Combating pandemic: an exploration of social media users’ risk information seeking during the COVID-19 outbreak

References

• Abrams, D., S. Hinkle and M. Tomlins 1999. “Leaving Hong Kong?: The Roles of Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Control, Social Identity and Relative Deprivation.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 23 (2): 319–338. doi:10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00041-8
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 1988. Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. New York: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020. - doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaszewski, A. 2005. “Risk Communication: identifying the Importance of Social context1.” Health, Risk & Society 7 (2): 101–105. doi:10.1080/13698570500148905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin, C. K. 1972. “Anticipated Communication and Mass Media Information-Seeking.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (2): 188–199. doi:10.1086/267991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 2000. “Exercise of Human Agency through Collective Efficacy.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (3): 75–78. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, M. H. 1974. “The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior.” Health Education Monographs 2 (4): 409–419. doi:10.1177/109019817400200407.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., and D. G. Bonett. 1980. “Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures.” Psychological Bulletin 88 (3): 588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergagna, E., and S. Tartaglia. 2018. “Self-Esteem, Social Comparison, and Facebook Use.” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 14 (4): 831–845. doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i4.1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, C. R., and R. J. Calabrese. 1975. “Some Explorations in Initial Interaction and beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Interpersonal Communication.” Human Communication Research 1 (2): 99–112. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x.
   Google Scholar
• Biocca, F., C. Harms, and J. K. Burgoon. 2003. “Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12 (5): 456–480. doi:10.1162/105474603322761270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodroža, B., and T. Jovanović. 2016. “Validation of the New Scale for Measuring Behaviors of Facebook Users: Psycho-Social Aspects of Facebook Use (PSAFU).” Computers in Human Behavior 54: 425–435. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., D. J. Goldsmith, and E. Hsieh. 2002. “Information Seeking and Avoiding in Health Contexts.” Human Communication Research 28 (2): 258–271. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00807.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long, 136–162. New York: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Buhr, K., and M. J. Dugas. 2002. “The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric Properties of the English Version.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (8): 931–946. 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, G. J. 2009. “Seeking Safety? Applying the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model to Sexual Aggression on a College Campus.” M.S. thesis, Marquette University.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., J. H. Fowler, and N. A. Christakis. 2009. “Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network.” Journal of personality and social psychology 97 (6): 977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capano, G., M. Howlett, D. S. Jarvis, M. Ramesh, and N. Goyal. 2020. “Mobilizing Policy (in) Capacity to Fight COVID-19: Understanding Variations in State Responses.” Policy and Society 39 (3): 285–308. doi:10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M. 2011. “Tweet This: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective on How Active Twitter Use Gratifies a Need to Connect with Others.” Computers in Human Behavior 27 (2): 755–762. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., and F. J. Boster. 2005. “Development and Validation of Values, Outcome, and Impression Relevant Involvement Scales.” Communication Research 32 (2): 235–264. doi:10.1177/0093650204273764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, G., and H. Chung. 2013. “Applying the Technology Acceptance Model to Social Networking Sites (SNS): Impact of Subjective Norm and Social Capital on the Acceptance of SNS.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 29 (10): 619–628. doi:10.1080/10447318.2012.756333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVellis, R. F. 2003. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 2nd Ed. New York: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ducharme, J. 2020, February 7. “How News Coverage of Coronavirus Compares to Ebola.” Times. https://time.com/5779872/coronavirus-ebola-news-coverage/.
   Google Scholar
• Dunwoody, S., and K. Neuwirth. 1991. “Coming to Terms with the Impact of Communication on Scientific and Technological Risk Judgements.” In Risky Business: Communicating Issues of Science, Risk, and Public Policy, edited by L. Wilkins and P. Patterson, 11–30. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Eastin, M. S., L. A. Kahlor, M.-C. Liang, and N. A. Ghannam. 2015. “Information-Seeking as a Precaution Behavior: Exploring the Role of Decision-Making Stages.” Human Communication Research 41 (4): 603–621. doi:10.1111/hcre.12062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., and D. M. Boyd. 2013. “Sociality through Social Network Sites.” Oxford Handbooks Online, edited by W. H. Dutton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0008.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., C. Steinfield, and C. Lampe. 2007. “The Benefits of Facebook “Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (4): 1143–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., C. Steinfield, and C. Lampe. 2011. “Connection Strategies: Social Capital Implications of Facebook-Enabled Communication Practices.” New Media & Society 13 (6): 873–892. doi:10.1177/1461444810385389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff, B., P. Slovic, S. Lichtenstein, S. Read, and B. Combs. 1978. “How Safe is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes towards Technological Risks and Benefits.” Policy Sciences 9 (2): 127–152. doi:10.1007/BF00143739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangi, P. M. D., and M. M. Wasko. 2016. “Social Media Engagement Theory.” Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 28 (2): 53–73. doi:10.4018/JOEUC.2016040104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbing, D. W., and J. C. Anderson. 1988. “An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment.” Journal of Marketing Research 25 (2): 186–192. doi:10.2307/3172650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., S. Dunwoody, and K. Neuwirth. 1999. “Proposed Model of the Relationship of Risk Information Seeking and Processing to the Development of Preventive Behaviors.” Environmental Research 80 (2 Pt 2): S230–S245. doi:10.1006/enrs.1998.3940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., K. Neuwirth, S. Dunwoody, and J. Giese. 2004. “Information Sufficiency and Risk Communication.” Media Psychology 6 (1): 23–61. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0601_2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R. J., Z. Yang, E. T. Huurne, F. Boerner, S. Ortiz, and S. Dunwoody. 2008. “After the Flood-Anger, Attribution, and the Seeking of Information.” Science Communication 29 (3): 285–315. doi:10.1177/1075547007312309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutteling, J. M., and P. W. de Vries. 2017. “Determinants of Seeking and Avoiding Risk-Related Information in Times of Crisis.” Risk Analysis 37 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1111/risa.12632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, T., S. Webster, A. Petherick, T. Phillips, and B. Kira. 2020. “Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.” https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., S. Chinn, and S. Soroka. 2020. “Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage.” Science Communication 42 (5): 679–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartfield, E., J. T. Cacioppo, and R. L. Rapson. 1994. Emotional cognition.
   Google Scholar
• Hovick, S. R., L. Kahlor, and M.-C. Liang. 2014. “Personal Cancer Knowledge and Information Seeking through PRISM: The Planned Risk Information Seeking Model.” Journal of Health Communication 19 (4): 511–527. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.821556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, K., and N. P. Lewis. 2014. “Why Twitter Displaces Broadcast Sports Media: A Model.” International Journal of Sport Communication 7 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1123/IJSC.2013-0093.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., S. L. Wright, and B. Johnson. 2013. “Development and Validation of a Social Media Use Integration Scale.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1037/a0030277.
   Google Scholar
• Jepsen, A. L. 2007. “Factors Affecting Consumer Use of the Internet for Information Search.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 21 (3): 21–34. doi:10.1002/dir.20083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. B. 2005. “Testing and Expanding a Model of Cognitive Processing of Risk Information.” Risk Analysis 25 (3): 631–650. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00609.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L. 2010. “PRISM: A Planned Risk Information Seeking Model.” Health Communication 25 (4): 345–356. doi:10.1080/10410231003775172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L. A. 2007. “An Augmented Risk Information Seeking Model: The Case of Global Warming.” Media Psychology 10 (3): 414–435. doi:10.1080/15213260701532971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlor, L. A., Z. J. Yang, and M. C. Liang. 2018. “Risky Politics: Applying the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model to the 2016 US Presidential Election.” Mass Communication and Society 21 (6): 697–719. doi:10.1080/15205436.2018.1498900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E. 1986. “Six Propositions on Public Participation and Their Relevance for Risk Communication.” Risk Analysis 6 (3): 275–281. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00219.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E., and J. X. Kasperson. 1996. “The Social Amplification and Attenuation of Risk.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 545 (1): 95–10. doi:10.1177/0002716296545001010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E., O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J. Emel, R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, and S. Ratik. 1988. “The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework.” Risk Analysis 8 (2): 177–188. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellens, W., R. Zaalberg, and P. D. Maeyer. 2012. “The Informed Society: An Analysis of the Public’s Information-Seeking Behavior regarding Coastal Flood Risks.” Risk Analysis 32 (8): 1369–1381. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01743.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstetter, D., and M.-H. Cho. 2004. “Prior Knowledge, Credibility and Information Search.” Annals of Tourism Research 31 (4): 961–985. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kievik, M., and J. M. Gutteling. 2011. “Yes, we Can: motivate dutch citizens to Engage in Self-Protective Behavior with Regard to Flood Risks.” Natural Hazards 59 (3): 1475–1490. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9845-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kievik, M., E. F. Ter Huurne, and J. M. Gutteling. 2012. “The Action Suited to the Word? Use of the Framework of Risk Information Seeking to Understand Risk-Related Behaviors.” Journal of Risk Research 15 (2): 131–147. doi:10.1080/13669877.2011.601318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalot, F., D. Abrams, and G. A. Travaglino. 2020. “Aversion Amplification in the Emerging COVID‐19 Pandemic: The Impact of Political Trust and Subjective Uncertainty on Perceived Threat.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 31 (2): 213–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalot, F., M. S. Heering, M. Rullo, G. A. Travaglino, and D. Abrams. 2020. “The Dangers of Distrustful Complacency: Low Concern and Low Political Trust Combine to Undermine Compliance with Governmental Restrictions in the Emerging Covid-19 Pandemic.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. doi:10.1177/1368430220967986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., J. W. Kim, and T. M. Chock. 2020. “From Risk Butterflies to Citizens Engaged in Risk Prevention in the Zika Virus Crisis: Focusing on Personal, Societal and Global Risk Perceptions.” Journal of Health Communication 25 (9): 671–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H., and L. Cameron. 1987. “Behavioral Theories and the Problem of Compliance.” Patient Education and Counseling 10 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1016/0738-3991(87)90093-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., and J. Bernoff. 2008. Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., J. T. F. Lau, P. K. H. Mo, X. Su, A. M. S. Wu, J. Tang, and Z. Qin. 2016. “Validation of the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale among Junior Middle School Students in China.” Plos One 11 (10): e0165695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, J. S., Y. Hwang, S. Kim, and F. A. Biocca. 2015. “How Social Media Engagement Leads to Sports Channel Loyalty: Mediating Roles of Social Presence and Channel Commitment.” Computers in Human Behavior 46: 158–167. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K., and S. N. Hwang. 2008. “Households’ Perceived Personal Risk and Responses in a Multi-Hazard Environment.” Risk Analysis 28 (2): 539–556. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01032.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., G. Zhai, S. Zhou, C. Fan, Y. Wu, and C. Ren. 2017. “Insight into the Earthquake Risk Information Seeking Behavior of the Victims: Evidence from Songyuan, China.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (3): 267. doi:10.3390/ijerph14030267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G. F., E. U. Weber, C. K. Hsee, and N. Welch. 2001. “Risk as Feelings.” Psychological Bulletin 127 (2): 267–286. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrt, M., and M. Scharkow. 2013. “The Value of Big Data in Digital Media Research.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 57 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.761700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCay-Peet, L., and A. Quan-Haase. 2016. “A Model of Social Media Engagement: User Profiles, Gratifications, and Experiences.” In Why Engagement Matters, edited by H. O’Brien and P. Cairns, 199–217. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27446-1_9.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, S. M. 1987. “Monitoring and Blunting: Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Styles of Information Seeking under Threat.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (2): 345–353. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokry, M. M. 2019. “Analyzing Risk-Related Information Seeking Behavioral Intention and Risk Perception of Wildfires: The High Park Fire Burn Area.” PhD diss., Colorado State University. (Publication No. 13904453). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Nathan, K., R. L. Heath, and W. Douglas. 1992. “Tolerance for Potential Environmental Health Risks: The Influence of Knowledge, Benefits, Control, Involvement, and Uncertainty.” Journal of Public Relations Research 4 (4): 235–258. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr0404_4.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, H. L., and E. G. Toms. 2008. “What is User Engagement? A Conceptual Framework for Defining User Engagement with Technology.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 (6): 938–955. doi:10.1002/asi.20801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak, A., O. A. Adegboye, A. I. Adekunle, K. M. Rahman, E. S. McBryde, and D. P. Eisen. 2020. “Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Need for Epidemic Preparedness.” Frontiers in Public Health 8: 241. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prahalad, C., and V. Ramaswamy. 2004. The Future of Competition: Co-Creating Unique Value with Customers. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reuman, Lillian, Ryan J. Jacoby, Laura E. Fabricant, Breanna Herring, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. 2015. “Uncertainty as an Anxiety Cue at High and Low Levels of Threat.” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 47: 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., and K. Real. 2003. “Perceived Risk and Efficacy Beliefs as Motivators of Change: Use of the Risk Perception Attitude (RPA) Framework to Understand Health Behaviors.” Human Communication Research 29 (3): 370–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. A. 2018. “Using Multi-Item Psychometric Scales for Research and Practice in Human Resource Management.” Human Resource Management 57 (3): 739–750. doi:10.1002/hrm.21852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick, D., J. Hawdon, P. Räsänen, and A. Koivula. 2021. “The Role of Collaboration in Complying with COVID-19 Health Protective Behaviors: A Cross-National Study.” Administration & Society. doi:10.1177/00953997211012418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, John, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie. 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sigerson, L., A. Y.-L. Li, M. W.-L. Cheung, J. W. Luk, and C. Cheng. 2017. “Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Internet Gaming Disorder Scale.” Addictive Behaviors 74: 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. 1987. “ Perception of risk.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 236 (4799): 280–285. doi:10.1126/science.3563507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. G. Macgregor. 2004. “Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 24 (2): 311–322. 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1982. “Why Study Risk Perception?” Risk Analysis 2 (2): 83–93. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01369.x.
   Google Scholar
• Song, J., T. M. Song, D. C. Seo, D. L. Jin, and J. S. Kim. 2017. “Social Big Data Analysis of Information Spread and Perceived Infection Risk during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in South Korea.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (1): 22–29. doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Huurne, E. F., R. J. Griffin, and J. M. Gutteling. 2009. “Risk Information Seeking among US and Dutch Residents: An Application of the Model of Risk Information Seeking and Processing.” Science Communication 31 (2): 215–237. doi:10.1177/1075547009332653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Huurne, E., and J. Gutteling. 2008. “Information Needs and Risk Perception as Predictors of Risk Information Seeking.” Journal of Risk Research 11 (7): 847–862. doi:10.1080/13669870701875750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Huurne, E. 2008. “Information Seeking in a Risky World. The Theoretical and Empirical Development of FRIS: A Framework of Risk Information Seeking.” PhD diss., University of Twente
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, M., M. A. Vonderembse, and J.-S. Lim. 1999. “Manufacturing Technology and Strategy Formulation: keys to Enhancing Competitiveness and Improving Performance.” Journal of Operations Management 17 (4): 411–428. doi:10.1016/S0272-6963(98)00045-X.
   Google Scholar
• Travaglino, G. A., and C. Moon. 2021. “Compliance and Self-Reporting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study of Trust and Self-Conscious Emotions in the United States, Italy, and South Korea.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 684. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C. W. 1999. “Heuristic-Systematic Information Processing and Risk Judgment.” Risk Analysis 19 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00415.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. “Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication.” https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/resources/pdf/cerc_2014edition.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Van Bavel, J. J., K. Baicker, P. S. Boggio, V. Capraro, A. Cichocka, M. Cikara, M. J. Crockett, A. J. Crum, K. M. Douglas, J. N. Druckman, and J. Drury. 2020. “Using Social and Behavioral Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic Response.” Nature human behaviour 4 (5): 460–471. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicario, M. D., G. Vivaldo, A. Bessi, F. Zollo, A. Scala, G. Caldarelli, and W. Quattrociocchi. 2016. “Echo Chambers: Emotional Contagion and Group Polarization on Facebook.” Scientific Reports 6 (1): 37825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willoughby, J. F., and J. G. Myrick. 2016. “Does Context Matter? Examining PRISM as a Guiding Framework for Context-Specific Health Risk Information Seeking among Young Adults.” Journal of Health Communication 21 (6): 696–704. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1153764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2021, April. “Fighting Misinformation in the Time of COVID-19, One Click at a Time.” https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/fighting-misinformation-in-the-time-of-covid-19-one-click-at-a-time.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, X., and X. Li. 2017. “Effects of Mass Media Exposure and Social Network Site Involvement on Risk Perception of and Precautionary Behavior toward the Haze Issue in China.” International Journal of Communication 11: 3895–3997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, W. 2019. “How Risk Communication via Facebook and Twitter Shapes Behavioral Intentions: The Case of Fine Dust Pollution in South Korea.” Journal of Health Communication 24 (7–8): 663–673. doi:10.1080/10810730.2019.1655607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, J., J. Wei, D. Zhao, W. Zhu, and J. Gu. 2017. “Information-Seeking Intentions of Residents regarding the Risks of Nuclear Power Plant: An Empirical Study in China.” Natural Hazards 87 (2): 739–755. doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2790-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick, W. R., and W. F. Velicer. 1982. “Factors Influencing Four Rules for Determining the Number of Components to Retain.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 17 (2): 253–269. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar