Labour market participation among young refugees in Sweden and the potential of education: a national cohort study

References

• Bäckman, Olof, and Eva Franzén. 2007. “Employment and the Labour Market (Chapter 2).” International Journal of Social Welfare 16 (s1): S35–S66.
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman, Olof, Vibeke Jakobsen, Thomas Lorentzen, Eva Österbacka, and Espen Dahl. 2011. “Dropping Out in Scandinavia: Social Exclusion and Labour Market Attachment Among Upper Secondary School Dropouts in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.” Arbetsrapport/Institutet för Framtidsstudier 2011: 8.
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman, Olof, Vibeke Jakobsen, Thomas Lorentzen, Eva Österbacka, and Espen Dahl. 2015. “Early School Leaving in Scandinavia: Extent and Labour Market Effects.” Journal of European Social Policy 25 (3): 253–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckman, Olof, and Anders Nilsson. 2016. “Long-term Consequences of Being Not in Employment, Education or Training as a Young Adult: Stability and Change in Three Swedish Birth Cohorts.” European Societies 18 (2): 136–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barham, Catherine, Annette Walling, Gareth Clancy, Stephen Hicks, and Sarah Conn. 2009. “Young People and the Labour Market.” Economic & Labour Market Review 3 (4): 17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Basilio, Leilanie, and Thomas K Bauer. 2010. “Transferability of Human Capital and Immigrant Assimilation – An Analysis for Germany.” Ruhr Economic Paper (164).
   Google Scholar
• Bean, Tammy, Ilse Derluyn, Elisabeth Eurelings-Bontekoe, Eric Broekaert, and Philip Spinhoven. 2007. “Comparing Psychological Distress, Traumatic Stress Reactions, and Experiences of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors with Experiences of Adolescents Accompanied by Parents.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195 (4): 288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behtoui, Alireza. 2004. “Unequal Opportunities for Young People with Immigrant Backgrounds in the Swedish Labour Market.” Labour (committee. on Canadian Labour History) 18 (4): 633–660.
   Google Scholar
• Bevelander, Pieter, and Ravi Pendakur. 2014. “The Labour Market Integration of Refugee and Family Reunion Immigrants: A Comparison of Outcomes in Canada and Sweden.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (5): 689–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkenstam, Charlotte, Gunilla Ringbäck Weitoft, Anders Hjern, Peter Nordström, Johan Hallqvist, and Rickard Ljung. 2011. “School Grades, Parental Education and Suicide – A National Register-based Cohort Study.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 65 (11): 993–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch, Alice. 2002. Refugees’ Opportunities and Barriers in Employment and Training (179): Corporate Document Services Leeds.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch, Alice. 2008. “Refugees in the UK Labour Market: The Conflict Between Economic Integration and Policy-led Labour Market Restriction.” Journal of Social Policy 37 (01): 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Bratsberg, Bernt, and James F Ragan Jr. 2002. “The Impact of Host-country Schooling on Earnings: A Study of Male Immigrants in the United States.” The Journal of Human Resources 37, 63–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bynner, John, and Samantha Parsons. 2002. “Social Exclusion and the Transition from School to Work: The Case of Young People not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET).” Journal of Vocational Behavior 60 (2): 289–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çelikaksoy, Aycan, and Eskil Wadensjö. 2016. “Kartläggning av erfarenheter och forskning om ensamkommande flyktingbarn i Sverige och andra länder: Rapport till Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet.” Rapport 2016: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, Sin Yi, and Jenny Phillimore. 2014. “Refugees, Social Capital, and Labour Market Integration in the UK.” Sociology 48 (3): 518–536.
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, Barry R, Yinon Cohen, and Tzippi Zach. 1997. “The Labor Market Status of Immigrants: Effects of the Unemployment Rate at Arrival and Duration of Residence.” ILR Review 50 (2): 289–303.
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, Barry R, and Paul W Miller. 2008. “Why Is the Payoff to Schooling Smaller for Immigrants?” Labour Economics 15 (6): 1317–1340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colic-Peisker, Val, and Farida Tilbury. 2006. “Employment Niches for Recent Refugees: Segmented Labour Market in Twenty-first Century Australia.” Journal of Refugee Studies 19 (2): 203–229.
   Google Scholar
• Commission, European. 2011. Youth Neither in Employment Nor Education and Training (NEET) Presentation of data for the 27 Member States EC, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, Phillip. 2010. “Explaining the Refugee Gap: Economic Outcomes of Refugees Versus Other Immigrants.” Journal of Refugee Studies 23 (3): 377–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong, Joop TVM, Ivan H Komproe, and Mark Van Ommeren. 2003. “Common Mental Disorders in Postconflict Settings.” The Lancet 361 (9375): 2128–2130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derluyn, Ilse, Cindy Mels, and Eric Broekaert. 2009. “Mental Health Problems in Separated Refugee Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescent Health 44 (3): 291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vroome, Thomas, and Frank Van Tubergen. 2010. “The Employment Experience of Refugees in the Netherlands1.” International Migration Review 44 (2): 376–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich, Hans. 2013. “Youth Unemployment in the Period 2001–2010 and the European Crisis-Looking at the Empirical Evidence.” Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 19 (3): 305–324.
   Google Scholar
• Duvander, Ann-Zofie E. 2001. “Do Country-specific Skills Lead to Improved Labor Market Positions? An Analysis of Unemployment and Labor Market Returns to Education among Immigrants in Sweden.” Work and Occupations 28 (2): 210–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurostat. 2016. Asylum Applicants Considered to be Unaccompanied Minors. Almost 90 000 Unaccompanied Minors among Asylum Seekers Registered in the EU in 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, Mina, Jeremy Wheeler, and John Danesh. 2005. “Prevalence of Serious Mental Disorder in 7000 Refugees Resettled in Western Countries: A Systematic Review.” The Lancet 365 (9467): 1309–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg, Rachel M. 2000. “You Can't Take It with You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital.” Journal of Labor Economics 18 (2): 221–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, Andy. 2006. “Not a Very NEET Solution: Representing Problematic Labour Market Transitions among Early School-leavers.” Work, Employment and Society 20 (3): 553–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, Andy, and Fred Cartmel. 2006. Young People and Social Change. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Girard, Magali. 2010. “Match Between Pre- and Postmigration Education Among New Immigrants: Determinants and Payoffs.” The Canadian Journal of Higher Education 40 (3): 81.
   Google Scholar
• Grand, Carl le, and Ryszard Szulkin. 2002. “Permanent Disadvantage or Gradual Integration: Explaining the Immigrant–Native Earnings Gap in Sweden.” Labour (committee. on Canadian Labour History) 16 (1): 37–64.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjern, Anders. 2004. “Illicit Drug Abuse in Second-generation Immigrants: A Register Study in a National Cohort of Swedish Residents.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 32 (1): 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjern, Anders. 2012. “Migration and public health: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 13.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 40 (9 Suppl.): 255–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjern, Anders, Frank Lindblad, and Bo Vinnerljung. 2002. “Suicide, Psychiatric Illness, and Social Maladjustment in Intercountry Adoptees in Sweden: A Cohort Study.” The Lancet 360 (9331): 443–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander, Anna-Clara, Henrik Dal, Glyn Lewis, Cecilia Magnusson, James B Kirkbride, and Christina Dalman. 2016. “Refugee Migration and Risk of Schizophrenia and Other Non-affective Psychoses: Cohort Study of 1.3 Million People in Sweden.” BMJ 352: i1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddleston, Thomas, Ozge Bilgili, Anne-Linde Joki, and Zvezda Vankova. 2015. Migrant Integration Policy Index 2015. Barcelona: CIDOB and MPG.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. 2016. “World Employment Social Outlook - Trends for youth 2016.” Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Joona, Pernilla Andersson, Nabanita Datta Gupta, and Eskil Wadensjö. 2014. “Overeducation Among Immigrants in Sweden: Incidence, Wage Effects and State Dependence.” IZA Journal of Migration 3: 9.
   Google Scholar
• Kalter, Frank, and Irena Kogan. 2006. “Ethnic Inequalities at the Transition from School to Work in Belgium and Spain: Discrimination or Self-exclusion?” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 24 (3): 259–274.
   Google Scholar
• Kanas, Agnieszka, and Frank Van Tubergen. 2009. “The Impact of Origin and Host Country Schooling on the Economic Performance of Immigrants.” Social Forces 88 (2): 893–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, Laurence J, Lavanya Narasiah, Marie Munoz, Meb Rashid, Andrew G Ryder, Jaswant Guzder, Ghayda Hassan, Cécile Rousseau, and Kevin Pottie. 2011. “Common Mental Health Problems in Immigrants and Refugees: General Approach in Primary Care.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 183 (12): E959–E967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamba, Navjot K. 2003. “The Employment Experiences of Canadian Refugees: Measuring the Impact of Human and Social Capital on Quality of Employment*.” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 40 (1): 45–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lindley, Joanne. 2009. “The Over-education of UK Immigrants and Minority Ethnic Groups: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey.” Economics of Education Review 28 (1): 80–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundborg, Per. 2013. “Refugees’ Employment Integration in Sweden: Cultural Distance and Labor Market Performance.” Review of International Economics 21 (2): 219–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhica, Hélio, Anna-Clara Hollander, Ylva B Almqvist, Mikael Rostil, and Anders Hjern. 2016. “Origin and Schizophrenia in Young Refugees and Inter-country Adoptees from Latin America and East Africa in Sweden: A Comparative Study.” British Journal of Psychiatry Open 2 (1): 6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, and Eurofound. 2016. Exploring the Diversity of NEETs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Mascherini, Massimiliano, Lidia Salvatore, Anja Meierkord, and Jean-Marie Jungblut. 2012. NEETS: Young People Not in Employment, Education or Training: Characteristics, Costs and Policy Responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Migrationsverket. 2016. “Asylsökande Till Sverige Under 2000-2017.”Accessed June 1, 2018. https://www.migrationsverket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Statistik/Oversikter-och-statistik-fran-tidigare-ar.html.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, Edith. 2011. “Trauma, Exile and Mental Health in Young Refugees.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 124 (s440): 1–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nekby, Lena. 2002. “Employment Convergence of Immigrants and Natives in Sweden”. Working Paper Series 169, Trade Union Institute for Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, Anders. “Causes and Consequences of Being not in Employment, Education or Training as a Young Adult. Stability and Change in Three Swedish Birth Cohorts.”.
   Google Scholar
• OECD/EU. 2015. Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Parusel, Bernd. 2016. Sweden’s Asylum Procedures. Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
   Google Scholar
• Rosén, Mans. 2002. “National Health Data Registers: A Nordic Heritage to Public Health.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 30 (2): 81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydgren, Jens. 2004. “Mechanisms of Exclusion: Ethnic Discrimination in the Swedish Labour Market.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 (4): 697–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semyonov, Moshe, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2005. “Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison Between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers.” International Migration Review 39 (1): 45–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamesberger, Dennis, and Johann Bacher. 2014. “NEET Youth in Austria: A Typology Including Socio-demography, Labour Market Behaviour and Permanence.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (9): 1239–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansel, Aysit. 1994. “Wage Employment, Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey.” Economics of Education Review 13 (4): 305–320.
   Google Scholar
• Tieman, Wendy, Jan van der Ende, and Frank C Verhulst. 2005. “Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adult Intercountry Adoptees: An Epidemiological Study.” American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (3): 592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR. 2011. Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries, 2011: Statistical Overview of Asylum Applications Lodged in Europe and Selected Non-European Countries.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. 2016a. Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2016.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR, Global Trends. 2016b. “Forced Displacement in 2015.” August 22, 2016 UNHCR Official Webpage. http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-recordhigh.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wiesbrock, Anja. 2011. “The Integration of Immigrants in Sweden: A Model for the European Union?” International Migration 49 (4): 48–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, Scott, and Malcolm Payne. 2006. “Not so NEET? A Critique of the Use of ‘NEET’ in Setting Targets for Interventions with Young People.” Journal of Youth Studies 9 (3): 329–344.
   Google Scholar