Adverse childhood experiences, religious/spiritual struggles, and mental health symptoms: examination of mediation models

References

• Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2015). Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 565–575. doi: 10.1037/ort0000084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., & Krause, N. (2016). Religion as problem, religion as solution: Religious buffers of the links between religious/spiritual struggles and well-being/mental health. Quality of Life Research, 25(5), 1265–1274. doi: 10.1007/s11136-015-1163-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., & Giovino, G. A. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA, 282(17), 1652–1658. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.17.1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockie, T. N., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G. R., Wilcox, H. C., & Campbell, J. C. (2015). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(3–4), 411–421. doi: 10.1007/s10464-015-9721-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. C., Creel, A. H., Engel, C. C., Herrell, R. K., & Hoge, C. W. (2011). Factors associated with interest in receiving help for mental health problems in combat veterans returning from deployment to Iraq. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(10), 797–801. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31822fc9bf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, A. N., & Astin, H. S. (2008). The correlates of spiritual struggle during the college years. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(1), 1–27. doi: 10.1080/00221546.2008.11772084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217–225. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney, M. E., & Dworsky, A. (2006). Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3), 209–219. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00433.x
   Google Scholar
• Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Spirituality factors in the prediction of outcomes of PTSD treatment for U.S. military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 57–64. doi: 10.1002/jts.21978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., … Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 28(7), 771–784. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27(5), 713–725. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00204-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, C., & Lee, J. (2010). Spiritual struggles and psychological distress: Is there a dark side of religion? Social Indicators Research, 98(3), 501–517. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research (pp. 459–475). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222. doi: 10.1037/a0036465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahm, G. A., Lucenko, B. A., Retzlaff, P., & Fukuda, S. (2007). Relative impact of adverse events and screened symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among active duty soldiers seeking mental health care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 199–211. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanelli, A., Reynolds, A. J., Mondi, C. F., & Ou, S.-R. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and adult well-being in a low-income, urban cohort. Pediatrics, 137(4), 8–8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, T. D., Christie-Mizell, A., Vaghela, P., Mossakowski, K. N., & Johnson, R. J. (2017). Do religious struggles mediate the association between day-to-day discrimination and depressive symptoms? Religions, 8(8), 1–14. doi: 10.3390/rel8080134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 210–224. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1469–1484. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Currier, J. M., Harris, J. I., & Slattery, J. (2016). Trauma, meaning, and spirituality: Translating research into clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115
   Google Scholar
• Rebbe, R., Nurius, P. S., Ahrens, K. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences among youth aging out of foster care: A latent class analysis. Children And Youth Services Review, 74, 108–116. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro, A. F., Suchday, S., Benkhoukha, A., Ramanayake, N., & Kapur, S. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and religiosity/spirituality in emerging adolescents in India. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(3), 185–194. doi: 10.1037/rel0000038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sareen, J., Henriksen, C. A., Bolton, S.-L., Afifi, T. O., Stein, M. B., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences in relation to mood and anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of active military personnel. Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 73–84. doi: 10.1017/S003329171200102X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southerland, D., Casanueva, C. E., & Ringeisen, H. (2009). Young adult outcomes and mental health problems among transition age youth investigated for maltreatment during adolescence. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(9), 947–956. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. F., Reid, H. W., O’Neill, T., & Brown, L. (2009). Changes in personal religion/spirituality during and after childhood abuse: A review and synthesis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(2), 130–145. doi: 10.1037/a0016211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Wortmann, J. H., Park, C. L., & Edmondson, D. (2011). Trauma and PTSD symptoms: Does spiritual struggle mediate the link? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 442–452. doi: 10.1037/a0021413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, N. S., Schairer, L. C., Dellor, E., & Grella, C. (2010). Childhood trauma and health outcomes in adults with comorbid substance abuse and mental health disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 68–71. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar