481
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Misinformation and the Paradox of Trust during the covid-19 pandemic in the U.S.: pathways to Risk perception and compliance behaviors

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 469-484 | Received 25 Aug 2021, Accepted 24 Jan 2023, Published online: 06 Apr 2023

References

  • Allen Catellier, Jennifer R., and Z. Janet Yang. 2012. “Trust and Affect: How Do They Impact Risk Information Seeking in a Health Context?” Journal of Risk Research 15 (8): 897–911. doi:10.1080/13669877.2012.686048.
  • Allington, Daniel, Bobby Duffy, Simon Wessely, Nayana Dhavan, and James Rubins. 2020. “Health-Protective Behaviour, Social Media Usage and Conspiracy Belief during the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency.” Psychological Medicine 51 (10): 1763–1769. doi:10.1017/S003329172000224X.
  • Al-Zaman, Md Sayeed. 2022. “Prevalence and Source Analysis of COVID-19 Misinformation in 138 Countries.” IFLA Journal 48 (1): 189–204. doi:10.1177/03400352211041135.
  • Baker, Gerard. 2020. “The Politicization of a Pandemic.” The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-politicization-of-a-pandemic-11584115592.
  • Bierwiaczonek, Kinga, Jonas R. Kunst, and Olivia Pich. 2020. “Belief in COVID‐19 Conspiracy Theories Reduces Social Distancing over Time.” Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being 12 (4): 1270–1285. doi:10.1111/aphw.12223.
  • Bode, Leticia, and Emily K. Vraga. 2015. “In Related News, That Was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media.” Journal of Communication 65 (4): 619–638. doi:10.1111/jcom.12166.
  • Brennen, J. Scott, Felix M. Simon, Philip N. Howard, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2020. “Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. pp. 1–13.
  • Brewer, Noel T., Gretchen B. Chapman,Frederick X. Gibbons,Meg Gerrard,Kevin D. McCaul, andNeil D. Weinstein. 2007. “Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Risk Perception and Health Behavior: The Example of Vaccination.” Health Psychology 26 (2): 136–145. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136.
  • Calvillo, Dustin P., Bryan J. Ross, Ryan J. B. Garcia, Thomas J. Smelter, and Abraham M. Rutchick. 2020. “Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News about It).” Social Psychological and Personality Science 11 (8): 1119–1128. doi:10.1177/1948550620940539.
  • Chappell, Bill. 2020. “Trump Often Gives ‘Complete Opposite’ of Health Experts’ Advice, Former Staffer Says.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/09/30/918333059/trump-often-gives-complete-opposite-of-health-experts-advice-former-staffer-says.
  • Chryssochoidis, George, Anna Strada, and Athanasios Krystallis. 2009. “Public Trust in Institutions and Information Sources regarding Risk Management and Communication: Towards Integrating Extant Knowledge.” Journal of Risk Research 12 (2): 137–185. doi:10.1080/13669870802637000.
  • Enders, Adam M., Joseph E. Uscinski, Casey Klofstad, and Justin Stoler. 2020. “The Different Forms of COVID-19 Misinformation and Their Consequences.” The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 1 (8): 1–21. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-48.
  • Evanega, Sarah, Mark Lynas, Jordan Adams, and Karinne Smolenyak. 2020. “Coronavirus Misinformation: Quantifying Sources and Themes in the COVID-19 ‘Infodemic.” JMIR Preprints. https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Evanega-et-al-Coronavirus-misinformation-submitted_07_23_20-1.pdf
  • Farrell, Andrew M. 2010. “Insufficient Discriminant Validity: A Comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009).” Journal of Business Research 63: 324–327. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.05.003.
  • Fornell, Claes, and David F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18: 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104.
  • Frewer, Lynn, J. 2003. “Trust, Transparency, and Social Context: Implications for Social Amplification of Risk.” In The Social Amplification of Risk, edited by Nick Pidgeon, Roger E. Kasperson, and Paul Slovic, 123–137. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gaston, Gina B., and Binta Alleyne-Green. 2013. “The Impact of African Americans’ Beliefs about HIV Medical Care on Treatment Adherence: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Interventions.” AIDS and Behavior 17 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0323-x.
  • Gilles, Ingrid, Bangerter Adrian, Clémence Alain, Eva G. T. Green, Franciska Krings, Christian Staerklé, and Pascal Wagner-Egger. 2011. “Trust in Medical Organizations Predicts Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccination Behavior and Perceived Efficacy of Protection Measures in the Swiss Public.” European Journal of Epidemiology 26 (3): 203–210. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9577-2.
  • Glenza, Jessica. 2020. “Coronavirus Surges across Midwest as Trump Attacks Health Professionals.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/03/us-coronavirus-cases-surge-trump-attacks-healthcare-experts.
  • Gore, D’Angelo. 2022. “Correcting Misinformation about Dr. Fauci.” FactCheck.org. https://www.factcheck.org/2022/08/correcting-misinformation-about-dr-fauci/.
  • Hair, John F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, and Rolph E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hartley, Kris, and Vu Minh Khuong. 2020. “Fighting Fake News in the COVID-19 Era: Policy Insights from an Equilibrium Model.” Policy Sciences 53 (4): 735–758. doi:10.1007/s11077-020-09405-z.
  • Hmielowski, Jay D., Lauren Feldman, Teresa A. Myers, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach. 2014. “An Attack on Science? Media Use, Trust in Scientists, and Perceptions of Global Warming.” Public Understanding of Science (Bristol, England) 23 (7): 866–883. doi:10.1177/0963662513480091.
  • Hornik, Robert, Ava Kikut, Emma Jesch, Chioma Woko, Leeann Siegel, and Kwanho Kim. 2021. “Association of COVID-19 Misinformation with Face Mask Wearing and Social Distancing in a Nationally Representative US Sample.” Health Communication 36 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1847437.
  • Hu, Li-Tze, and Peter M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
  • Imhoff, Roland, and Pia Lamberty. 2020. “A Bioweapon or a Hoax? The Link between Distinct Conspiracy Beliefs about the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak and Pandemic Behavior.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 11 (8): 1110–1118. doi:10.1177/1948550620934692.
  • Jolley, Daniel, and Karen M. Douglas. 2014. “The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions.” PloS One 9 (2): e89177. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177.
  • Jones-Jang, S. Mo., Dam Hee Kim, and Kate Kenski. 2021. “Perceptions of Mis- or Disinformation Exposure Predict Political Cynicism: Evidence from a Two-Wave Survey during the 2018 US Midterm Elections.” New Media & Society 23 (10): 3105–3125. doi:10.1177/1461444820943878.
  • Kasperson, Roger E., Ortwin Renn, Paul Slovic, Halina S. Brown, Jacque Emel, Robert Goble, Jeanne X. Kasperson, and Samuel Ratick. 1988. “The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework.” Risk Analysis 8 (2): 177–187. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x.
  • Lang, John T., and William K. Hallman. 2005. “Who Does the Public Trust? The Case of Genetically Modified Food in the United States.” Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 25 (5): 1241–1252. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00668.x.
  • Lee, Jung Jae., Kyung-Ah Kang, Man Ping Wang, Sheng Zhi Zhao, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Siobhan O’Connor, Sook Ching Yang, and Sunhwa Shin. 2020. “Associations between COVID-19 Misinformation Exposure and Belief with COVID-19 Knowledge and Preventive Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Online Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (11): e22205. doi:10.2196/22205.
  • Liu, Zhuling, and Janet Z. Yang. 2020. “In the Wake of Scandals: How Media Use and Social Trust Influence Risk Perception and Vaccination Intention among Chinese Parents.” Health Communication 36 (10): 1188–1199. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1748834.
  • Malka, Ariel, Jon A. Krosnick, and Gary Langer. 2009. “The Association of Knowledge with Concern about Global Warming: Trusted Information Sources Shape Public Thinking.” Risk Analysis 29 (5): 633–647. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01220.x.
  • Mase, Amber S., Hyunyi Cho, and Linda S. Prokopy. 2015. “Enhancing the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) by Exploring Trust, the Availability Heuristic, and Agricultural Advisors’ Belief in Climate Change.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 41: 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.12.004.
  • Mayer, Roger C., James H. Davis, and F. David Schoorman. 1995. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 709–734.
  • Min, Chen, Fei Shen, Wenting Yu, and Yajie Chu. 2020. “The Relationship between Government Trust and Preventive Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Exploring the Roles of Knowledge and Negative Emotion.” Preventive Medicine 141: 106288. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106288.
  • Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” Political Behavior 32: 303–330. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2.
  • Ognyanova, Katherine, David Lazer, Ronald E. Robertson, and Christo Wilson. 2020. “Misinformation in Action: Fake News Exposure is Linked to Lower Trust in Media, Higher Trust in Government When Your Side is in Power.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 1 (4): 1–19. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024.
  • Pew Research Center. 2020a. “Public Opinion About Coronavirus is More Politically Divided in U.S. Than in Other Advanced Economies.” https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/28/public-opinion-about-coronavirus-is-more-politically-divided-in-u-s-than-in-other-advanced-economies/
  • Pew Research Center. 2020b. “Both Republicans and Democrats cite masks as a negative effect of COVID-19, but for very different reasons.” https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/29/both-republicans-and-democrats-cite-masks-as-a-negative-effect-of-covid-19-but-for-very-different-reasons/
  • Pidgeon, Nick, Roger E. Kasperson, and Paul Slovic. 2003. The Social Amplification of Risk. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Poortinga, Wouter, and Nick F. Pidgeon. 2003. “Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk Regulation.” Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 23 (5): 961–972. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00373.
  • Qiu, Linda. 2020. “Analyzing the Patterns in Trump’s Falsehoods about Coronavirus.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html.
  • Ranjit, Yerina S., Haejung Shin, Jennifer M. First, and J. Brian Houston. 2021. “COVID-19 Protective Model: The Role of Threat Perceptions and Informational Cues in Influencing Behavior.” Journal of Risk Research 24 (3–4): 449–465. doi:10.1080/13669877.2021.1887328.
  • Rogers, Ronald W. 1975. “A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change.” The Journal of Psychology 91 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803.
  • Roozenbeek, Jon., Claudia R. Schneider, Sarah Dryhurst, John Kerr, Alexandra L. J. Freeman, Gabriel Recchia, Anne Marthe Van Der Bles, and Sander Van Der Linden. 2020. “Susceptibility to Misinformation about COVID-19 around the World.” Royal Society Open Science 7 (10): 201199. doi:10.1098/rsos.201199.
  • Rosenstock, Irwin M. 1974. “Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model.” Health Education Monographs 2 (4): 328–335. doi:10.1177/109019817400200403.
  • Rousseau, Denise M., Sim B. Sitkin, Ronald S. Burt, and Colin Camerer. 1998. “Not so Different after All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust.” Academy of Management Review 23 (3): 393–404. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.926617.
  • Slovic, Paul. 1993. “Perceived Risk, Trust, and Democracy.” Risk Analysis 13 (6): 675–682. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01329.x.
  • Summers, Juana. 2020. “Timeline: How Trump Has Downplayed the Coronavirus Pandemic.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/latest-updates-trump-covid-19-results/2020/10/02/919432383/how-trump-has-downplayed-the-coronavirus-pandemic.
  • Tan, Andy S. L., Lee Chul-Joo, and Jiyoung Chae. 2015. “Exposure to Health (Mis) Information: Lagged Effects on Young Adults’ Health Behaviors and Potential Pathways.” Journal of Communication 65 (4): 674–698. doi:10.1111/jcom.12163.
  • Thorson, Emily. 2016. “Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation.” Political Communication 33 (3): 460–480. doi:10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187.
  • Trumbo, Craig W., and Katherine A. McComas. 2003. “The Function of Credibility in Information Processing for Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis : An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 23 (2): 343–353. doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00313.
  • Uscinski, Joseph E., Casey Klofstad, and Matthew D. Atkinson. 2016. “What Drives Conspiratorial Beliefs? The Role of Informational Cues and Predispositions.” Political Research Quarterly 69 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1177/1065912915621621.
  • Vinck, Patrick, Phuong N. Pham, Kenedy K. Bindu, Juliet Bedford, and Eric J. Nilles. 2019. “Institutional Trust and Misinformation in the Response to the 2018–19 Ebola Outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: A Population-Based Survey.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 19 (5): 529–536. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30063-5.
  • Walker, Molly. 2020. “COVID-19: A National Problem Needing a National Strategy.” Medpage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89461.
  • WHO. 2020. “Munich Security Conference.” WHO. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference
  • Witte, K., Kenzie A. Cameron, Janet K. McKeon, and Judy M. Berkowitz. 1996. “Predicting Risk Behaviors: Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Scale.” Journal of Health Communication 1 (4): 317–341. doi:10.1080/108107396127988.
  • Wong, Catherine Mei Ling, and Olivia Jensen. 2020. “The Paradox of Trust: Perceived Risk and Public Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore.” Journal of Risk Research 23 (7-8): 1021–1030. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1756386.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.