111
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Verbal deficits in Down's syndrome and specific language impairment: a comparison

&
Pages 423-451 | Received 12 Sep 2003, Accepted 13 Feb 2004, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • ABBEDUTO, L., EVANS, J. and DOLAN, T., 2001a, Theoretical perspectives on language and communication problems in mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 1, 45—55.
  • ABBEDUTO, L., PAVETTO, M., KESIN, E., WEISSMAN, M. D., KARADOTTIR, S. and O'BRIEN, A., et al. 2001b, The linguistic and cognitive profile of Down syndrome: evidence from a comparison with fragile X syndrome. Down Syndrome: Research and Practice, 7, 9—15.
  • ADAMS, A.-M. and GATHERCOLE, S. E., 2000, Limitations in working memory: implications for language development. International Journal of Language and Communication, 35, 95—116.
  • ADAMS, C., 1990, Syntactic comprehension in children with expressive language impairment. British Journal of Disorders of Communication Impairment, 25, 149—171.
  • AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV], 4th edn (Washington, DC: APA).
  • ARAM, D., EKELMAN, B. and NATION, J., 1984, Preschoolers with language disorders: 10 years later. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 27, 232—244.
  • BADDELEY, A. D., 1986, Working Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • BADDELEY, A. D. and HITCH, G., 1974, Working memory. In G. Bower (ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol.8 (New York: Academic Press), pp. 47—90.
  • BADDELEY, A. D., GATHERCOLE, S. E. and PAPAGNO, C., 1998, The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105, 158—173.
  • BARRETT, M. D. and DINIZ, F. A., 1989, Lexical development in mentally handicapped children. In M. Beveridge, G. Conti-Ramsden and I. Leudar (eds), Language and Communication in Mentally Handicapped People (London: Chapman & Hall), pp. 3—32.
  • BEEGHLEY, M., WEISS-PERRY, B. and CICCHETTI, D., 1990, Beyond sensorimotor functioning: early communicative and play development of children with Down syndrome. In D. Cicchetti and M. Beeghly (eds), Children with Down Syndrome: A Developmental Perspective (cambridge: cambridge University Press), pp. 329–368.
  • BELLUGI, U., MARKS, S., BIHRLE, A. and SABO, H., 1988, Dissociation between language and cognitive functions in Williams syndrome. In D. V. M. Bishop and K. Mogford (eds), Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances (London: Churchill Livingstone), pp. 117–189.
  • BERGLUND, E., ERIKSSON, M. and JOHANSSON, I., 2001, Parental reports of spoken language skills in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 44, 179–191.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 1979, Comprehension in developmental language disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 21, 225–238.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 1982, Comprehension of spoken, written and signed sentences in childhood language disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 1–20.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 1990, Handedness, clumsiness and developmental language disorders. Neuropsychologia, 28, 681–690.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 1997, Uncommon Understanding (Hove: Psychology Press).
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 2000, Pragmatic language impairment: a correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum? In D. V. M. Bishop and L. B. Leonard (eds), Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome (Hove: Psychology Press), pp. 99–113.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 2001a, Genetic and environmental risks for specific language impairment in children. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 356, 369–380.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 2001b, Genetic influences on language impairment and literacy problems in children: same or different? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 189–198.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 2001c, Individual differences in handedness and specific speech and language impairment: evidence against a genetic link. Behavioural Genetics, 31, 339–351.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., 2002, Motor immaturity and specific language impairment: evidence for a common genetic basis. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 114, 56–63.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M. and ADAMS, C., 1990, A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 1027–1050.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M. and EDMUNDSON, A., 1987a, Language impaired 4-year-olds: distinguishing transient from persistent impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 52, 156–173.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M. and EDMUNDSON, A., 1987b, Specific language impairment as a maturational lag: evidence from longitudinal data on language and motor development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 29, 442–459.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., BISHOP, S. J., BRIGHT, P., JAMES, C., DELANEY, T. and TALLAL, P., 1999, Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 155–168.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., NORTH, T. and DONLAN, C., 1995, Genetic basis of specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37, 56–71.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., NORTH, T. and DONLAN, C., 1996a, Nonword repetition as a phenotypic marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, 37, 391–403.
  • BISHOP, D. V. M., ROSS, V. A., DANIELS, M. S. and BRIGHT, P., 1996b, The measurement of hand preference: a validation study comparing three groups. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 269–285.
  • BLISS, L., 1989, Selected syntactic usage by language-impaired children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 22, 277–289.
  • BOTTING, N., FARAGHAR, B., SIMKIN, Z., KNOX, E. and CONTI-RAMSDEN, G., 2001, Predicting pathways of specific language impairment: what differentiates good and poor outcome? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 1012–1020.
  • BRIDGES, A. and SMITH, J. V., 1984, Syntactic comprehension in Down's syndrome children. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 197–196.
  • BROADLEY, I. and MACDONALD, J., 1993, Teaching short-term memory skills to children with Down's syndrome. Down's .Syndrome: Research and Practice, 1, 56–62.
  • BROWN, R., 1973, First Language (London: Allen & Unwin).
  • BUCKLEY, S., 1993, Developing the speech and language skills of teenagers with Down's syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 1, 63–71.
  • BUCKLEY, S., 1995, Improving the expressive language skills of teenagers with Down's syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 3, 110–115.
  • CAPONE, G. T., 2001, Down syndrome: advances in molecular biology and the neurosciences. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 40–59.
  • CASSELLI, M. C., VICARI, S., LONGOBARDI, E., LAMI, L., PIZZOLI, C. and STELLA, G., 1998, Gestures and words in early development of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 1125–1135.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S., 1995, Language development in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. In P. Fletcher and B. Macwhinney (eds), Handbook of Child Language (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 641–663.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S., 1997, Language development in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 3, 307–312.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S. and HESKETH, L. J., 2000, Behavioural phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 6, 84–95.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S., HESKETH, L. J. and KISTLER, D. J., 2002, Predicting longitudinal change in language production and comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome: hierarchical linear modelling. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 902–915.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S., SCHWARTZ, S. E. and KAY-RAINING BIRD, E., 1991, Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: I. Comprehension. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1106–1120.
  • CHAPMAN, R. S., SEUNG, H. K., SCHWARTZ, S. E. and KAY-RAINING, BIRD, E., 1998, Language skills of children and adults with Down syndrome: production deficits. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 861–873.
  • CHOMSKY, N., 1980, Rules and Representations (New York: Columbia University Press).
  • CHOMSKY, N., 1986, Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use (New York: Praeger).
  • CHUA, R., WEEKS, D.J. and ELLIOTT, D., 1996, A functional systems approach to understanding verbal-motor integration in individuals with Down syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 4, 25–36.
  • CICCHETTI, D., 1984, The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 1–7.
  • CLARK, M. M. and PLANTE, E., 1998, Morphology of the inferior frontal gyrus in developmentally language-disordered adults. Brain and Language, 61, 288–303.
  • COBO-LEWIS, A. B., OLLER, D. K., LYNCH, M. P. and LEVINE, S. L., 1996, Relations of motor and vocal milestones in typically developing infants and infants with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100, 456–467.
  • COHEN, M. J., RICCIO, C. A. and HYND, G. W., 1999, Children with specific language impairment: quantitative and qualitative analysis of dichotic listening performance. Developmental Neuropsychology, 16, 243–252.
  • COMBLAIN, A., 1994, Working memory in Down's syndrome: training the rehearsal strategy. Down's syndrome: Research and Practice, 2, 123–126.
  • CONNERS, F. A., ROSENQUIST, C. J. and TAYLOR, L. A., 2001, Memory training for children with Down syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 7, 25–33.
  • CONNOLLY, B. H., MORGAN, S. B., RUSSELL, F. F. and FULLITON, W. L., 1993, A longitudinal study of children with Down syndrome who experienced early intervention programming. Physical Therapy, 73, 170–181.
  • CONTI-RAMSDEN, G. and HESKETH, A., 2003, Risk markers for SLI: a study of young language-learning children. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 38, 251–263.
  • CONTI-RAMSDEN, G. and BOTTING, N., 1999, Characteristics of children attending language units in England: a national study of 7-year-olds. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 34, 359–366.
  • CONTI-RAMSDEN, G. and WINDFUHR, K., 2004, Productivity with work order and morphology: a comparative look at children with SLI and children with normal language abilities. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 37, 17–30.
  • CORDER E. H., SAUNDERS, A. M., STRITTMATTER, W. J., SHMECHEL, D. E., GASKELL, P. C. and SMALL, G. W., et al. 1993, Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science, 261, 921–923.
  • COYLE, J. T., OSTER-GRANITE, M. L. and GEARHART, J. D., 1986, The neurobiologic consequences of Down syndrome. Brain Research Bulletin, 16, 773–787.
  • CUNNINGHAM, C. and MCARTHUR, 1981, Hearing loss and treatment in young Down's syndrome children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 7, 357–374.
  • CUNNINGHAM, C., GLENN, S., WILKINSON, P. and SLOPER, P., 1985, Mental ability, symbolic play, and expressive language of young children with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 255–265.
  • DAHLE, A. J. and MCCOLLISTER, F. P., 1986, Hearing and otologic disorders in children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 636–642.
  • DAVIES, B., 1996, Auditory disorders. In B. Stratford and P. Gunn (eds), New Approaches to Down Syndrome (London: Cassell), pp. 100–121.
  • DAVIES, G. E., HOWARD, C. M., FARRER, M. J., COLEMAN, M. M., CULLEN, L. M. and WILLIAMSON, R., et al. 1995, Genetic variation in the COL6A1 region is associated with congenital heart defects in trisomy 21, Down's syndrome. Annals of Human Genetics, 59, 253–269.
  • DAVISON, F. M. and HOWLIN, P., 1997, A follow-up study of children attending a primary-age language unit. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32, 19–36.
  • DEL-BO, R., COMI, G. P., BRESOLIN, N., CASTELLI, E., CONTI, E. and DEGIULI, A., et al. 1997, The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele causes a faster decline of cognitive performances in Down syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 145, 87–91.
  • DEVENNY, D. A. and SILVERMAN, W. P., 1990, Speech dysfluency and manual specialisation in Down's syndrome. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 34, 253–260.
  • DEVENNY, D. A., SILVERMAN, W., BALGLEY, H., WALL, M. J. and SIDTIS, J. J., 1990, Specific motor abilities associated with speech fluency in Down's syndrome. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 34, 437–443.
  • DODD, B. and LEAHY, J., 1989, Phonological disorders and mental handicap. In M. Beveridge, G. Conti-Ramsden and Y. Leudar (eds), Language and Communication in Mentally Handicapped People (London: Chapman & Hall), pp. 33–56.
  • DOLLAGHAN, C. and CAMPBELL, T., 1998, Nonword repetition and child language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 1136–1146.
  • DYKENS, E. M. and HODAPP, R. M., 2001, Research in mental retardation: toward an etiologic approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 49–71.
  • DYKENS, E. M., HODAPP, R. M. and EVANS, D. W., 1994, Profiles and development of adaptive behavior in children with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 98, 580–587.
  • EADIE, P. A., FEY, M. E., DOUGLAS, J. M. and PARSONS, C. L., 2002, Profiles of grammatical morphology and sentence imitation in children with specific language impairment and Down syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 720–732.
  • ECKERT, M. A., LEONARD, C. M., RICHARDS, T. L., AYLWARD, E. H., THOMSON, J. and BERNINGER, V., 2003, Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: frontal and cerebellar findings. Brain, 126, 482–494.
  • EDWARDS, J. and LAHEY, M., 1998, Nonword repetitions of children with specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 279–309.
  • ELLIOTT, D., 1985, Manual asymmetries in the performance of sequential movement by adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 90–97.
  • ELLIOTT, D. and WEEKS, D. J., 1993, Cerebral specialization for speech perception and movement organisation in adults with Down's syndrome. Cortex, 29, 103–113.
  • ELLIOTT, D., WEEKS, D. J. and CHUA, R., 1994, Anomalous cerebral lateralisation and Down syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 26, 191–195.
  • ELLIOTT, D., WEEKS, D. J. and JONES, R., 1986, Lateral asymmetries in finger-tapping by adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 472–475.
  • ELLIS WEISMER, S. R., TOMBLIN, J. B., ZHANG, X., BUCKWALTER, P., CHYNOWETH, J. G. and JONES, M., 2000, Nonword repetition performance in school-age children with and without language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43, 865–878.
  • EVENHUIS, H., VAN ZANTEN, G., BROCAAR, M. and ROERDINKHOLDER, W., 1992, Hearing loss in middle-age persons with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 97, 47–56.
  • FENSON, L., DALE, P. S., REZNICK, J. S., THAL, D., BATES, E. and HARTUNG, J. P., et al. 1993, The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories: User's Guide and Technical Manual (San Diego: Singular).
  • FOWLER, A., GELMAN, R. and GLEITMAN, L. R., 1994, The course of language learning in children with Down syndrome. In H. Tager-Flusberg (ed.), Constraints on Language Acquisition (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp. 91–140.
  • FOWLER, A. E., 1988, Determinants of rate of language growth in children with Down syndrome. In L. Nadel (ed.), The Psychobiology of Down Syndrome (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 217–245.
  • FOWLER, A. E., 1990, Language abilities in children with Down syndrome: evidence for a specific syntactic delay. in D. Cicchetti and M. Beeghly (eds), Children with Down Syndrome: A Developmental Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 302–328.
  • FOWLER, A. E., 1995, Linguistic variability in persons with Down syndrome. In L. Nadel and D. Rosenthal (eds), Down Syndrome: Living and Learning in the Community (New York: Wiley-Liss), pp. 121–131.
  • FOWLER, A. E., DOHERTY, B. J. and BOYNTON, L., 1995, The basis of reading skill in young adults with Down syndrome. In L. Nadel and D. Rosenthal (eds), Down Syndrome: Living and Learning in the Community (New York: Wiley-Liss), pp. 182–196.
  • FRITH, U. and FRITH, C., 1974, Specific motor disabilities in Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 293–301.
  • GALABURDA, A. M., SHERMAN, G. F., ROSEN, G. D., ABOITIZ, F. and GESCHWIND, N., 1985, Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive cases with cortical anomalies. Annals of Neurology, 18, 222–233.
  • GATHERCOLE, S. E. and BADDELEY, A. D., 1990, Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 336–360.
  • GATHERCOLE, S. E. and BADDELEY, A. D., 1993, Working Memory and Language (Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum).
  • GATHERCOLE, S. E., WILLIS, C., EMSLIE, H. and BADDELEY, A., 1992, Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years: a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 28, 887–898.
  • GAUGER, L. M., LOMBARDINO, L. J. and LEONARD, C. M., 1997, Brain morphology in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40, 1272–1284.
  • GESCHWIND, N. and GALABURDA, A., 1987, Cerebral Lateralization: Biological Mechanisms, Associations and Pathology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
  • GIBSON, D., 1978, Down's .Syndrome: The Psychology of Mongolism (London: Cambridge University Press).
  • GILLAM, R. B., FROME LOEB, D. and FRIEL-PATTI, S., 2001, Looking back: a summary of five exploratory studies of Fast ForWord. American Journal of Speech—Language Pathology, 10, 269–273.
  • GOLDEN, J. A. and HYMAN, B. T., 1994, Development of the neocortex is anomalous in trisomy 21. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 53, 513–520.
  • GOPNIK, M., 1990, Feature blindness: a case study. Language Acquisition, 1, 139–164.
  • GOULANDRIS, N. K., SNOWLING, M. J. and WALKER, I., 2000, Is dyslexia a form of specific language impairment? A comparison of dyslexic and language impaired children as adolescents. Annals of Dyslexia, 50, 103–120.
  • GRIFFITHS, C. P. S., 1969, A follow up of children with disorders of speech. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 4, 46–56.
  • GUNN, P., 1985, Speech and language. In D. Lane and B. Stratford (eds), Current Approaches to Down's .Syndrome (London: Cassell), pp. 260–281.
  • GUNN, P. and CROMBIE, M., 1996, Language and speech. In B. Stratford and P. Gunn (eds), New Approaches to Down .Syndrome (London: Cassell), pp. 249–267.
  • HALL, K. H. and TOMBLIN, J. B., 1978, A follow up study of children with articulation and language disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 43, 227–241.
  • HARRIS, J., 1983, What does mean length of utterance mean? Evidence from a comparative study of normal and Down's syndrome children. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 18, 153–169.
  • HARRIS, N. G. S., BELLUGI, U., BATES, E., JONES, W. and ROSSEN, M., 1997, Contrasting profiles of language development in children with Williams and Down syndromes. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 345–370.
  • HESKETH, L. J. and CHAPMAN, R. S., 2000, Verb use by individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 103, 288–304.
  • HILL, E. L., 2001, Non-specific nature of specific language impairment: a review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 36, 149–171.
  • HILL, E. L. and BISHOP, D. V. M., 1998, A reaching test reveals weak hand preference in specific language impairment and developmental co-ordination disorder. Laterality, 3, 295–310.
  • HULME, C. and MACKENZIE, S., 1992, Working Memory and .Severe Learning Difficulties (Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum).
  • JARROLD, C. and BADDELEY, A. D., 1997, Short-term memory for verbal and visuo-spatial information in Down's syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 101–122.
  • JERNIGAN, T. L., BELLUGI, U., SOWELL, E., DOHERTY, S. and HESSELINK, J. R., 1993, Cerebral morphologic distinctions between Williams and Down syndromes. Archives of Neurology, 50, 186–191.
  • JERNIGAN, T., HESSELINK, J. R., SOWELL, E. and TALLAL, P., 1991, Cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging in language- and learning-impaired children. Archives of Neurology, 48, 539–545.
  • JOBLING, A., 1998, Motor development in school-aged children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 45, 283–293.
  • JOHNSON, C. J., BEITCHMAN, J. H., YOUNG, A., ESCOBAR, M., ATKINSON, L. and WILSON, B., et al. 1999, Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 744–760.
  • JOHNSTON, J. and KHAMI, A., 1984, Syntactic and semantic aspects of the utterances of language-impaired children: the same can be less. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 66–85.
  • JOHNSTON, J. and SCHERY, T. K., 1976, The use of grammatical morphemes by children with communication disorders. In D. M. Morehead and A. E. Morehead (eds), Normal and Deficient Child Language (Baltimore: University Park Press), pp. 239–258.
  • JOHNSTON, R. B., STARK, R. E., MELLITS, E. D. and TALLAL, P., 1981, Neurological status of language-impaired and normal children. Annals of Neurology, 10, 159–163.
  • KAMHI, A. G. and CATTS, H. W., 1986, Toward an understanding of developmental language and reading disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 51, 337–347.
  • KAY-RAINING BIRD, E. and CHAPMAN, R. S., 1994, Sequential recall in individuals with Down syndrome. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1369–1380.
  • KHAN, L. and JAMES, S., 1983, Grammatical morpheme development in three language disordered children. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 6, 85–100.
  • KIMURA, D., 1967, Functional asymmetry of the brain in dichotic listening. Cortex, 3, 163–178.
  • KLEIN, B. P. and MERVIS, C. B., 1999, Contrasting patterns of cognitive abilities of 9- and 10-year-olds with Williams syndrome or Down syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 16, 177–196.
  • LAWS, G., 1998, The use of nonword repetition as a test of phonological memory in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 1119–1130.
  • LAWS, G., 2004, Contributions of phonological memory, hearing and language comprehension to the expressive language of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (in press).
  • LAWS, G. and BISHOP, D. V. M., 2003, A comparison of language in adolescents with Down syndrome and children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 46, 1324–1339.
  • LAWS, G. and GUNN, D., 2004, Phonological memory as a predictor of language comprehension in Down syndrome: a five year follow up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 326–337.
  • LAWS, G., BYRNE, A. and BUCKLEY, S., 2000, Language and memory development in children with Down syndrome at mainstream schools and special schools: a comparison. Educational Psychology, 20, 447–457.
  • LAWS, G., MACDONALD, J. and BUCKLEY, S., 1996, The effects of a short training in the use of a rehearsal strategy on memory for words and pictures in children with Down syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 4, 70–78.
  • LAWS, G., MACDONALD, J., BUCKLEY, S. and BROADLEY, I., 1995, Long term maintenance of trained memory skills in children with Down's syndrome. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 3, 103–109.
  • LENNEBERG, E. H., 1967, Biological Foundations of Language (New York: Wiley).
  • LEONARD, L. B., 1998, Children with Specific Language Impairment (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
  • LEONARD, L. B., SABBADINI, L., VOLTERRA, V. and LEONARD, J. S., 1988, Some influences on the grammar of English- and Italian-speaking children with specific language impairment. Applied Psycho-linguistics, 9, 39–57.
  • MARCELL, M. M., 1995, Relationships between hearing and auditory cognition in Down's syndrome youth. Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice, 3, 75–91.
  • MARCELL, M. M. and COHEN, S., 1992, Hearing abilities of Down syndrome and other intellectually impaired adolescents. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13, 533–551.
  • MARCHMAN, V., WULFECK, B. and ELLIS WEISMER, S., 1999, Morphological productivity in children with normal language and SLI: a study of the English past tense. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 206–219.
  • MCARTHUR, G. M. and BISHOP, D. V. M., 2001, Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations. Dyslexia, 7, 150–170.
  • MCARTHUR, G. M. and HOGBEN, J. H., 2001, Auditory backward recognition masking in children with a specific language impairment and children with specific reading disability. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109, 1092–1100.
  • MERVIS, C., 1988, Early lexical development: theory and application. In L. Nadel (ed.), The Psychobiology of Down Syndrome: Issues in the Biology of Language and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 101–143.
  • MERVIS, C. B. and BERTRAND, J., 1997, Developmental relations between cognition and language: evidence from Williams syndrome. In L. B. Adamson and M. A. Romski (eds), Communication and Language Acquisition: Discoveries from Atypical Development (Baltimore: Paul Brookes), pp. 75–106.
  • MERVIS, C. B. and ROBINSON, B. F., 2000, Expressive vocabulary ability of toddlers with Williams syndrome or Down syndrome: a comparison. Developmental Neuropsychology, 17, 111–126.
  • MERZENICH, M. M., JENKINS, W. M., JOHNSTON, P., SCHREINER, C., MILLER, S. and TALLAL, P., 1996, Temporal processing deficits of language-learning impaired children ameliorated by training. Science, 271, 77–81.
  • MILLER, J. F., 1987, Language and communication characteristics of children with Down syndrome. In S. Pueschel, C. Tingey, J. Rynders, A. Crocker and D. Crutcher (eds), New Perspectives on Down Syndrome (Baltimore: Paul Brookes), pp. 233–262.
  • MILLER, J. F., 1988, The developmental asynchrony of language development in children with Down syndrome. In L. Nadel (ed.), The Psychobiology of Down Syndrome (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 167–198.
  • MILLER, J. F., 1999, Profiles of language development in children with Down syndrome. In J. F. Miller, M. Leahy and L. A. Leavitt (eds), Improving the Communication of People with Down Syndrome (Baltimore: Paul Brookes), pp. 11–39.
  • MONTGOMERY, J. W., 1995, Examination of phonological working memory in specifically language impaired children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 16, 355–378.
  • MONTGOMERY, J. W., 2000, Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43, 293–308.
  • MONTGOMERY, J. W., 2002, Understanding the language difficulties of children with specific language impairments: does verbal working memory matter? American Journal of Speech—Language Pathology, 11, 77–91.
  • MOORE, V. and LAW, J., 1990, Copying ability of preschool children with delayed language development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 32, 249–257.
  • MUNDY, P., SIGMAN, M., KASARI, C. and YIRMIYA, N., 1988, Nonverbal communication skills in Down syndrome children. Child Development, 59, 235–249.
  • MURPHY, E. J., SCHAPIRO, M. B., RAPOPORT, S. I. and SHETTY, H. U., 2000, Phospholipid composition and levels are altered in Down syndrome brain. Brain Research, 867, 9–18.
  • NADEL, L., 1999, Down syndrome in cognitive neuroscience perspective. In H. Tager-Flusberg (ed.), Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 197–221.
  • NEVILLE, H. J., COFFEY, S. A., HOLCOMB, P. J. and TALLAL, P., 1993, The neurobiology of sensory and language processing in language-impaired children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 235–253.
  • NEWCOMER, P. and HAMMILL, D., 1988, Test of Language Development Primary—2 (Austin: ProEd).
  • OETTING, J. and RICE, M., 1993, Plural acquisition in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 62–74.
  • OWEN, S. E. and MCKINLAY, I. A., 1997, Motor difficulties in children with developmental disorders of speech and language. Child: Care, Health and Development, 23, 315–325.
  • PAUL, R., 1993, Outcomes of early expressive language delay. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 15, 7–14.
  • PINTER, J. D., ELIEZ, S., SCHMITT, J. E., CAPONE, G. T. and REISS, A. L., 2001, Neuroanatomy of Down's syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1659–1665.
  • PLANTE, E., SWISHER, L., VANCE, R. and RAPCSAK, S., 1991, MRI findings in boys with specific language impairment. Brain and Language, 41, 52–66.
  • RAZ, N., TORRES, I. J., BRIGGS, S. D., SPENCER, W. D., THORNTON, A. E. and LOKEN, W. J., et al. 1995, Selective neuroanatomic abnormalities in Down's syndrome and their cognitive correlates: evidence from MRI morphometry. Neurology, 45, 356–366.
  • REID, G. and BLOCK, M. E., 1996, Motor development and physical education. In B. Stratford and P. Gunn (eds), New Approaches to Down Syndrome (London: Cassell), pp. 309–340.
  • RICE, M., 2000, Grammatical symptoms of specific language impairment. In D. V. M. Bishop and L. B. Leonard (eds), Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome (Hove: Psychology Press), pp. 17–34.
  • RICE, M. and WEXLER, L., 1996, Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1239–1257.
  • RICE, M., WEXLER, K. and HERSHBERGER, S., 1998, Tense over time: the longitudinal course of tense acquisition in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 1421–1431.
  • RICE, M. L., SPITZ, R. V. and O'BRIEN, M., 1999a, Semantic and morpho-syntactic language outcomes in biologically at-risk children. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 12, 213–234.
  • RICE, M. L., WEXLER, K. and REDMOND, S. M., 1999b, GrammaticalLy judgements of an extended optional infinitive grammar: evidence from English-speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 943–961.
  • ROBINSON, R. J., 1991, Causes and associations of severe and persistent specific speech and language disorders in children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 943–962.
  • ROIZEN, N., 1997, Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome: a review. Down Syndrome Quarterly, 2, 1–4.
  • ROIZEN, N. J., WOLTERS, C., NICOL, T. and BLONDIS, T. A., 1993, Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 123, 9–12.
  • RONDAL, J. A., 1995, Exceptional Language Development in Down Syndrome: Implications for the Cognition-Language Relationship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • RONDAL, J. A. and EDWARDS, S., 1997, Language in Mental Retardation (London: Whurr).
  • RONDAL, J. A. and LAMBERT, J. L., 1983, The speech of mentally retarded adults in a dyadic communication situation: some formal and informative aspects. Psychologica Belgica, 23, 49–56.
  • ROSES, A. D. and SAUNDERS, A. M., 1994, APOE is a major susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease. Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 5, 663–667.
  • ROSIN, M., SWIFT, E., BLESS, D. and VETTER, D., 1988, Communication profiles in adolescents with Down syndrome. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 12, 49–64.
  • RUTTER, T. and BUCKLEY, S., 1994, The acquisition of grammatical morphemes in children with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome: Research and Practice, 2, 76–82.
  • SABSAY, S. and KERNAN, K. T., 1993, On the nature of the language impairment in Down syndrome. Topics in Language Disorders, 13, 20–35.
  • SCHUPF, N., KAPELL, D., NIGHTINGALE, B., RODRIGUEZ, A., TYCKO, B. and MAYEUX, R., 1998, Earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in men with Down syndrome. Neurology, 50, 991–995.
  • SCHWARTZ, M. and REGAN, V., 1996, Sequencing, timing, and rate relationships between language and motor skill in children with receptive language delay. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12, 255–270.
  • SCIENTIFIC LEARNING CORPORATION, 1996, Fast Forword™ [computer software] (Berkeley: SCL).
  • SHOTWELL, A.-M. and SHIPE, D., 1964, Effect of out-of-home care on the intellectual and social development of Mongoloid children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 68, 693–699.
  • SHRIBERG, L. D., TOMBLIN, J. B. and MCSWEENY, J. L., 1999, Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42, 1461–1481.
  • SNOWLING, M. J., CHIAT, S. and HULME, C., 1991, Words, nonwords and phonological processes: some comments on Gathercole, Willis, Emslie, & Baddeley. Applied Psycholinguistics, 12, 369–377.
  • SPEIDEL, G. E., 1989, A biological basis for individual differences in learning to speak. In G. E. Speidel and K. E. Nelson (eds), The Many Faces of Imitation in Language Learning (New York: Springer), pp. 199–229.
  • SPEIDEL, G. E., 1993, Phonological short-term memory and individual differences in learning to speak: a bilingual case study. First Language, 13, 69–91.
  • STEELE, J., 1996, Epidemiology: incidence, prevalence and size of the Down's syndrome population. In B. Stratford and P. Gunn (eds), New Approaches to Down Syndrome (London: Cassell), pp. 45–72.
  • STOEL-GAMMON, C., 1997, Phonological development in Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: Research Reviews, 3, 300–306.
  • STOTHARD, S. E., SNOWLING, M. J., BISHOP, D. V. M., CHIPCHASE, B. B. and KAPLAN, C. A., 1998, Language impaired pre-schoolers: a follow up into adolescence. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 407–418.
  • TAGER-FLUSBERG, H., 1997, Language acquisition and theory of mind: contributions from the study of autism. In L. B. Adamson and M. A. Romski (eds), Research on Communication and Language Disorders: Contributions to Theories of Language Development (Baltimore: Paul Brookes).
  • TAGER-FLUSBERG, H., 1999, Language development in atypical children. In M. Barrett (ed.), The Development of Language (Hove: Psychology Press), pp. 311–348.
  • TAGER-FLUSBERG, H., CALKINS, S., NOLIN, T., BAUMBERGER, T., ANDERSON, M. and CHADWICK-DIAS, A., 1990, A longitudinal study of language acquisition in autistic and Down syndrome children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 1–21.
  • TALLAL, P., 1976, Rapid auditory processing in normal and disordered language development. Journal of Speech and Hearing, 3, 561–571.
  • TALLAL, P., 2000, Experimental studies of language learning impairments: From research to remediation. In D. V. M. Bishop and L. B. Leonard (eds), Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome (Hove: Psychology Press), pp. 131–155.
  • TALLAL, P. and PIERCY, M., 1973a, Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature, 241, 468–469.
  • TALLAL, P. and PIERCY, M., 1973b, Developmental aphasia: Impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality. Neuropsychologia, 11, 389–398.
  • TALLAL, P., MILLER, S., BEDI, G., BYMA, G., WANG, X., NAGARAJAN, S., SCHREINER, C., JENKINS, W. M. and MERZENICH, M. M., 1996, Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81–84.
  • TALLAL, P., STARK, R. E., KALLMAN, C. and MELLITS, D., 1981, A re-examination of some nonverbal perceptual abilities of language-impaired and normal children as a function of age and sensory modality. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 351–357.
  • TEW, B., 1979, The cocktail party syndrome in children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 14, 89–101.
  • THAL, D., TOBIAS, S. and MORRISON, D., 1991, Language and gesture in late talkers: a 1-year follow-up. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 604–612.
  • THORDARDOTTIR, E. T., CHAPMAN, R. S. and WAGNER, L., 2002, Complex sentence production by adolescents with Down syndrome. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 163–183.
  • TOMBLIN, J. B., FREESE, P. and RECORDS, N., 1992, Diagnosing specific language impairment in adults for the purpose of pedigree analysis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 832–843.
  • TOMBLIN, J. B. and ZHANG, X., 1999, Language patterns and etiology in children with specific language impairment. In H. Tager-Flusberg (ed.), Neurodevelopmental disorders (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 361–382.
  • TORRES, C. and BUCETA, J., 1998, Effect of parental intervention on motor development of Down syndrome infants between birth and age two years. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 44, 94–101.
  • VALLAR, G. and PAPAGNO, C., 1993, Preserved vocabulary acquisition in Down's syndrome: the role of phonological short term memory. Cortex, 29, 467–483.
  • VAN DER LELY, H. K. J. and HOWARD, D., 1993, Children with specific language impairment: Linguistic impairment or short-term memory deficit? Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1193–1207.
  • VAN DER LELY, H. K. J. and STOLLWERCK, L., 1996, A grammatical specific language impairment in children: an autosomal dominance inheritance? Brain and Language, 52, 484–504.
  • VAN DER LELY, H. K. J. and ULLMAN, M. T., 2001, Past tense morphology in specifically language impaired and normally developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 177–217.
  • VARNHAGEN, C. K., DAS, J. P. and VARNHAGEN, S., 1987, Auditory and visual memory span: cognitive processing by TMR individuals with Down syndrome and other etiologies. American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 91, 398–405.
  • VICARI, S., CARLESIMO, A. and CALTAGIRONE, C., 1995, Short term memory in persons with intellectual disabilities and Down's syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 532–537.
  • VICARI, S., CASELLI, M. C. and TONUCCI, F., 2000, Asynchrony of lexical and morphosyntactic development in children with Down syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 38, 634–644.
  • WANG, P. P. and BELLUGI, U., 1994, Evidence from two genetic syndromes for a dissociation between verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 317–322.
  • WATKINS, R., RICE, M. and MOLZ, C., 1993, Verb use by language impaired and normally developing children. First Language, 37, 133–143.
  • WHITEHURST, G. J., ARNOLD, D. S., FISCHEL, J. E., LONIGAN, C. J. and VALDEZ-MANCHACA, M. C., 1991a, Family history of developmental expressive language delay. Journal of Speech and Language Disorders, 34, 1150–1157.
  • WHITEHURST, G. J., FISCHEL, J. E., LONIGAN, C. J., VALDEZ-MANCHACA, M. C., ARNOLD, D. S. and SMITH, M., 1991b, Treatment of early expressive language delay: if, when, and how. Topics in Language Disorders, 11, 55–68.
  • WIDEN, J. E., FOLSON, R. C., THOMPSON, G. and WILSON, W. R., 1987, Auditory brainstem responses in young adults with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 91, 472–479.
  • WISHART, J., 1998, Development in children with Down syndrome: facts, findings, the future. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 45, 343–363.
  • WISNIEWSKI, K. E., 1990, Down syndrome children often have brains with maturation delay, retardation of growth and cortical dysgenesis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Supplement, 7, 274–281.
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 1992, The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (Geneva: WHO).
  • WRIGHT, B. A., LOMBARDINO, L. D., KING, W. M., PUANIK, C. S., LEONARD, C. M. and MERZENICH, M. M., 1997, Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children. Nature, 387, 176–178.
  • WULPERT, M., INGLIS, S., KRIEGSMAN, E. and MILLS, B., 1975, Language delay and associated mother-child interactions. Developmental Psychology, 11, 61–70.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.