Russian in Latvia: an outlook for bilingualism in a post-Soviet transitional society

References

• August , D. and Hakuta , K. 1997 . Improving schooling for language-minority children: A research agenda , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , C. and Jones , S.P. 1998 . Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education , Clevedon, Philadelphia, PA : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Baltic Institute of Social Sciences . 2004 . Society integration and business: The ethnic dimension . Riga, , Latvia : Baltic Institute of Social Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Baltic Institute of Social Sciences . 2008 . Language , Riga : Baltic Institute of Social Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Barbour , S. 1998 . Reflections on nationalism and language: A response to Miquel Strubell . Current Issues in Language and Society , 5 ( 3 ) : 194 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbour , S. 2000 . “ Nationalism, language, Europe ” . In Language and nationalism in Europe , Edited by: Barbour , S. and Carmichael , C. 1 – 17 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barbour , S. and Carmichael , C. 2000 . Language and nationalism in Europe , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Björklund , F. 2004 . Ethnic politics and the Soviet legacy in Latvian post-communist education: The place of language . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics , 10 : 105 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , R. 2004 . “ Canada: A post-nationalist nation? ” . In The shifting foundations of modern nation-states: Realignments of belonging , Edited by: Godfrey , S. and Unger , F. 17 – 34 . Toronto, Buffalo, London : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , R.L. 1989 . Language planning and social change , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diena . 2007 . Mēs būsim konkurētspējīgāki. May 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Druviete , I. 1997 . Linguistic human rights in the Baltic States . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 127 : 161 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Druviete , I. 2000 . Sociolinguistic situation and language policy in the Baltic States , Riga, , Latvia : The University of Latvia .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. 1985 . Language, society and identity , New York : B. Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. 1994 . Multilingualism , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Franklin , S. , and E. Widdis 2004 . All the Russias…? In National identity in Russian culture S. Franklin and E. Widdis , 1 – 8 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , E. 1997 . Nationalism , Washington Square, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , M. 1999 . Alternative ideologies of la francophonie . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 3 ( 3 ) : 336 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , M. 2003 . Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 7 ( 4 ) : 473 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , C. 1991 . An introduction to bilingualism , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan-Brun , G. 2006 . At the interface of language ideology and practice: The public discourse surrounding the 2004 education reform in Latvia . Language Policy , 5 : 313 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamusella , T. 2001 . Language as an instrument of nationalism in Central Europe . Nations and Nationalism , 7 ( 2 ) : 235 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Laitin , D.D. 1998 . “ Nationalism and language: A post-Soviet perspective ” . In The state of the nation , Edited by: Hall , J.A. 135 – 57 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Langman , J. 2002 . Mother-tongue education versus bilingual education: Shifting ideologies and policies in the Republic of Slovakia . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 154 : 47 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Metuzale-Kangere , B. and Ozolins , U. 2005 . The language situation in Latvia 1850–2004 . Journal of Baltic Studies , 36 ( 3 ) : 317 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOES (Ministry of Education and Science of Latvia) . 2004 . Education for ethnic minorities: General education programmes . http://www.izm.gov.lv/ (accessed June 12, 2008) .
   Google Scholar
• Ose , L. 2002 . Vecāku rokasgrāmata: divvalodīgi bērni. [A guide for parents: bilingual children] . Riga, , Latvia : SFL .
   Google Scholar
• Ozolins , U. 1999 . Between Russian and European hegemony: Current language policy in the Baltic States . Current Issues in Language and Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 6 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Pabriks , A. 2002 . Occupational representation and ethnic discrimination in Latvia , Riga, , Latvia : Nordik .
   Google Scholar
• Paulston , C.B. 1998 . “ Linguistic minorities in Central and Eastern Europe: An introduction ” . In Linguistic minorities in Central and Eastern Europe , Edited by: Paulston , C.B. and Peckham , D. 1 – 17 . Clevedon, , UK : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Pavlenko , A. 2006 . Russian as a lingua franca . Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , 26 : 78 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Pisarenko , O. 2006 . The acculturation modes of Russian speaking adolescents in Latvia: Perceived discrimination and knowledge of the Latvian language . Europe-Asia Studies , 58 ( 5 ) : 751 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priedite , A. 2005 . Surveying language attitudes and practices in Latvia . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 26 ( 5 ) : 409 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Romanov , A. 2000 . The Russian diaspora in Latvia and Estonia: Predicting language outcomes . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 21 ( 1 ) : 58 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , C. , Zepa , B. and Snipe , A. 2004 . Language policy and ethnic tensions in Quebec and Latvia . International Journal of Comparative Sociology , 45 ( 3–4 ) : 231 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. , Allworth , E.A. and Law , V.A. 1998 . Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands: The politics of national identities , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• The State Language Commission (Valsts valodas komisija) . 2003 . The Latvian language & languages in Latvia . Riga, , Latvia : Tapals .
   Google Scholar
• Törnquist-Plewa , B. 2000 . “ Contrasting ethnic nationalisms: Eastern Central Europe ” . In Language and nationalism in Europe , Edited by: Barbour , S. and Carmichael , C. 183 – 220 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• von Busekist , A. 2004 . “ Nationalism versus bilingualism ” . In Language, nation, and state: Identity politics in a multilingual age , Edited by: Judt , T. and Lacorne , D. 105 – 33 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Zepa , B. 2003 . “ Citizenship, official language, bilingual education in Latvia: Public policy in the last 10 years ” . In Baltic states: Looking at small societies on Europe's margin , Edited by: Giordano , C. , Zvinkliene , A. and Henseler , D. 83 – 97 . Fribourg, , Switzerland : Fribourg University Press .
   Google Scholar