378
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Individual characteristics or cultures? Public risk perception in the coronavirus pandemic

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 1413-1443 | Received 18 Mar 2022, Accepted 22 Sep 2022, Published online: 11 Nov 2022

References

  • Akerlof, K., E. W. Maibach, D. Fitzgerald, A. Y. Cedeno, and A. Neuman. 2013. “Do People “Personally Experience” Global Warming, and If So How, and Does It Matter?” Global Environmental Change, 23(1):81–91. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.006.
  • Bentler, P. M., and D. G. Bonett. 1980. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1):588. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
  • Berry, W. D., J. H. R. DeMeritt, and J. Esarey. 2010. “Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models: Is a Product Term Essential?” American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 248–266. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00429.x.
  • Bishop, B. H. 2013. “Drought and Environmental Opinion: A Study of Attitudes toward Water Policy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 77 (3): 798–810. doi:10.1093/poq/nft034.
  • Bishop, B. H. 2014. “Focusing Events and Public Opinion: Evidence from the Deepwater Horizon Disaster.” Political Behavior 36 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9223-7.
  • Boholm, A. 1996. “Risk Perception and Social Anthropology: Critique of Cultural Theory.” Ethnos 61 (1–2): 64–84. doi:10.1080/00141844.1996.9981528.
  • Bostrom, A., M. G. Morgan, B. Fischhoff, and D. Read. 1994. “What Do People Know about Global Climate Change? 1. Mental Models.” Risk Analysis 14 (6): 959–970. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00065.x.
  • Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long, 136–162. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Chai, S.-K., M. Liu, and M.-S. Kim. 2009. “Cultural Comparisons of Beliefs and Values: Applying the Grid-Group Approach to the World Values Survey.” Beliefs and Values 1 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1891/1942-0617.1.2.193.
  • Clark, L., and D. Watson. 1995. “Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development.” Psychological Assessment 7 (3): 309–319. [Database] doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309.
  • Cronbach, L. J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” Psychometrika 16 (3): 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555.
  • Dake, K. 1992. “Myths of Nature: Culture and the Social Construction of Risk.” Journal of Social Issues 48 (4): 21–37. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01943.x.
  • Docter, S. P., J. Street, A. J. Braunack-Mayer, and V. D. W. Gert-Jan. 2011. “Public Perceptions of Pandemic Influenza Resource Allocation: A Deliberative Forum Using Grid/Group Analysis.” Journal of Public Health Policy 32 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1057/jphp.2010.49.
  • Douglas, M. 1970. Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology. London: Barrie & Rockliff.
  • Douglas, M. T., and A. B. Wildavsky. 1983. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Feygina, I., J. T. Jost, and R. E. Goldsmith. 2010. “System Justification, the Denial of Global Warming, and the Possibility of "System-Sanctioned Change.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 36 (3): 326–338. doi:10.1177/0146167209351435.
  • Finucane, M., L. Slovic, P. Mertz, C. K. Flynn, J. Satterfield, and T. A. 2000. “Gender, Race, and Perceived Risk: The ‘White Male’ Effect.” Health, Risk & Society 2 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1080/713670162.
  • Flynn, J., P. Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 1994. “Gender, Race, and Perception of Environmental Health Risks.” Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 14 (6): 1101–1108. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x.
  • Fromm, E. 1994. Escape from Freedom. New York: Macmillan.
  • Gastil, J., D. Braman, D. Kahan, and P. Slovic. 2011. “The Cultural Orientation of Mass Political Opinion.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44 (04): 711–714. doi:10.1017/S1049096511001326.
  • Gifford, R., and A. Nilsson. 2014. “Personal and Social Factors That Influence Pro-Environmental Concern and Behaviour: A Review.” International Journal of Psychology : Journal International de Psychologie 49 (3): 141–157. doi:10.1002/ijop.12034.
  • Gigerenzer, G., and R. Selten. 2002. Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Guastafierro, Erika, Claudia Toppo, Francesca G. Magnani, Rosa Romano, Carla Facchini, Rino Campioni, Ersilia Brambilla, and Matilde Leonardi. 2021. “Older Adults’ Risk Perception during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lombardy Region of Italy: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 64 (6): 585–598. doi:10.1080/01634372.2020.1870606.
  • Hansen, J., L. Holm, L. Frewer, P. Robinson, and P. Sandoe. 2003. “Beyond the Knowledge Deficit: Recent Research into Lay and Expert Attitudes to Food Risks.” Appetite 41 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00079-5.
  • Heath, A., and J. Martin. 1997. “Why Are There so Few Formal Measuring Instruments in Social and Political Research?” In Survey Measurement and Process Quality, edited by L. Lyberg, P. Biemer, M. Collins, E. D. Leeuw, C. Dippo, N. Schwarz, and D. Trewin, 71–86. New York: Wiley.
  • Herron, K., and H. C. Jenkins-Smith. 2006. Critical Masses and Critical Choices: Evolving Public Opinion on Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and Security. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Huang, S.-K., M. K. Lindell, and C. S. Prater. 2017. “Multistage Model of Hurricane Evacuation Decision: Empirical Study of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.” Natural Hazards Review 18 (3): 05016008. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000237.
  • Huang, Y., X. Wang, H. Fang, and Q. Wu. 2019. “The Impact of Government Trust on the Public Health Risk Management——An Empirical Study Based on Changsheng Bio-Technology Vaccine Incident.” Journal of Public Management 16 (4): 83–95.
  • Hunter, L. M., A. Hatch, and A. Johnson. 2004. “Cross-National Gender Variation in Environmental Behaviors.” Social Science Quarterly 85 (3): 677–694. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00239.x.
  • Jenkins-Smith, H. C., C. L. Silva, K. Gupta, and J. T. Ripberger. 2014. “Belief System Continuity and Change in Policy Advocacy Coalitions: Using Cultural Theory to Specify Belief Systems, Coalitions, and Sources of Change.” Policy Studies Journal 42 (4): 484–508. doi:10.1111/psj.12071.
  • Jenkins-Smith, H. C., and W. K. Smith. 1994. “Ideology, Culture, and Risk Perception.” In Politics, Policy, and Culture, edited by D. J. Coyle and R. J. Ellis, 17–32. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Johnson, B. B. 2017. “Explaining Americans’ Responses to Dread Epidemics: An Illustration with Ebola in Late 2014.” Journal of Risk Research 20 (10): 1338–1357. doi:10.1080/13669877.2016.1153507.
  • Johnson, B. B. 2018. “Residential Location and Psychological Distance in Americans’ Risk Views and Behavioral Intentions regarding Zika Virus.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 38 (12): 2561–2579. doi:10.1111/risa.13184.
  • Johnson, B. B. 2019. “Americans’ Views of Voluntary Protective Actions against Zika Infection: Conceptual and Measurement Issues.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 39 (12): 2694–2717. doi:10.1111/risa.13378.
  • Johnson, B. B., and M. Mayorga. 2021. “Temporal Shifts in Americans’ Risk Perceptions of the Zika Outbreak.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 27 (5): 1242–1257. doi:10.1080/10807039.2020.1820852.
  • Johnson, B. B., and B. Swedlow. 2020. “Comparing Cultural Theory and Cultural Cognition Theory Survey Measures to Each Other and as Explanations for Judged Risk.” Journal of Risk Research 23 (10): 1278–1300. doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1646310.
  • Johnson, B. B., and B. Swedlow. 2021. “Cultural Theory’s Contributions to Risk Analysis: A Thematic Review with Directions and Resources for Further Research.” Risk Analysis 41 (3): 429–455. doi:10.1111/risa.13299.
  • Johnson, B. B., B. Swedlow, and M. W. Mayorga. 2020. “Cultural Theory and Cultural Cognition Theory Survey Measures: Confirmatory Factoring and Predictive Validity of Factor Scores for Judged Risk.” Journal of Risk Research 23 (11): 1467–1490. doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1687577.
  • Jones, M. D. 2010. Heroes and Villains: Cultural Narratives, Mass Opinions, and Climate Change. Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Oklahoma.
  • Jones, M. D. 2011. “Leading the Way to Compromise? Cultural Theory and Climate Change Opinion.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44 (04): 720–725. doi:10.1017/S104909651100134X.
  • Jones, M. D. 2014. “Cultural Characters and Climate Change: How Heroes Shape Our Perception of Climate Science.” Social Science Quarterly 95 (1): 1–39. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12043.
  • Kahan, D. M. 2012. “Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk.” In Handbook of Risk Theory, edited by S. Roeser, R. Hillerbrand, P. Sandin, and M. Peterson, 725–759. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Kahan, D. M., D. Braman, J. Gastil, P. Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 2007. “Culture and Identity-Protective Cognition: Explaining the White Male Effect in Risk Perception.” Social Ence Electronic Publishing 4 (3): 465–505.
  • Kahan, D. M., K. H. Jamieson, A. Landrum, and K. Winneg. 2017. “Culturally Antagonistic Memes and the Zika Virus: An Experimental Test.” Journal of Risk Research 20 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1080/13669877.2016.1260631.
  • Kahan, D. M., E. Peters, M. Wittlin, P. Slovic, L. L. Ouellette, D. Braman, and G. Mandel. 2012. “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks.” Nature Climate Change 2 (10): 732–735. doi:10.1038/nclimate1547.
  • Kellstedt, P. M., S. Zahran, and A. Vedlitz. 2008. “Personal Efficacy, the Information Environment, and Attitudes toward Global Warming and Climate Change in the United States.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 28 (1): 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01010.x.
  • Kim, H. K., and Y. Kim. 2019. “Risk Information Seeking and Processing about Participate Air Pollution in South Korea: The Roles of Cultural Worldview.” Risk Analysis 39 (5): 1071–1087. doi:10.1111/risa.13231.
  • King, G., M. Tomz, and J. Wittenberg. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–361. doi:10.2307/2669316.
  • Leiserowitz, A. 2006. “Climate Change Risk Perception and Policy Preferences: The Role of Affect, Imagery, and Values.” Climatic Change 77 (1–2): 45–72. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9059-9.
  • Leonavicius, V., and D. Genys. 2016. “The Perception of Energy Security: The Types of Uninformed Rational Actors.” Filosofija-Sociologija 27 (4): 313–322.
  • Lindell, M. K. 2008. “Cross-Sectional Research.” In Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, edited by N. Salkind, 206–213. Thousand Oaks CA: SAGE publications.
  • Lindell, M. K. 2013. “Disaster Studies.” Current Sociology 61 (5–6): 797–825. doi:10.1177/0011392113484456.
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Press.
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. 2012. “The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 32 (4): 616–632. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x.
  • Lindell, M. K., and C. S. Prater. 2007. “Critical Behavioral Assumptions in Evacuation Time Estimate Analysis for Private Vehicles: Examples from Hurricane Research and Planning.” Journal of Urban Planning and Development 133 (1): 18–29. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2007)133:1(18).
  • Lindell, M. K., C. S. Prater, H. C. Wu, S.-K. Huang, D. M. Johnston, J. S. Becker, and H. Shiroshita. 2016. “Immediate Behavioural Responses to Earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan.” Disasters 40 (1): 85–111. doi:10.1111/disa.12133.
  • Liu, L.-Y. 2018a. “How Radical Is Too Radical? Public Perception of Taiwanese Environmental Nonprofit Organizations’ Activism.” Social Science Quarterly 99 (4): 1426–1445. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12507.
  • Liu, L.-Y. 2018b. “Irrational Decision Making: Cultural Influence on Environmental Nonprofit Organizations’ Advocacy Strategies.” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 23 (4): e1627. doi:10.1002/nvsm.1627.
  • Maccallum, R. C., M. W. Browne, and H. M. Sugawara. 1996. “Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling.” Psychological Methods 1 (2): 130–149. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130.
  • Malka, A., J. A. Krosnick, and G. Langer. 2009. “The Association of Knowledge with Concern about Global Warming: Trusted Information Sources Shape Public Thinking.” Risk Analysis 29 (5): 633–647. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01220.x.
  • Marshall, B. K. 2004. “Gender, Race, and Perceived Environmental Risk: The “White Male “Effect in Cancer Alley.” La. Sociological Spectrum 24: 453–478.
  • Mayorga, M. W., and B. B. Johnson. 2019. “A Longitudinal Study of Concern and Judged Risk: The Case of Ebola in the United States, 2014–2015.” Journal of Risk Research 22 (10): 1280–1293. doi:10.1080/13669877.2018.1466827.
  • McMillan, D. W., and D. M. Chavis. 1986. “Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.” Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I.
  • O’Connor, R. E., R. J. Bord, B. Yarnal, and N. Wiefek. 2002. “Who Wants to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions?” Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.00067.
  • Olli, E. 2012. Rejected Cultural Biases Shape Our Political Views: A Migrant Household Study and Two Large-Scale Surveys. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
  • Park, T., I. Ju, J. E. Ohs, and A. Hinsley. 2021. “Optimistic Bias and Preventive Behavioral Engagement in the Context of COVID-19.” Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP 17 (1): 1859–1866. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.004.
  • Parrado, S. 2020. “The Culture of Risk Regulation: Responses to Environmental Disasters.” Regulation & Governance 14 (3): 599–615. doi:10.1111/rego.12214.
  • Perry Hinton, D., P. R. Hinton, I. McMurray, and C. Brownlow. 2004. SPSS Explained. London: Routledge.
  • Philipson, T. J., and R. A. Posner. 1993. Private Choices and Public Health: The AIDS Epidemic in an Economic Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Qi, Y., C. D. Du, T. Liu, X. Zhao, and C. Dong. 2020. “Experts’ Conservative Judgment and Containment of COVID-19 in Early Outbreak.” Journal of Chinese Governance 5 (2): 140–159. doi:10.1080/23812346.2020.1741240.
  • Ripberger, J. T., K. Gupta, C. L. Silva, and H. C. Jenkins-Smith. 2014. “Cultural Theory and the Measurement of Deep Core Beliefs within the Advocacy Coalition Framework.” Policy Studies Journal 42 (4): 509–527. doi:10.1111/psj.12074.
  • Ripberger, J. T., H. C. Jenkins-Smith, and K. G. Herron. 2011. “How Cultural Orientations Create Shifting National Security Coalitions on Nuclear Weapons and Terrorist Threats in the American Public.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44 (04): 715–719. doi:10.1017/S1049096511001338.
  • Ripberger, J. T., G. Song, M. C. Nowlin, M. D. Jones, and H. C. Jenkins-Smith. 2012. “Reconsidering the Relationship between Cultural Theory, Political Ideology, and Political Knowledge.” Social Science Quarterly 93 (3): 713–731. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00884.x.
  • Rippl, S. 2002. “Cultural Theory and Risk Perception: A Proposal for a Better Measurement.” Journal of Risk Research 5 (2): 147–165. doi:10.1080/13669870110042598.
  • Robinson, R. R. 2014. “Culture and Legal Policy Punctuation in the Supreme Court’s Gender Discrimination Cases.” Policy Studies Journal 42 (4): 555–589. doi:10.1111/psj.12075.
  • Robinson, R. R. 2016. “Cultural Change and Policy Images in Policy Subsystems.” Public Administration 94 (4): 953–969. doi:10.1111/padm.12215.
  • Rosi, Alessia, Floris Tijmen van Vugt, Serena Lecce, Irene Ceccato, Martine Vallarino, Filippo Rapisarda, Tomaso Vecchi, and Elena Cavallini. 2021. “Risk Perception in a Real-World Situation (COVID-19): How It Changes from 18 to 87 Years Old.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646558.
  • Savage, I. 1993. “Demographic Influences on Risk Perceptions.” Risk Analysis 13 (4): 413–420. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.
  • Schwarz, M., and M. Thompson. 1990. Divided We Stand: Redefining Politics, Technology, and Social Choice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Shi, T. 2015. The Cultural Logic of Politics in Mainland China and Taiwan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shrum, T. R., E. Markowitz, H. Buck, R. Gregory, S. van der Linden, S. Z. Attari, and L. Van Boven. 2020. “Behavioural Frameworks to Understand Public Perceptions of and Risk Response to Carbon Dioxide Removal.” Interface Focus 10 (5): 20200002. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0002.
  • Siegrist, Michael, and Bernadette Sütterlin. 2014. “Human and Nature‐Caused Hazards: The Affect Heuristic Causes Biased Decisions.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 34 (8): 1482–1494. doi:10.1111/risa.12179.
  • Simon, H. A. 1972. “Theories of Bounded Rationality.” In Decision and Organization, edited by C.B. McGuire, and R. Radner, 161–176. Amstedam: Elsevier.
  • Sjoberg, Lennart. 2000. “Factors in Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 20 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00001.
  • Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. G. MacGregor. 2004. “Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 24 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x.
  • Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. G. MacGregor. 2007. “The Affect Heuristic.” European Journal of Operational Research 177 (3): 1333–1352. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006.
  • Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1982. “Why Study Risk Perception?” Risk Analysis 2 (2): 83–93. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01369.x.
  • Song, G. 2014. “Understanding Public Perceptions of Benefits and Risks of Childhood Vaccinations in the United States.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 34 (3): 541–555. doi:10.1111/risa.12114.
  • Starr, C. 1969. “Social Benefit versus Technological Risk.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 165 (3899): 1232–1238. doi:10.1126/science.165.3899.1232.
  • Stoutenborough, J. W., S. G. Sturgess, and A. Vedlitz. 2013. “Knowledge, Risk, and Policy Support: Public Perceptions of Nuclear Power.” Energy Policy 62: 176–184. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.098.
  • Sun, J., and X. Wang. 2010. “Value Differences between Generations in China: A Study in Shanghai.” Journal of Youth Studies 13 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1080/13676260903173462.
  • Sundblad, E.-L., A. Biel, and T. Garling. 2007. “Cognitive and Affective Risk Judgements Related to Climate Change.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 27 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.01.003.
  • Swedlow, B. 2008. “Beyond Liberal and Conservative: Two-Dimensional Conceptions of Ideology and the Structure of Political Attitudes and Values.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13 (2): 157–180. doi:10.1080/13569310802075969.
  • Swedlow, B. 2011. “Cultural Surprises as Sources of Sudden.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44 (04): 736–739. doi:10.1017/S1049096511001375.
  • Swedlow, B., J. T. Ripberger, L. Y. Liu, C. L. Silva, H. Jenkins-Smith, and B. B. Johnson. 2020. “Construct Validity of Cultural Theory Survey Measures.” Social Science Quarterly 101 (6): 2332–2383. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12859.
  • Swedlow, B., and M. L. Wyckoff. 2009. “Value Preferences and Ideological Structuring of Attitudes in American Public Opinion.” American Politics Research 37 (6): 1048–1087. doi:10.1177/1532673X09333959.
  • The Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins CSSE. 2020. Accessed on 12 April 2020. https://cornavirus.jhu.edu/.
  • Thompson, M., R. Ellis, and A. B. Wildavsky. 1990. Cultural Theory. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Trope, Y., and N. Liberman. 2010. “Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance.” Psychological Review 117 (2): 440–463. doi:10.1037/a0018963.
  • van der Linden, S. 2015. “The Social-Psychological Determinants of Climate Change Risk Perceptions: Towards a Comprehensive Model.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 41: 112–124. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012.
  • Vandermoere, F. 2008. “Hazard Perception, Risk Perception, and the Need for Decontamination by Residents Exposed to Soil Pollution: The Role of Sustainability and the Limits of Expert Knowledge.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 28 (2): 387–398. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01025.x.
  • Walpole, H. D., and R. S. Wilson. 2021. “Extending a Broadly Applicable Measure of Risk Perception: The Case for Susceptibility.” Journal of Risk Research 24 (2): 135–147. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1749874.
  • Wang, X. T. 2006. “Emotions within Reason: Resolving Conflicts in Risk Preference.” Cognition & Emotion 20 (8): 1132–1152. doi:10.1080/02699930500387428.
  • Wang, Q. H., X. T. Ren, J. Hu, Q. Li, S. S. Cui, and Y. Y. Zou. 2018. “Preliminary Study on Reading Speed Test with IReST for Normally-Sighted Young Chinese Readers. [Zhonghua Yan ke za Zhi] Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology 54 (2): 120–124.
  • Wang, F., J. Wei, S.-K. Huang, M. K. Lindell, Y. Ge, and H.-L. Wei. 2018. “Public Reactions to the 2013 Chinese H7N9 Influenza Outbreak: Perceptions of Risk, Stakeholders, and Protective Actions.” Journal of Risk Research 21 (7): 809–833. doi:10.1080/13669877.2016.1247377.
  • Wei, H.-L., M. K. Lindell, C. S. Prater, J. Wei, and F. Wang. 2021. “Texas Households’ Expected Responses to Seasonal Influenza.” Journal of Risk Research 24 (11): 1405–1425. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863847.
  • Wildavsky, A. B. 2006. “Politics, Public Law, and Administration.” In Cultural Analysis, edited by B. Swedlow, 301–308. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  • Wildavsky, A., and K. Dake. 1990. “Theories of Risk Perception: Who Fears What and Why?” Daedalus 119 (4): 41–60.
  • Wilson, R. S., A. Zwickle, and H. Walpole. 2019. “Developing a Broadly Applicable Measure of Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 39 (4): 777–791. doi:10.1111/risa.13207.
  • Xue, W., D. W. Hine, N. M. Loi, E. B. Thorsteinsson, and W. J. Phillips. 2014. “Cultural Worldviews and Environmental Risk Perceptions: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 40: 249–258. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.07.002.
  • Xue, W., D. W. Hine, A. D. G. Marks, W. J. Phillips, and S. Zhao. 2016. “Cultural Worldviews and Climate Change: A View from China.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 19 (2): 134–144. doi:10.1111/ajsp.12116.
  • Xue, W., A. D. G. Marks, D. W. Hine, W. J. Phillips, and S. Y. Zhao. 2018. “The New Ecological Paradigm and Responses to Climate Change in China.” Journal of Risk Research 21 (3): 323–339. doi:10.1080/13669877.2016.1200655.
  • Xue, W., and S. Zhao. 2015. “The Environmental Worldviews and Climate Change Mitigation Behaviors: Testing the New Ecological Scale in the Smallest Space Analysis for Chinese Samples.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6 (7): 547–550. doi:10.7763/IJESD.2015.V6.654.
  • Xue, W., Z. Liu, and Z. Zeng. 2018. Cultural Worldviews in Gaming Risk Perception and Intention: From a Tourism Perspective in Macao Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Information Management and Engineering. doi:10.1145/3285957.3285969.
  • Yanez, N. D., N. S. Weiss, J.-A. Romand, and M. M. Treggiari. 2020. “COVID-19 Mortality Risk for Older Men and Women.” BMC Public Health 20 (1): 1742. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8.
  • Yang, J. 2015. “The Influence of Culture on Koreans’ Risk Perception.” Journal of Risk Research 18 (1): 69–92. doi:10.1080/13669877.2013.879490.
  • Yang, Q., and W. Tang. 2010. “Exploring the Sources of Institutional Trust in China: Culture, Mobilization, or Performance?” Asian Politics & Policy 2 (3): 415–436. doi:10.1111/j.1943-0787.2010.01201.x.
  • Yin, X., F. Zhong, and Z. Xu. 2014. “Water Resources Cognitive Analysis Based on Grid Group Culture Theory: A Case Study of Farmers in Ganzhou District in the Middle Reach of Heihe River.” Journal of Natural Resources 29 (1): 166–176.
  • Yuan, M. 2021. “Explaining Chinese Reactions to COVID-19 during the Outbreak: A Systematic Illustration.” Frontiers in Public Health, 8 (9): 727369. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.727369.
  • Yuan, M. 2022. “Psychological Perceptions and Voluntary Protective Behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic in China: The Roles of Cultural Worldview.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. Advance Online Publication.
  • Yuan, M., J. J. Zeng, B. Swedlow, and R. Qi. 2022. “Environmental Concern among Chinese Youth: The Roles of Knowledge and Cultural Bias.” Environmental Education Research, (in Press) 28 (10): 1472–1489. doi:10.1080/13504622.2022.2033705.
  • Zeng, R., and P. M. Greenfield. 2015. “Cultural Evolution over the Last 40 Years in China: Using the Google Ngram Viewer to Study Implications of Social and Political Change for Cultural Values.” International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie 50 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1002/ijop.12125.
  • Zeng, J., M. Jiang, and M. Yuan. 2020. “Environmental Risk Perception, Risk Culture, and Pro-Environmental Behavior.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (5): 1750. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051750.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.