Adolescent drinking and adolescent stress: a domain-specific relationship in Northern Irish schoolchildren

References

• Abouserie , R. 1994 . Sources and levels of stress in relation to locus of control and self-esteem in university students . Educational psychology , 14 : 323 – 331 . doi: 10.1080/0144341940140306
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. and White , H. 1992 . An empirical test of general strain theory . Criminology , 30 : 475 – 499 . doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , K.R. 1999 . Predictors of health risk behaviors among among young adults: analysis of the National Population Health Survey . Canadian journal of public health , 90 : 85 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , J. 2008 . The education-drug use connection: how successes and failures in school relate to adolescent smoking, drinking, drug use, and delinquency , New York : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates/Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Bahr , S.J. , Hoffmann , J.P. and Yang , X. 2005 . Parental and peer influences on the risk of adolescent drug use . The journal of primary prevention , 26 : 529 – 551 . doi: 10.1007/s10935-005-0014-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1997 . Self efficacy: the exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , H.L. and Olson , D.H. 1985 . Parent-adolescent communication and the circumplex model . Child development , 56 : 438 – 447 . doi: 10.2307/1129732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman , K.E. and Ennett , S.T. 1996 . On the importance of peer influence for adolescent drug use: common neglected considerations . Addiction , 91 : 185 – 198 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03175.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergen , H.A. 2005 . Perceived academic performance and alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use: longitudinal relationships in young community adolescents . Addictive behaviors , 30 : 1563 – 1573 . doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , D. 2006 . Excessive drinking and other problem behaviours among 14-16 year old school children . Addictive behaviors , 31 : 1424 – 1435 . doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradizza , C.M. , Reifman , A. and Barnes , G.M. 1999 . Social and coping reasons for drinking: predicting alcohol misuse in adolescents . Journal of studies on alcohol , 60 : 491 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray , R.M. , Fairbank , J.A. and Marsden , M.E. 1999 . Stress and substance use among military women and men . American journal of drug and alcohol abuse , 25 : 239 – 256 . doi: 10.1081/ADA-100101858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook , D.W. 2011 . Environmental stressors, low well-being, smoking and alcohol use among South African adolescents . Social science & medicine , 72 : 1447 – 1453 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , A.L. and Zimmerman , M.A. 2002 . Examining the effects of academic beliefs and behaviors on changes in substance use among urban adolescents . Journal of educational psychology , 94 : 621 – 637 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , D.G. , Davenport , S.C. and Mazanov , J. 2007 . Profiles of adolescent stress: the development of the adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ) . Journal of adolescence , 30 : 393 – 416 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , D.G. and Mazanov , J. 2002 . Sources of stress in Australian adolescents: factor structure and stability over time . Stress and health , 18 : 185 – 192 . doi: 10.1002/smi.940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonneau , A.M. , Mezulis , A.H. and Hyde , J.S. 2009 . Stress and emotional reactivity as explanations for gender differences in adolescents’ depressive symptoms . Journal of youth and adolescence , 38 : 1050 – 1058 . doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9398-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin , L. , Rogosch , F. and Barrera , M. 1991 . Alcohol use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics . Journal of abnormal psychology , 100 : 449 – 463 . doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniss , C. 1993 . “ Role of professional self-efficacy in the etiology and amelioration of burnout ” . In Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research , Edited by: Schaufeli , W.B. , Maslach , C. and Marek , T. 135 – 149 . Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M.E. 2001 . Transition to adulthood for vulnerable youths: a review of research and implications for policy . Social service review , 75 : 271 – 291 . doi: 10.1086/322209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger , J.J. 1956 . Alcoholism: theory, problem and challenge. II. Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism . Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol , 17 : 296 – 305 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper , M.L. 1994 . Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: development and validation of a four-factor-model . Psychological assessment , 6 : 117 – 128 . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , M.L. 2008 . Motivational pathways to alcohol use and abuse among Black and White adolescents . Journal of abnormal psychology , 117 : 485 – 501 . doi: 10.1037/a0012592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , W.M. and Klinger , E. 1988 . A motivational model of alcohol use . Journal of abnormal psychology , 97 : 168 – 180 . doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker , J. and Wolfe , C.T. 2001 . Contingencies of self-worth . Psychological review , 108 : 593 – 623 . doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnoe , R. , Benner , A.D. and Schneider , B. 2012 . Drinking, socioemotional functioning, and academic progress in secondary school . Journal of health and social behavior , 53 : 150 – 164 . doi: 10.1177/0022146511433507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum , R. , Storr , C. and Anthony , J. 2005 . Are educational aspirations associated with the risk of alcohol use and alcohol use-related problems among adolescents? . Substance use and misuse , 40 : 151 – 169 . doi: 10.1081/JA-200047558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D.A. , Grant , B.F. and Ruan , W.J. 2005 . The association between stress and drinking: modifying effects of gender and vulnerability . Alcohol and alcoholism , 40 : 453 – 460 . doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agh176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , D.A. , Grant , B.F. and Li , T.K. 2007 . Impact of age at first drink on stress-reactive drinking . Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research , 31 : 69 – 77 . doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00265.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff , J. , Gonzales , N.A. and Sandler , I.N. 2003 . Control beliefs as a mediator of the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms among inner city adolescents . Journal of abnormal child psychology , 31 : 205 – 217 . doi: 10.1023/A:1022582410183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMartini , K.S. and Carey , K.B. 2011 . The role of anxiety sensitivity and drinking motives in predicting alcohol use: a critical review . Clinical psychology review , 31 : 169 – 177 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz , A. , Symantov , E. and Rickert , V. I. 2002 . Effect of abuse on health: results of a national survey . Archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine , 156 : 811 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , S. 1998 . Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modelling approach . Drug and alcohol dependence , 50 : 57 – 71 . doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00006-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusek , J.B. 2000 . Commentary on the special issue: the maturing of self-esteem research with early adolescents . The journal of early adolescence , 20 : 231 – 240 . doi: 10.1177/0272431600020002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennett , S.T. 2001 . Parent–child communication about adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: what do parents say and does it affect youth behavior? . Journal of marriage and the family , 63 : 48 – 62 . doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00048.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennett , S.T. 2006 . The peer context of adolescent substance use: findings from social network analysis . Journal of research on adolescence , 16 : 159 – 186 . doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00127.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennett , S.T. 2008 . The social ecology of adolescent alcohol misuse . Child development , 79 : 1777 – 1791 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01225.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnsworth , M. and Leiber , M.J. 1989 . Strain theory revisited: economic goals, educational means, and delinquency . American sociology review , 54 : 263 – 274 . doi: 10.2307/2095794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fothergill , K.E. and Ensminger , M.E. 2006 . Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: a longitudinal study . Drug and alcohol dependence , 82 : 61 – 76 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , E. 2009 . Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2008 , London : NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care .
   Google Scholar
• Gadzella , B. 1994 . Locus of control differences among stress groups . Perceptual and motor skills , 79 : 1619 – 1624 . doi: 10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney , L.R. 1998 . Social skills, expectancies, and drinking in adolescents . Addictive behaviors , 23 : 587 – 599 . doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00025-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , S. 1997 . “ Life after high school: Development, stress, and well-being ” . In Stress and adversity over the life course: trajectories and turning points , Edited by: Gotlib , I.H. and Wheaton , B. 197 – 214 . New York : Cambridge Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , K.E. 2003 . Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: moving from markers to mechanisms of risk . Psychological bulletin , 129 : 447 – 466 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , K.E. 2004 . Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: measurement issues and prospective effects . Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology , 33 : 412 – 425 . doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau , R. , Salanova , M. and Peiró , J.M. 2001 . Moderator effects of self-efficacy on occupational stress . Psychology in Spain , 5 : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray-Little , B. , Williams , V.S.L. and Hancock , T.D. 1997 . An item response theory analysis of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale . Personality and social psychology bulletin , 23 : 443 – 451 . doi: 10.1177/0146167297235001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin , B.L. , Mermelstein , R. and Roesch , L. 2007 . Sex differences in adolescent depression: stress exposure and reactivity models . Child development , 78 : 278 – 295 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , R.O. Jr. 1982 . Adolescent alcohol abuse: a review . Development and behavioural pediatrics , 3 : 83 – 87 . doi: 10.1097/00004703-198206000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , J.D. , Catalano , R.F. and Miller , J.Y. 1992 . Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention . Psychological bulletin , 112 : 64 – 105 . doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Promotion Agency , 2005 . Drinking behaviour among young people in Northern Ireland: secondary analysis of alcohol data from 1997 to 2003 . Belfast : Health Promotion Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Hibell , B.B. et al. , 2008 . The ESPAD report 2007: alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries . The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) and Council of Europe Pompidou Group . Stockholm : CAN .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J.P. and Su , S.S. 1998 . Stressful life events and adolescent substance use and depression: conditional and gender differentiated effects . Substance use and misuse , 33 : 2219 – 2262 . doi: 10.3109/10826089809056256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz , A.V. , White , H.R. and Howell-White , S. 1996 . The use of multiple outcomes in stress research: a case study of gender differences in responses to marital dissolution . Journal of health and social behavior , 37 : 278 – 291 . doi: 10.2307/2137297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , C. and Dong , N. 2012 . Factor structures of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: a meta-analysis of pattern matrices . European journal of psychological assessment , 28 : 132 – 138 . doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. 1998 . Adolescents'perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development . Journal of adolescence , 21 : 305 – 322 . doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. and Goossens , L. , 2006 . Handbook of adolescent development . Hove : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. and Jessor , S.L. 1977 . Problem behavior and psychosocial development: a longitudinal study of youth , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J.G. 2002 . Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties and risk for suicide attempts during later adolescence and early adulthood . Archives of general psychiatry , 59 : 741 – 749 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , K.M. , Molina , B.S.G. and Chassin , L. 2009 . Prospective relations between growth in drinking and familial stressors across adolescence . Journal of abnormal psychology , 118 : 610 – 622 . doi: 10.1037/a0016315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsche , E. 2005 . Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives . Clinical psychology review , 25 : 841 – 861 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsche , E. and Cooper , M.L. 2010 . Drinking to have fun and to get drunk: motives as predictors of weekend drinking over and above usual drinking habits . Drug and alcohol dependence , 110 : 259 – 262 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labouvie , E.W. 1986 . Alcohol and marijuana use in relation to adolescent stress . International journal of the addictions , 21 : 333 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loretto , W.A. 1994 . Youthful drinking in Northern Ireland and Scotland: preliminary results from a comparative study . Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 1 : 143 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski , P.K. , Prigerson , H.G. and Mazure , C.M. 2000 . Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms . British journal of psychiatry , 176 : 373 – 378 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , M.T. 2011 . What differentiates adolescent problematic drinkers from their peers? Results from a cross sectional study in Northern Irish school children . Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 18 ( 3 ) : 187 – 199 . doi: 10.3109/09687637.2010.502160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , M.T. 2012 . Self-esteem and self-efficacy: associations with alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland . Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 19 ( 1 ) : 72 – 80 . doi: 10.3109/09687637.2011.579585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , M.T. and Cole , J.C. 2012 . The relationship between alcohol use and peer pressure susceptibility, peer popularity and general conformity in Northern Irish school children . Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 19 ( 3 ) : 213 – 222 . doi: 10.3109/09687637.2011.641133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares , S.H.W. 2011 . Parental alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and alcohol-specific attitudes, alcohol-specific communication, and adolescent excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related problems: an indirect path model . Addictive behaviors , 36 : 209 – 216 . doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martyn , K.K. 2009 . Mexican adolescents’ alcohol use, family intimacy, and parent–adolescent communication . Journal of family nursing , 15 : 152 – 170 . doi: 10.1177/1074840709332865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushima , R. and Shiomi , K. 2003 . Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence . Social behavior and personality , 31 : 323 – 332 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , J. and Filstead , W.J. 1979 . The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale . Journal of studies on alcohol , 40 : 291 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrystal , P. 2005 . Drug use amongst 12- and 13-year-olds attending emotional and behavioural difficulty units in Belfast . Emotional and behavioural difficulties , 10 : 203 – 218 . doi: 10.1177/1363275205056707
   Google Scholar
• McCrystal , P. , Higgins , K. and Percy , A. 2006 . Brief Report: school exclusion drug use and delinquency in adolescence . Journal of adolescence , 29 : 829 – 836 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrystal , P. , Percy , A. and Higgins , K. 2007 . Exclusion and marginalisation in adolescence: the experience of school exclusion on drug use and antisocial behaviour . Journal of youth studies , 10 : 35 – 54 . doi: 10.1080/13676260701196103
   Google Scholar
• McGee , R. and Williams , S. 2000 . Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents? . Journal of adolescence , 23 : 569 – 582 . doi: 10.1006/jado.2000.0344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes , A. and Blackwell , D. 2010 . Saints not sinners? Young people bucking the trend of binge drinking. An analysis of the drinking trends of school age children in Sunderland . Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 17 : 776 – 794 . doi: 10.3109/09687630902847461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels , M.L. 2007 . Self-esteem: assessing measurement equivalence in a multi-ethnic sample of youth . The journal of early adolescence , 27 : 269 – 295 . doi: 10.1177/0272431607302009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P. and Plant , M. 1996 . Drinking, smoking and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom . British medical journal , 313 : 394 – 397 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7054.394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes , U.K. 2010a . Adolescent stress: evaluation of the factor structure of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ-N) . Scandinavian journal of psychology , 51 : 203 – 209 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00803.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moksnes , U.K. 2010b . The association between stress and emotional states in adolescents: the role of gender and self-esteem . Personality and individual differences , 49 : 430 – 435 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossholder , K.V. , Bedein , A.G. and Armenakis , A.A. 1982 . Employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment and turnover , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muris , P. 2001 . A brief questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths . Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment , 23 : 145 – 149 . doi: 10.1023/A:1010961119608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , K.M. , Byrne , D.G. and Rieger , E. 2011 . Investigating adolescent stress and body image . Journal of adolescence , 34 : 269 – 278 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , S. , McQueen , A. and Bray , J.H. 2005 . Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: family environment, peer influence and parental expectations . Journal of adolescent health , 37 : 19 – 28 . doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natvig , G.K. 1999 . School-related stress and psychosomatic symptoms among school adolescents . Journal of school health , 69 : 362 – 368 . doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb06430.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) , 2008 . Young person's behaviour and attitudes survey . Belfast : NISRA .
   Google Scholar
• Percy , A. and Iwaniec , D. 2010 . Teenage drinking: causes and consequences , Saarbrücken : Lambert Academic Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Perreira , K.M. and Sloan , F.A. 2001 . Life events and alcohol consumption among mature adults: a longitudinal analysis . Journal of studies on alcohol , 62 : 501 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrine , N.E. and Aloise-Young , P.A. 2004 . The role of self-monitoring in adolescents’ susceptibility to passive peer pressure . Personality and individual differences , 37 : 1701 – 1716 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , R. 1994 . Relationship of financial strain and psychosocial resources to alcohol use and abuse: the mediating role of negative affect and drinking motives . Journal of health and social behaviour , 35 : 291 – 308 . doi: 10.2307/2137211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett , S.W. , Radmacher , K.A. and Moll-Phanara , D. 2000 . Adolescent life events, stress and coping: a comparison of communities and genders . Professional school counseling , 3 : 356 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Read , J.P. 2003 . Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems . Psychology of addictive behaviors , 17 : 13 – 23 . doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , M.D. 1997 . Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health . Journal of the American medical association , 278 : 823 – 832 . doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riala , K. 2003 . Low educational performance is associated with drunk driving: a 31-year follow-up of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort . Alcohol and alcoholism , 38 : 219 – 223 . doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agg079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riesch , S.K. , Anderson , L.S. and Krueger , H.A. 2006 . Parent-child communication processes: preventing children's health-risk behavior . Journal of the society of pediatric nurses , 11 : 41 – 56 . doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2006.00042.x
   Google Scholar
• Robin , S.S. and Johnson , E.O. 1996 . Attitude and peer cross pressure: adolescent drug use and alcohol use . Journal of drug education , 26 : 69 – 99 . doi: 10.2190/W8QF-V3KF-N9C3-86UE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roddenberry , A. and Renk , K. 2010 . Locus of control and self-efficacy: potential mediators of stress, illness, and utilization of health services in college students . Child psychology and human development , 41 : 353 – 370 . doi: 10.1007/s10578-010-0173-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1979 . Conceiving the self , New York , NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1989 . Society and the adolescent self-image , Revised edition , Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph , D.R. 2002 . Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence . Journal of adolescent health , 30 : 3 – 13 . doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00383-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier , L.M. 2000 . Dynamic growth models of self-esteem and adolescent alcohol use . Journal of early adolescence , 20 : 178 – 209 . doi: 10.1177/0272431600020002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg , J. 1994 . High school educational success and subsequent substance use: a panel analysis following adolescents into young adulthood . Journal of health and social behavior , 35 : 45 – 62 . doi: 10.2307/2137334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg , J. 1996 . Getting drunk and growing up: trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood . Journal of studies on alcohol , 57 : 289 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg , J. 1999 . On peer influences to get drunk: a panel study of young adolescents . Merrill-Palmer quarterly , 45 : 108 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley , M. and Pakenham , K.I. 2004 . External health locus of control and general self-efficacy: moderators of emotional distress among university students . Australian journal of psychology , 56 : 191 – 199 . doi: 10.1080/00049530412331283336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields , A.L. 2008 . Score reliability of adolescent alcohol screening measures: a meta-analytic inquiry . Journal of child & adolescent substance abuse , 17 : 75 – 97 . doi: 10.1080/15470650802292855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaff , M.M. , Finney , J.W. and Moos , R.H. 1999 . Gender differences in problem drinking and depression: different vulnerabilities? . American journal of community psychology , 27 : 25 – 54 . doi: 10.1023/A:1022813727823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetana , J.G. 1991 . “ Conflict and adaptation in adolescence: adolescent-parent conflict ” . In Adolescent stress: causes and consequences , Edited by: Colten , M.E. and Gore , S. 43 – 60 . New York , NY : Aldine De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , L. and Foxcroft , D.R. 2009 . Drinking in the UK: an exploration of trends , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Sobeck , J. 2000 . Predicting early adolescent substance use: do risk factors differ depending on age of onset? . Journal of substance abuse , 11 : 89 – 102 . doi: 10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00022-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinberg , L. 2001 . We know some things: parent-adolescent relations in retrospect and prospect . Journal of research on adolescence , 11 : 1 – 19 . doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.00001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suldo , S.M. and Shaffer , E.J. 2007 . Evaluation of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children in two samples of American adolescents . Journal of psychoeducational assessment , 25 : 341 – 355 . doi: 10.1177/0734282907300636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzesniewski , K.H. , Donnellan , M.B. and Robins , R.W. 2003 . Stability of self-esteem across the life span . Journal of personality and social psychology , 84 : 205 – 220 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udry , J.R. , Li , R.M. and Hendrickson-Smith , J. 2003 . Health and behaviour risks of adolescents with mixed race identity . American journal of public health , 93 : 1865 – 1870 . doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urberg , K.A. , Değirmencioğlu , S.M. and Pilgrim , C. 1997 . Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use . Developmental psychology , 33 : 834 – 844 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Vorst , H. , Burk , W.J. and Engels , R.C.M.E. 2010 . The role of parental alcohol-specific communication in early adolescents’ alcohol use . Drug and alcohol dependence , 111 : 183 – 190 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velleman , R. 2009 . How do children and young people learn about alcohol: a major review of the literature [online] . For the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from: http://www.bath.ac.uk/health/mhrdu/RVJRFreviewfinalpdf2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Waaktaar , T. 2004 . The role of stressful life events in the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence – a longitudinal study . Journal of adolescence , 27 : 153 – 163 . doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , P. and Sweeting , H. 2003 . Fifteen, female and stressed: changing patterns of psychological distress over time . Journal of child psychology and psychiatry , 44 : 399 – 411 . doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlake , S. and Yar , M. 2006 . “ Smoking, drinking and drug use ” . In Focus on health , Edited by: Bajekal , M. , Osborne , V. , Yar , M. and Meltzer , H. 33 – 46 . Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Winters , K.C. , Latimer , W.W. and Stinchfield , R.D. 2002 . Clinical issues in the assessment of adolescent alcohol and other drug use . Behaviour research and therapy , 40 : 1443 – 1456 . doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00041-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M.A. and Schmeelk-Cone , K.H. 2003 . A longitudinal analysis of adolescent substance use and school motivation among African-American youth . Journal of research on adolescence , 13 : 185 – 210 . doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.1302003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zufferey , A. 2007 . Cumulative risk factors for adolescent alcohol misuse and its perceived consequences among 16- to 20-year-old adolescents in Switzerland . Preventive medicine , 45 : 233 – 239 . doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar