Measuring forgiveness: psychometric properties of a new culturally sensitive questionnaire: the Bolton Forgiveness Scale (BFS)

References

• Aalgaard, R. A., Bolen, R. M., & Nugent, W. R. (2016). A literature review of forgiveness as a beneficial intervention to increase relationship satisfaction in couples therapy. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(1), 46–55. doi: 10.1080/10911359.2015.1059166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296–298.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr., E. L., O’Connor, L., Parrot III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgiveness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 183–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Psychological Society. (2018). Code of ethics and conduct. July. Retrieved from https://www.bps.org.uk
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759–771. doi: 10.1177/0146167203029006008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modelling (pp. 361–379). London, UK: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Cornish, M. A., Guyll, M., Wade, N., Lannin, D., Madon, S., & Chason, K. C. (2018). Does empathy promotion necessarily lead to greater forgiveness? An experimental examination. Current Psychologist. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-9816-8
   Google Scholar
• DeShea, L. (2003). A scenario-based scale of willingness to forgive. Individual Differences Research, 1(3), 201–217.
   Google Scholar
• Enright, R., & Coyle, C. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington, Jr (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139–161). Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Enright, R. D. (2011). Psychological science of forgiveness: Implications for psychotherapy and education. Paper presented at the conference of Neuroscience and moral action: Neurological conditions of Affectivity, Decisions and Virtue, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10381-000
   Google Scholar
• Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/14526-000
   Google Scholar
• Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 123–152). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Capo, M., Fernandez, S. R., Sanfeliu, M. G., Benito, J. G., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2017). Measuring forgiveness: A systematic review. European Psychologist, 22, 4, 247–262. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firulescu, L., May, R., Fincham, F. D., Arocha, E., & Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2019). Training forgiveness – A novel approach to reducing physician burnout. CNS Spectrums, 24(1), 198–199. doi: 10.1017/S109285291900035X
   Google Scholar
• Fredericks, L. (2004, July). A gathering on social and emotional learning, love, and forgiveness. Summary of proceedings at the conference of the Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Gassin, E. A., & Enright, R. D. (1995). The will to meaning in the process of forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 14(1), 38–49.
   Google Scholar
• Gauche, M., & Mullet, E. (2007). Conceptualizations of forgiveness: Collectivist – Congolese versus Individualist – French viewpoints. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, July. doi: 10.1177/0022022107302312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organisational Research Methods, 1, 104–121. doi: 10.1177/109442819800100106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling; guidelines for determining model fit. Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. doi:10.21427/D7CF7R.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadiangandu, J. K., Gauche, M., Vinsonneau, G., & Mullet, E. (2007). Conceptualisation of forgiveness: Collectivist-Congolese versus individualist-French viewpoints. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 432. doi: 10.1177/0022022107302312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415. doi: 10.1007/BF02291817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36. doi: 10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaleta, K., & Mroz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A. (2011). Re-specification of latent variable models. DavidAkenny.com downloaded from www.davidakenny.net/cm/respec.com
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. London, UK: Guildford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kong, F., Gong, X., Sajjad, S., Yang, K., & Zhao, J. (2019). How is emotional intelligence linked to life satisfaction? The mediating role of social support, positive affect and negative affect. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi: 10.1007/s10902-018-00069-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm, W. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2000). Forgiveness as a process in individual psychotherapy. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp. 179–202). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martincekova, L., & Enright, D. R. (2018). The effects of self-forgiveness and shame-proneness on procrastination: Exploring the mediating role of affect. Current Psychologist. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-9926-3
   Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor-analyse your data right: Do’s, don’ts and how-to’s. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 97–110. doi: 10.21500/20112084.854
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness: History conceptual issues, and overview. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp. 1–4). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoullough, M. E., & Witvliet, C. V. (2001). The psychology of forgiveness. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 446–458). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2011). Forgiveness: A cognitive-motivational anatomy. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(3), 260–290. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2011.00465.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullet, E., Barros, J., Frongia, L., Usai, V., Neto, F., & Shafighi, S. (2003). Religious involvement and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 71, 1–19. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullet, E., Girard, M., & Bakhshi, P. (2004). Conceptualisation of forgiveness. European Psychologist, 9(2), 78–86. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• ONS. (2015). Measuring National Wellbeing. http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringnationalwellbeing/2015-09-23#the-measuring-national-well-being-programme
   Google Scholar
• Osler J. II, & Mutisya, P. (2013). A tri-squared analysis to establish the need for a statistical framework for K-20 faculty as academic leaders. Creative Education, 4, 12–18. doi: 10.4236/ce.2013.48A004
   Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pingleton, J. P. (1989). The role and function of forgiveness in the psychotherapeutic process. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 17(1), 27–35. doi: 10.1177/009164718901700106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, A. (2007). An essay on criticism. Gloucester, MA: Dodo Press (Original work published 1711).
   Google Scholar
• Robert, J. B., Laurie, J. B., Maria, F. S., Adam, A. K., & Thomas, M. T. (2018). Trust and distrust: Their interplay with forgiveness in organisations. In R. H. Searle, A. I. Nienaber & S. B. Sitkin (Eds.), The Routledge companion to trust (pp. 302–325). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rust, J., & Golombok, S. (1989). Modern psychometrics. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Media, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260–277. doi: 10.1007/s12144-001-1011-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandage, S. J., & Williamson, I. (2005). Forgiveness in cultural context. In E. L. Worthington Jr (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 41–55). New York: Brunner/Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Smedes, L. B. (1996). The art of forgiving. Nashville, TN: Moorings.
   Google Scholar
• Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62–71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stathi, S., Husnu, S., & Pendleton, S. (2017). Intergroup contact and contact norms as predictors of post-conflict forgiveness. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 21(1), 20–39. doi: 10.1037/gdn0000060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). London, UK: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., … Sarah, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., … Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313–359. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506–520. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyun, Q., Nuryana, I., & Jaufalily, N. (2019). Repentance and seeking forgiveness: The effects of spiritual therapy based on Islamic tenets to improve mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22), doi: 10.1080/13674676.2018.1514593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenstra, G. (1992). Psychological concepts of forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11, 160–169.
   Google Scholar
• Vural, B. M., Yilmaz, B. T., Firinci, K. A., & Rumeysa, H. (2017). Forgiveness and subjective happiness of university students. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(n6), 149–162. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v6n6p149
   Google Scholar
• Wade, N.G., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2005). In search of a common core: A content analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 160–177. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.42.2.160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegan, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1998). The pyramid model of forgiveness: Some interdisciplinary speculations about unforgiveness and the promotion of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 107–137). Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar