764
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Excluded generation: the growing challenges of labor market insertion for Egyptian youth

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 186-212 | Received 01 Jun 2018, Accepted 05 Jan 2020, Published online: 20 Jan 2020

References

  • Amer, Mona. 2009. “The Egyptian Youth Labor Market School-to-Work Transition, 1988-2006.” In The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited, edited by Ragui Assaad, 177–218. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Amer, Mona. 2015. “Patterns of Labor Market Insertion in Egypt, 1998-2012.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 70–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Amin, Sajeda, and Nagah H. Al-Bassusi. 2004. “Education, Wage Work, and Marriage: Perspectives of Egyptian Working Women.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (5): 1287–1299. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00093.x
  • Angel-Urdinola, Diego F., and Amina Semlali. 2010. “ Labor Markets and School-to-Work Transition in Egypt: Diagnostics, Constraints, and Policy Framework.” MPRA Paper 27674. University Library of Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • Assaad, Ragui. 1997. “The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and Compensation Policies on the Egyptian Labor Market.” The World Bank Economic Review 11 (1): 85–118. doi: 10.1093/wber/11.1.85
  • Assaad, Ragui. 2009. “Labor Supply, Employment, and Unemployment in the Egyptian Economy, 1988-2006.” In The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited, edited by Ragui Assaad, 1–52. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui. 2013. “Equality for All? Egypt’s Free Public Higher Education Policy Breeds Inequality of Opportunity.” In Is There Equality of Opportunity under Free Higher Education in Egypt? (Arabic), edited by Asmaa Elbadawy, 83–100. New York, NY: Population Council.
  • Assaad, Ragui. 2014. “Making Sense of Arab Labor Markets: The Enduring Legacy of Dualism.” IZA Journal of Labor & Development 3 (1): 1–25. doi: 10.1186/2193-9020-3-6
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Ghada Barsoum. 2007. “ Youth Exclusion in Egypt: In Search of ‘Second Chances.’” The Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 2. Washington, DC: Wolfensohn Center for Development & Dubai School of Government.
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Ghada Barsoum. 2009. “Rising Expectations and Diminishing Opportunities for Egypt’s Young.” In Generation in Waiting: The Unfulfilled Promise of Young People in the Middle East, edited by Navtej Dhillon and Tarik Yousef, 67–94. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Christine Binzel, and May Gadallah. 2010. “Transitions to Employment and Marriage among Young Men in Egypt.” Middle East Development Journal 2 (1): 39–88. doi: 10.1142/S1793812010000162
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Fatma El-Hamidi. 2009. “Women in the Egyptian Labor Market: An Analysis of Developments, 1988-2006.” In The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited, edited by Ragui Assaad, 219–258. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Rana Hendy, Moundir Lassassi, and Shaimaa Yassin. 2018. “ Explaining the MENA Paradox: Rising Educational Attainment, Yet Stagnant Female Labor Force Participation.” IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 11385. Bonn, Germany.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Rana Hendy, and Chaimaa Yassine. 2014. “Gender and the Jordanian Labor Market.” In The Jordanian Labour Market in the New Millennium, edited by Ragui Assaad, 105–143. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Caroline Krafft. 2013. “The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey: Introducing the 2012 Round.” IZA Journal of Labor & Development 2 (8): 1–30.
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Caroline Krafft. 2015a. “The Structure and Evolution of Employment in Egypt: 1998-2012.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 27–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Caroline Krafft. 2015b. “An Empirical Analysis of the Economics of Marriage in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Policies and Practices. Vol. 2., edited by Celestin Monga and Justin Yifu Lin, 533–556. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, and Caroline Krafft. 2015c. “The Economics of Marriage in North Africa: A Unifying Theoretical Framework.” In The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Contexts and Concepts, edited by Celestin Monga and Justin Yifu Lin, 72–85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Caroline Krafft, John Roemer, and Djavad Salehi-Isfahani. 2018. “Inequality of Opportunity in Wages and Consumption in Egypt.” Review of Income and Wealth 64 (S1): S26–S54. doi: 10.1111/roiw.12289
  • Assaad, Ragui, Caroline Krafft, and Djavad Salehi-Isfahani. 2018. “Does the Type of Higher Education Affect Labor Market Outcomes? Evidence from Egypt and Jordan.” Higher Education 75 (6): 945–995. doi: 10.1007/s10734-017-0179-0
  • Assaad, Ragui, Caroline Krafft, and Irene Selwaness. 2017. “ The Impact of Marriage on Women’s Employment in the Middle East and North Africa.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1086. Cairo.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Caroline Krafft, and Shaimaa Yassin. 2018. “Comparing Retrospective and Panel Data Collection Methods to Assess Labor Market Dynamics.” IZA Journal of Development and Migration 8 (17): 1–34.
  • Assaad, Ragui, Shaimaa Yassin, and Caroline Krafft. 2018. “ Job Creation or Labor Absorption? An Analysis of Private Sector Job Growth by Industry in Egypt.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1237. Cairo.
  • Backeberg, Leonie, and Jochen Tholen. 2018. “The Frustrated Generation Youth Exclusion in Arab Mediterranean Societies.” Journal of Youth Studies 21 (4): 515–534. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2017.1394996
  • Barsoum, Ghada. 2004. The Employment Crisis of Female Graduates in Egypt: An Ethnographic Account. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
  • Barsoum, Ghada. 2015. “Young People’s Job Aspirations in Egypt and the Continued Preference for a Government Job.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 108–126. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Binzel, Christine. 2011. “ Decline in Social Mobility: Unfulfilled Aspirations among Egypt’s Educated Youth.” IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 6139. Bonn, Germany.
  • Binzel, Christine, and Jean-Paul Carvalho. 2013. “ Education, Social Mobility and Religious Movements: A Theory of the Islamic Revival in Egypt.” IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 7259. Bonn, Germany.
  • Brzinsky-Fay, Christian. 2010. “‌The Concept of Transitional Labour Markets: A Theoretical and Methodological Inventory.” WZB Discussion Paper No. SP I 2010-507. Berlin, Germany.
  • Bynner, John. 2005. “Rethinking the Youth Phase of the Life-Course: The Case for Emerging Adulthood?” Journal of Youth Studies 8 (4): 367–384. doi: 10.1080/13676260500431628
  • Campante, Filipe R., and Davin Chor. 2012. “Why Was the Arab World Poised for Revolution? Schooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 26 (2): 167–188. doi: 10.1257/jep.26.2.167
  • Chekir, Hamouda, and Ishac Diwan. 2015. “Crony Capitalism in Egypt.” Journal of Globalisation and Development 5 (2): 177–211.
  • Crivello, Gina. 2011. “‘Becoming Somebody’: Youth Transitions through Education and Migration in Peru.” Journal of Youth Studies 14 (4): 395–411. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2010.538043
  • Desai, Raj M., Anders Olofsgård, and Tarik M. Yousef. 2009. “The Logic of Authoritarian Bargains.” Economics and Politics 21 (1): 93–125. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0343.2008.00337.x
  • Devarajan, Shantayanan, and Elena Ianchovichina. 2018. “A Broken Social Contract, Not High Inequality, Led to the Arab Spring.” Review of Income and Wealth 64 (S1): S5–S25. doi: 10.1111/roiw.12288
  • Dhillon, Navtej, Paul Dyer, and Tarik Yousef. 2009. “Generation in Waiting: An Overview of School to Work and Family Formation Transitions.” In Generation in Waiting: The Unfulfilled Promise of Young People in the Middle East, edited by Navtej Dhillon and Tarik M. Yousef, 11–38. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Dhillon, Navtej, and Tarik Yousef. 2009. Generation in Waiting: The Unfulfilled Promise of Young People in the Middle East. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Diwan, Ishac, Philip Keefer, and Marc Schiffbauer. 2014. On Top of the Pyramids: Cronyism and Private Sector Growth in Egypt. Washington, DC: World Bank. Mimeo.
  • Dougherty, Christopher. 2014. “ The Labour Market for Youth in Egypt: Evidence from the 2012 School to Work Transition Survey.” Silatech Working Paper No. 14–2. Doha, Qatar: Silatech.
  • El-Kogali, Safaa El Tayeb, and Caroline Krafft. 2020. Expectations and Aspirations: A New Framework for Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Elman, Cheryl, and Angela M. O’Rand. 2007. “The Effects of Social Origins, Life Events, and Institutional Sorting on Adults’ School Transitions.” Social Science Research 36 (3): 1276–1299. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.11.001
  • El-Zanaty and Associates. 2007. “ School-to-Work Transition: Evidence from Egypt.” ILO Employment Policy Papers No. 2007/2. Geneva.
  • Filmer, Deon, and Lant H. Pritchett. 2001. “Estimating Wealth Effects Without Expenditure Data–Or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India.” Demography 38 (1): 115–132.
  • Gebel, Michael, and Stefanie Heyne. 2014. Transitions to Adulthood in the Middle East and North Africa: Young Women’s Rising? New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gebel, Michael, and Stefanie Heyne. 2016. “Delayed Transitions in Times of Increasing Uncertainty: School-to-Work Transition and the Delay of First Marriage in Jordan.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46 (A): 37–49.
  • Han, Shin-Kap, and Phyllis Moen. 1999. “Work and Family over Time: A Life Course Approach.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 562: 98–110. doi: 10.1177/000271629956200107
  • Hendy, Rana. 2015. “Women’s Participation in the Egyptian Labor Market.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 147–161. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Heyne, Stefanie, and Michael Gebel. 2016. “Education Effects on the School-to-Work Transition in Egypt: A Cohort Comparison of Labor Market Entrants 1970–2012.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46: 37–49. doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2016.02.007
  • Hoodfar, Homa. 1997. Between Marriage and the Market: Intimate Politics and Survival in Cairo. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Iannelli, Cristina, and Emer Smyth. 2008. “Mapping Gender and Social Background Differences in Education and Youth Transitions across Europe.” Journal of Youth Studies 11 (2): 213–232. doi: 10.1080/13676260701863421
  • Joffé, George. 2011. “The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects.” The Journal of North African Studies 16 (4): 507–532. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.630881
  • Kandil, Hazem. 2012. “Why Did the Egyptian Middle Class March to Tahrir Square?” Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 197–215. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2012.694044
  • Karshenas, Massoud, Valentine M. Moghadam, and Randa Alami. 2014. “Social Policy after the Arab Spring: States and Social Rights in the MENA Region.” World Development 64: 726–739. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.002
  • Kogan, Irena. 2011. “When Informal Is Normal … On the Role of Credentials and Contacts for the Job Entry in Serbia.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 29 (4): 445–458. doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2011.03.001
  • Krafft, Caroline. 2018. “Is School the Best Route to Skills? Returns to Vocational School and Vocational Skills in Egypt.” The Journal of Development Studies 54 (7): 1100–1120. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1329524
  • Krafft, Caroline, and Halimat Alawode. 2018. “Inequality of Opportunity in Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Journal of Educational Development 62: 234–244. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.05.005
  • Krafft, Caroline, and Ragui Assaad. 2014. “ Why the Unemployment Rate Is a Misleading Indicator of Labor Market Health in Egypt.” Economic Research Forum Policy Perspective No. 14. Cairo.
  • Krafft, Caroline, and Ragui Assaad. 2015. “ Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market for Higher Education Graduates in Egypt and Jordan.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 932. Cairo.
  • Krafft, Caroline, and Ragui Assaad. 2017. “ Employment’s Role in Enabling and Constraining Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1080. Cairo.
  • Krafft, Caroline, Zea Branson, and Taylor Flak. 2019. “What’s the Value of a Degree? Returns to Education in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. doi:10.1080/03057925.2019.1590801.
  • Kuhn, Randall. 2012. “On the Role of Human Development in the Arab Spring.” Population and Development Review 38 (4): 649–683. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00531.x
  • Malik, Adeel, and Bassem Awadallah. 2013. “The Economics of the Arab Spring.” World Development 45: 296–313. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.12.015
  • Miyata, Sachiko, and Hiroyuki Yamada. 2017. “Do Female Gender Role Attitudes Affect Labour Market Participation in Egypt?” The Journal of Development Studies 52 (6): 876–894. doi: 10.1080/00220388.2015.1113262
  • Moghadam, Valentine M. 2003. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Moghadam, Valentine M. 2013. “What Is Democracy? Promises and Perils of the Arab Spring.” Current Sociology 61 (4): 393–408. doi: 10.1177/0011392113479739
  • Mortimer, Jeylan T., and Michael J. Shanahan. 2003. Handbook of the Life Course. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Mullis, Ina V. S., Michael O. Martin, Pierre Foy, and Martin Hooper. 2015. “‌TIMSS 2015 International Results in Mathematics.” IEA TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston, MA
  • OAMDI. 2016. “ Labor Market Panel Surveys (LMPS). Version 2.2 of Licensed Data Files; ELMPS 2012.” Cairo: Economic Research Forum.
  • Pace, Michelle, and Francesco Cavatorta. 2012. “The Arab Uprisings in Theoretical Perspective – An Introduction.” Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 125–138. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2012.694040
  • Pallas, Aaron M. 2002. “Educational Transitions, Trajectories, and Pathways.” In Handbook of the Life Course, edited by Jeylan T. Mortimer and Michael J. Shanahan, 165–184. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Peou, Chivoin, and Jens Zinn. 2015. “Cambodian Youth Managing Expectations and Uncertainties of the Life Course – A Typology of Biographical Management.” Journal of Youth Studies 18 (6): 726–742. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2014.992328
  • Posti-Ahoka, Hanna, and Paivi Palojoki. 2014. “Navigating Transitions to Adulthood: Aspirations and the Value of Education for Tanzanian Girls.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (5): 664–681. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2013.853871
  • Richards, Alan, John Waterbury, Melani Cammett, and Ishac Diwan. 2014. A Political Economy of the Middle East. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Roushdy, Rania, and Irene Selwaness. 2015. “Duration to Coverage: Dynamics of Access to Social Security in the Egyptian Labor Market in the 1998-2012 Period.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 241–258. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rugh, William A. 2002. “Arab Education: Tradition, Growth and Reform.” The Middle East Journal 56 (3): 396–414.
  • Said, Mona. 2015. “Wages and Inequality in the Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Financial Crisis and Revolution.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 52–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad. 2012. “Education, Jobs, and Equity in the Middle East and North Africa.” Comparative Economic Studies 54 (4): 843–861. doi: 10.1057/ces.2012.41
  • Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad, and Navtej Dhillon. 2008. “ Stalled Youth Transitions in the Middle East: A Framework for Policy Reform.” Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 8.
  • Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad, Insan Tunali, and Ragui Assaad. 2009. “A Comparative Study of Returns to Education of Urban Men in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey.” Middle East Development Journal 1 (2): 145–187. doi: 10.1142/S1793812009000085
  • Salem, Rania. 2014. “Trends and Differentials in Jordanian Marriage Behavior: Timing, Spousal Characteristics, Household Structure and Matrimonial Expenditures.” In The Jordanian Labour Market in the New Millennium, edited by Ragui Assaad, 189–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Salem, Rania. 2015. “Changes in the Institution of Marriage in Egypt from 1998 to 2012.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 162–181. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Salemi, Colette. 2015. “ Inequality of Opportunity and Socioeconomic Discrimination in the Egyptian Labor Market: A Mixed Methods Study of University-Educated Young Females.” The University of Chicago.
  • Schoon, Ingrid, and Mark Lyons-Amos. 2016. “Diverse Pathways in Becoming an Adult: The Role of Structure, Agency and Context.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46: 11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2016.02.008
  • Shaalan, Khaled. 2014. “ The Political Agency of Egypt’s Upper Middle Class: Neoliberalism, Social Status Reproduction and the State.” University of London.
  • Sieverding, Maia. 2012. Gender and Generational Change in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Singerman, Diane. 2007. “ The Economic Imperatives of Marriage: Emerging Practices and Identities Among Youth in the Middle East.” Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 6.
  • Unay-Gailhard, İlkay. 2016. “Job Access after Leaving Education: A Comparative Analysis of Young Women and Men in Rural Germany.” Journal of Youth Studies 19 (10): 1355–1381. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2016.1166189
  • Vancea, Mihaela, and Mireia Utzet. 2018. “School-to-Work Transition: The Case of Spanish NEETs.” Journal of Youth Studies 21 (7): 869–887. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2017.1421313
  • Virdia, Simone, and Steffen Schindler. 2019. “Educational Upgrading, Career Advancement, and Social Inequality Development from a Life-Course Perspective in Germany.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 60: 29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2019.02.002
  • Wahba, Jackline. 2015. “Through the Keyhole: International Migration in Egypt.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, edited by Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft, 198–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • World Bank. 2004. Unlocking the Employment Potential in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. 2008. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. 2013. Opening Doors: Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. 2014. Arab Republic of Egypt: More Jobs, Better Jobs: A Priority for Egypt. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.