Participatory Processes for Designing Environmental Policies.” Land Use Policy 23 (1): 34–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, Charlotte. 1991. Prime Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroots Organizing. Boston, MA: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Andrew C. 2000. “The Pre-Quaternary History of Fire.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164 (1–4): 281–329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, Paul. 2001. “The Risk Game.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 86 (1–3): 17–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00248-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Hollie M., and Todd Norton. 2013. “‘That’s Why I Call It a Task Farce’: Organizations and Participation in the Colorado Roadless Rule.” Environmental Communication 7 (4): 456–474. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2013.813563.
   Google Scholar
• Star, Susan L., and James R. Griesemer. 1989. “Institutional Ecology, ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.” Social Studies of Science 19 (3): 387–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/030631289019003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar