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International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Volume 35, 2000 - Issue 1
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Research Article

Pitch change in male-to-female transsexuals: has phonosurgery a role to play?

M. Brown, A. Perry, A. D. Cheesman, T. Pring City University, London, UK; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
Pages 129-136 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

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  • CHILDERS, D. G. and Wu, K., 1991, Gender recognition from speech. Part II: Fine analysis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90, 1841-1856.
  • FAIRBANKS, G., 1960, Voice and Articulation Drillbook, 2nd edn (New York: Harper & Brothers).
  • GUNZBURGER, D., 1989, Voice adaptation by transsexuals. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 3,163-172.
  • GUNZBURGER, D., 1993, An acoustic analysis and some perceptual data concerning voice change in male--female transsexuals. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 28, 13-21.
  • GUNZBURGER, D. and DE VRIES, M, 1989, How do minor acoustical cues affect male and female voice quality? In Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communcation and Technology, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: CEP Consultants).
  • ISSHIKI, N., 1984, Phonosurgery: external laryngeal surgery not requiring entry into the vocal tract. In W. J. Gould and V. L. Lawrence (eds), Surgical Care of Yoke Disorders (Vienna: Springer).
  • ISSHIKI, N., MORITA, H., ODAMURA, H. and HIRAMOTO, M, 1974, Thyroplasty as a new phonosurgical technique. Acta Otolaryngology, 78, 451-57.
  • ISSHIKI, N., OKAMURA, H. and ISHIKAWA, T., 1975, Thyroplasty type I (lateral compression) for dysphonia due to vocal cord paralysis of atrophy. Acta Otolaryngology, 80, 465-473.
  • MONEY, J. and WALKER, P., 1977, Counselling the transsexual In M. Money (ed.), Handbook of Sexology (Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland), pp. 1289-1301.
  • SPENCER, L. E., 1988, Speech characteristics of male-to-female trans-sexuals: a perceptual and acoustic study. Folia Phoniatrica, 40, 31-42.
  • WOLFE, V., RATUSNIK, D., SMITH, F. and NORTHROP, G., 1990, Intonation and fundamental frequency in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Speech and Heating Disorders, 55, 43-50.

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